Theoretical analysis and experiments for the carburization of vanadium-bearing hot metal

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Deng Ma ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Shifan Dai ◽  
Zhibin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Induction Furnace ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Hot Metal ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Vanadium Extraction ◽  
Low Nitrogen

In this study, the feasibility of the carburization of vanadium-bearing hot metal was first investigated by thermodynamic analysis. Next, three carburizers, namely a low-nitrogen carburizer, anthracite, and coke, were used for carburization of 500 g of vanadium-bearing hot metal at 1450 °C, 1500 °C, and 1550 °C, respectively. The carbon increments for the low-nitrogen carburizer, anthracite and coke followed decreasing order in the temperature range from 1450 °C to 1550 °C. Anthracite was the most cost-effective carburizer. Hence, anthracite is used in pilot-scale experiments of the vanadium-bearing hot metal (100 kg and 200 kg). Finally, vanadium extraction experiments of the vanadium-bearing hot metal were carried out in a top-bottom-combined blowing induction furnace. It is proved that the average superheat degree of semi-steel increases from 100 °C to 198 °C by the carburization of vanadium-containing hot metal.

scholarly journals Pilot-Scale Production of Chito-Oligosaccharides Using an Innovative Recombinant Chitosanase Preparation Approach

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Chih-Yu Cheng ◽  
Chia-Huang Tsai ◽  
Pei-Jyun Liou ◽  
Chi-Hang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Selective Precipitation ◽  
Pilot Scale Production

For pilot-scale production of chito-oligosaccharides, it must be cost-effective to prepare designable recombinant chitosanase. Herein, an efficient method for preparing recombinant Bacillus chitosanase from Escherichia coli by elimination of undesirable substances as a precipitate is proposed. After an optimized culture with IPTG (Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside) induction, the harvested cells were resuspended, disrupted by sonication, divided by selective precipitation, and stored using the same solution conditions. Several factors involved in these procedures, including ion types, ionic concentration, pH, and bacterial cell density, were examined. The optimal conditions were inferred to be pH = 4.5, 300 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and cell density below 1011 cells/mL. Finally, recombinant chitosanase was purified to >70% homogeneity with an activity recovery and enzyme yield of 90% and 106 mg/L, respectively. When 10 L of 5% chitosan was hydrolyzed with 2500 units of chitosanase at ambient temperature for 72 h, hydrolyzed products having molar masses of 833 ± 222 g/mol with multiple degrees of polymerization (chito-dimer to tetramer) were obtained. This work provided an economical and eco-friendly preparation of recombinant chitosanase to scale up the hydrolysis of chitosan towards tailored oligosaccharides in the near future.

Thermodynamic Analysis of the Stirling Cycle Machine—A Review of the Literature

1987 ◽  
Vol 201 (6) ◽  
pp. 381-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Organ
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Stirling Cycle ◽  
Thermodynamic Performance

There is no agreed approach to the analysis of the practical Stirling cycle. Consequently there is no method of any generality for thermodynamic design and no established yardstick for assessing candidate design methods. The author therefore presents a vision of Stirling cycle analysis as it might be. Salient contributions to the literature are reviewed with this as background. The prospects are discussed for use of theoretical analysis in the optimization of thermodynamic performance.

Pilot plant study on the performance and optimization of submerged membranes for taste and odor removal

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Schideman ◽  
V.L. Snoeyink ◽  
B.J. Mariñas ◽  
M. Kosterman
Keyword(s):  
Lake Michigan ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Cake Layer

Hybrid sorption-membrane processes are an attractive alternative for meeting a range of water treatment goals in a single process that is compact and cost-effective. This study investigated the performance and optimization of a hybrid sorption-membrane process using powdered activated carbon (PAC) and submerged-style membranes for odor control. Specifically, this study focused on the removal of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) from a Lake Michigan source water and investigated the effects of PAC dose, dosing method, backwash interval, and aeration. Adsorption performance was predicted using a mathematical model, and tested using a pilot-scale, submerged membrane system. Modeling continuously dosed PAC performance agreed well with pilot results, but pulse dosed PAC performance was overestimated by the model. Non-ideal mixing effects were identified as important factors in explaining the pulse dosing results. Pilot results with aeration and pulse dosing were also overestimated by the model. It is hypothesized that aeration disturbs the PAC cake layer that forms on the membrane, and thus eliminates the beneficial effects that this cake layer can have on adsorption. Extending backwash intervals from 30 to 180 minutes with continuous dosing increased the percent removal of 2-MIB by up to 30% in both the model predictions and pilot results. This study highlights some important considerations in the design of full-scale systems and future mathematical models.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic analysis of copper(I) sulfide chlorination by calcium chloride in the presence of oxygen

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajko Vracar ◽  
Katarina Cerovic
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Phase Stability ◽  
Log P ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Stability Diagrams

This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of possible, but insufficiently studied, chemical reactions occurring during the chlorination of copper(I) sulfide by calcium chloride in the presence of oxygen. It formed the basis for assessing the probability and priority of their occurrence. Phase stability diagrams have been plotted for the Cu-S-O-Cl system in the coordinates log p(S2)-log p(O2)-log p(Cl2) in the temperature range from 473 to 773 K.

Pilot-Scale Performance of Iron and Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Groundwater

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswaranjan Manna ◽  
Uday Chand Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
Contaminated Groundwater ◽  
Arsenic Content ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Excess Iron ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Performance Results

Abstract Pilot-scale performance in reducing excess iron and arsenic from contaminated groundwater has been systematically reported. Here, a double column unit, the first packed with β-MnO2 and the second with crystalline FeOOH (goethite variety), with filters attached to the outlet of hand-pump tube-wells has been used in the field. Results showed that the filters generate 10,000 to 15,000 BV and 19,000 to 35,000 BV water with iron ≤ 0.3 mg/L and arsenic ≤10 µg/L from groundwater having influent iron and arsenic levels of 3.75 to 7.25 mg/L and 70 to 220 µg/L, respectively. The downflow rate of effluent water was 237.6 to 305.5 L/m2-min. The performance results were achieved with a single charging of the iron and arsenic removal media. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests of the waste (arsenic content: 2.4 g/kg) showed that it is not hazardous to the environment and does not pose any risk to users. Cost evaluation showed $US0.50 to 0.70 per 1000 gallons of treated water and, hence, the technology is cost-effective for countries such as India and Bangladesh.

Pilot-Scale Study of Satellite Treatment Options for the Control of Combined Sewer Overflows

1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SCHMIDT ◽  
P. SETO ◽  
D. Averill
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
International Joint Commission ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Vortex Separator ◽  
Sewer Overflows ◽  
Screen Performance

Abstract Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been recognized for many years as a pollution problem within the Great Lakes ecosystem. CSOs were identified as a source of contamination in 10 of the 17 Canadian “Areas of Concern” designated by the International Joint Commission, and were considered a major problem in Hamilton Harbour and the Metropolitan Toronto Waterfront. Satellite treatment systems (located upstream in the sewerage system) were identified as being significantly more cost effective than other CSO control options in a feasibility study conducted for Metropolitan Toronto. Consequently, a multi-agency initiative was established in 1993 to examine the treatment of CSOs at a pilot-scale facility in the City of Scarborough. The technologies evaluated during two experimental seasons in 1994 and 1995 included a vortex separator, a circular clarifier, a horizontal-flow plate clarifier and an inclined rotary drum screen. Performance of the technologies is being assessed against a draft policy proposed by the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. Results to date have indicated that the vortex separator and the plate clarifier under “best conditions” were capable of 50% TSS removal and 30% BOD5 removal and should be capable of satisfying the policy.

Kinetics of Vanadium Extraction from Hot Metal by Basic Slag

2015 ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Bing Xie ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Jiang Diao ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Slag ◽  
Hot Metal ◽  
Vanadium Extraction ◽  
Kinetics Of

Research on Smelting Vanadium Steel by Silicothermic Reduction Direct Alloying with V2O5

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Wei Xiang Wang ◽  
Zheng Liang Xue ◽  
Sheng Qiang Song ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
Zhi Chao Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Induction Furnace ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Vacuum Induction Furnace ◽  
Medium Frequency ◽  
Carbon Tube ◽  
Silicothermic Reduction ◽  
Direct Alloying

The basic thermodynamic analysis of silicothermic reduction during direct alloying to smelting vanadium steel with V2O5 was discussed in this paper. The high-temperature carbon tube furnace and medium frequency vacuum induction furnace were used to study the phase compositions of the reduction products and the change law of the yield of vanadium when V2O5 was reduced by ferrosilicon. The research shows that the main phases of the silicothermic reduction products were VSi2、FeVO4 and Ca2SiO4 under the condition of using CaO to restrain the volatile of V2O5. Yield of vanadium was gradually improved with the increase of ferrosilicon during the direct alloying. The yield of vanadium in the steel is as high as 95.25% when the addition of ferrosilicon is 35%.

Kinetics of Vanadium Extraction from Hot Metal by Basic Slag

2015 ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Bing Xie ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Jiang Diao ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Slag ◽  
Hot Metal ◽  
Vanadium Extraction ◽  
Kinetics Of
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