Chemical Analysis by LC-MS of Cannabis sativa Root Samples from Northeast Brazil and Evaluation of Antitussive and Expectorant Activities

Abstract Cannabis sativa is a millenary medicinal plant. However, contrary to worldwide paradigm-shifting, countries like Brazil still prohibit C. sativa cultivation and its medicinal use, even though many populations use aerial parts and roots of this plant for healthcare. As such, the objective of this work was to identify substances in the samples of the C. sativa roots, tracing a correlation with antitussive and expectorant effects. Therefore, samples of C. sativa roots were donated by the Polícia Federal Brasileira, and its aqueous extract (AECsR) was prepared with subsequent lyophilization, to maintain the material stability. After that, the material was analyzed by LC-MS to observe its chemical profile. Four samples (AECsR-A, B, C, and D) were tested in animal models of citric acid-induced cough (0.4 M) and phenol red expectoration (500 mg/kg). Using LC-MS it was possible to identify 5 molecules in C. sativa roots: p-coumaroyltyramine, tetrahydrocannabinol-C4, feruoiltyramine, anhydrocanabisativine, and cannabisativine. In experimental protocols, male mice (Mus musculus) were treated with samples of AECsR at doses of 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg regardless of the pharmacological test. In these tests, all samples showed the potential to treat cough and promote fluid expectoration, differing only in the dose at which these effects were observed. Therefore, the data showed that the C. sativa roots of the Brazilian Northeast showed antitussive and expectorant effects, even with intense secondary metabolitesʼ variation, which alters its potency, but not its effect. This highlights the importance of this medicinal plant for future therapy and corroborates to traditional use.

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Screening of hepatoprotective effect of methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum against paracetamol

Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.22200/pjpr.2015270-77 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Asma Mumtaz ◽

Muhammad Zabta Ch ◽

Syed Nisar Hussain Shah

Keyword(s):

Methanolic Extract ◽

Serum Markers ◽

Solanum Nigrum ◽

Hepatoprotective Effect ◽

In Vivo Model ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Medicinal Use ◽

Serum Transaminases

Solanum nigrum (SN) commonly known as “Makoo” frequently available in most of the areas of Pakistan, is well reputed in the indigenous system of medicine for its medicinal use in liver disorders. The present study was aimed to evaluate its traditional use in liver diseases using in-vivo model of rabbits.The crude methanolic extract of the aerial parts of the Solanum nigrum (SN.CEA) was investigated for its hepatocurative and hepatoprotective activities in paracetamol intoxicated (2g/Kg) rabbits. Rabbits were divided into three groups, normal control (saline treated) hepatotoxic control (paracetamol treated) and remaining one was hepatotoxic treated with the SN.CEA (400 mg/kg) for 6-12 days. Similarly, for hepatoprotective effect rabbits were divided in 3 groups; one serving as control another as hepatotoxic and last one as treated with SN.CAE. Group 2nd and 3rd were intoxicated with paracetamol at 6th day of the treatment with SN.CEA. Increased serum transaminases (sGOT and sGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels along with raised sleeping span and blood clotting time were observed in hepatotoxic rabbits. In both cases (hepatocuration and hepatoprotection) SN.CEA caused significantly reduction in all the above serum markers for liver functioning and caused significant reduction in the sleeping time of treated rabbits vs hepatotoxic untreated group. These data suggests that the presence of hepatocurative and hepatoprotective constituents in Solanum nigrium rationalizes its medicinal use in liver dysfunction

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Analysis of the Essential Oil of the Aerial Parts of the Medicinal Plant Aristolochia indica Linn. (Aristolochiaceae) from South-India

Scientia Pharmaceutica ◽

10.3797/scipharm.aut-00-28 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 309-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Leopold Jirovetz ◽

Gerhard Buchbauer ◽

Christiane Puschmann ◽

Wilhelm Fleischhacker ◽

P.Mohamed Shafi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

South India ◽

Caryophyllene Oxide ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Medicinal Use

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Aristolochia indica Linn. (Anstolochiaceae) from South-India was analyzed by gas chromatographic-spectroscopic (GC-FID and GC-MS) and olfactoric methods to identify those compounds responsible for the characteristic odor as well as partly for the folk medicinal use of this plant. Especially sesqui- and monoterpenes were found to be dominating constituents of this essential oil, such as: β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, ishwarone, caryophyllene oxide I, ishwarol, ishwarane and aristolochene as well as linalool and α-terpinolene.The odor impression of the sample is described and the possible biological activity of some single volatiles shortly discussed.

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Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Iris Species Growing in Iraqi Kurdistan and Phenolic Constituents of the Traditional Plant Iris postii

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26020264 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 264

Author(s):

Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin ◽

Faiq H. S. Hussain ◽

Soran K. Najmaldin ◽

Zaw Min Thu ◽

Mohammed Farhad Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Chromatographic Separations ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Traditional Remedies ◽

Phenolic Constituents ◽

Total Antioxidant

A dozen Iris species (Iridaceae) are considered traditional remedies in Kurdistan, especially for treating inflammations. Phytochemical studies are still scarce. The information reported in the literature about Iris species growing in Kurdistan has been summarized in the first part of this paper, although, except for Iris persica, investigations have been performed on vegetal samples collected in countries different from Kurdistan. In the second part of the work, we have investigated, for the first time, the contents of the methanolic extracts of Iris postii aerial parts and rhizomes that were collected in Kurdistan. Both extracts exhibited a significant dose-dependent free radical scavenging and total antioxidant activities, comparable to those of ascorbic acid. Medium-pressure liquid chromatographic separations of the two extracts afforded l-tryptophan, androsin, isovitexin, swertisin, and 2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl swertisin from the aerial parts, whereas ε-viniferin, trans-resveratrol 3,4′-O-di-β-d-glucopyranoside, and isotectorigenin were isolated from the rhizomes. This is the first finding of the last three metabolites from an Iris species. The various remarkable biological activities of isolated compounds scientifically sustain the traditional use of I. postii as a medicinal plant.

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HEPATOPROTECTIVE EVALUATION OF EPALTES DIVARICATA (L.) CASS. WHOLE PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.14951 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 231 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Amala ◽

R. Ilavarasan ◽

R. Arunadevi ◽

S. Amerjothy

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Hepatoprotective Activity ◽

Hepatoprotective Effect ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Medicinal Use ◽

Histopathological Studies ◽

Dose Dependent

Objective: The plant of Epaltes divaricata (L.) Cass. Traditionally used for jaundice. The present work aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of alcohol and aqueous extract of the whole plant against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats to substantiate its traditional use.Methods: The alcohol and aqueous (200 and 400 mg/kg) extract of Epaltes divaricata prepared by cold maceration were administered orally to the animals with hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol (1000 mg/kg). Silymarine (40 mg/k) was given as reference standard. Hepatoprotective activity was assessed by estimating marker enzymes and by histopathological studies.Results: Both alcohol and aqueous (200 and 400 mg/kg) extract treatment significantly restored the paracetamol-induced elevations in levels of serum enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and total bilirubin in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed that the treatment attenuated the paracetamol-induced damage to the liver. The hepatoprotective effect of both extracts was comparable to that of the standard hepatoprotective agent, silymarin.Conclusion: The alcohol and aqueous extract of E. divaricata exhibited hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. This study also validated their traditional medicinal use in jaundice.

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An ethnobotanical survey of Athrixia phylicoides and its uses.

Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie ◽

10.4102/satnt.v24i4.183 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 139-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Olivier ◽

A. E. De Jager

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Black Tea ◽

Limpopo Province ◽

Ethnobotanical Survey ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Medicinal Use ◽

African Plants ◽

Green And Black Tea ◽

Athrixia Phylicoides

Although traditional green and black tea is the world’s favourite drink, health or herbal “teas” are becoming increasingly popular. Despite the diversity of indigenous South African plants, only two herbal teas, namely honeybush and rooibos, are presently being produced on a commercial basis. However, a “tea” obtained from the Athrixia phylicoides plant, is extremely popular in the eastern interior of the country and may have commercial potential. Two ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in the Limpopo Province and in KwaZulu-Natal to obtain information on the traditional use of the plant amongst different ethnic groups. It was found that A. phylicoides is used as a herbal “tea”, as a medicine and for the making of brooms. Although A. phylicoides tea is very popular, the plant is most often used for the making of brooms. Medicinally it is used to treat “heart problems”, high blood pressure and diabetes. Only minor ethnically-based differences in medicinal use were revealed by the surveys. Its symbolic value and use during religious ceremonies were previously undocumented. Owing to indiscriminate harvesting techniques practised by pickers from urban areas, the plant is becoming increasingly scarce and may be faced with local extinction.

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Konopie siewne Cannabis sativa L. – jeden z najstarszych gatunków roślin użytkowych

Postępy Fitoterapii ◽

10.25121/pf.2021.22.1.53 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Małgorzata Strzelczyk ◽

Ryszard Kaniewski

Keyword(s):

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Pharmacological Properties ◽

Medicinal Use ◽

The World ◽

Indian Hemp

The species Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) includes fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa) and indian hemp (narcotic) (Cannabis sativa L. var. indica), differing in the level of cannabinoids, mainly Δ9THC, which in fiber hemp is below 0.2%. Fiber hemp is a plant widespread around the world, cultivated mainly for its fiber, used for a variety of purposes. The seeds are used in the food, cosmetic industries and birds food. The medicinal use of cannabis has been known for over 5,000 years. The pharmacological properties of the cannabinoids dominant in indian hemp make them useful in the treatment of various diseases. The presence of the psychoactive Δ9THC is controversial.

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Pharmacological Importance of Chromolaena odorata: a review

International Journal of Pharmaceutics and Drug Analysis ◽

10.47957/ijpda.v9i1.452 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 8-11

Author(s):

Angitha Ajay ◽

Rupesh Kumar M ◽

Shamal Badhusha PA ◽

Abhishek K ◽

Sanjay K Gowda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

West Africa ◽

Pharmacological Properties ◽

Conventional System ◽

Chromolaena Odorata ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Tropical Asia ◽

Clinical Investigations ◽

Medicinal Use ◽

Medicinal Properties

Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) is commonly referred to as Siam Weed, a major medicinal plant found in tropical Asia, Australia, and West Africa. The medicinal use of Chromolaena odorata had been documented in the conventional system such as the Siddha, Unani, Ayurveda. The pharmacological properties of this plant are widely varying. A wide variety of attractive but limited compounds were extracted from this Chromolaena odorata and the pharmacological activities were screened out. This review the various properties of Chromolaena odorata and focus on its various medicinal properties. It is an attractive subject for further experimental and clinical investigations. This article will give an exhaustive summary and analysis of Chromolaena odorata pharmacological activities. The present article including the detailed exploration of pharmacological properties of C. odorata is an attempt to provide a direction for further research.

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Immunomodulatory Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Infusions from Cleavers Herb

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25163721 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (16) ◽

pp. 3721 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tetiana Ilina ◽

Weronika Skowrońska ◽

Natalia Kashpur ◽

Sebastian Granica ◽

Agnieszka Bazylko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Diseases ◽

Herbal Remedy ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Immunomodulatory Activity ◽

Blast Transformation ◽

Immunostimulatory Activity ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Lymphocyte Blast Transformation

Extracts from aerial parts of G. aparine (cleavers) constitute a herbal remedy with monography in British Herbal Pharmacopeia. On the European market, there are several drugs and food supplements consisting of Galium extracts. In folk medicine, cleavers was used topically in Europe, Asia, and the Americas to treat skin diseases. In several remedies, cleavers is also listed as an immunomodulatory active herb influencing the defense response of the human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory activity and antioxidant potential in vitro of a raw infusion of cleavers and bioactive fractions. The functional activity of lymphocytes in the reaction of the lymphocyte blast transformation (RLBT) method was used for immunomodulatory activity assays and direct scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was chosen for the examination of antioxidant activity. It was shown that both the raw extract and fractions show significant immunostimulatory and scavenging activities. The obtained data partially justify the traditional use of cleavers as topical remedy for skin infections and for wounds.

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Bioactivities of Flavonoids from Lopezia racemosa

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/3286489 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Enrique Vergara Barragán ◽

Horacio Bach ◽

Socorro Meza-Reyes ◽

Sara Montiel-Smith ◽

Eugenio Sánchez-Arreola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Fibroblast Cell ◽

Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽

Biliary Colic ◽

Urine Retention ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Polar Components ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Urinary Infections

Lopezia racemosa Cav. (Onagraceae) has been used in Mexican traditional medicine to alleviate stomachache, biliary colic, urine retention, stomach cancer, and skin, dental, buccal, and urinary infections. The objective of this study was to determine the bioactivities of specific parts of the plant to scientifically confirm its traditional use. Aerial parts and flowers were macerated and subsequently extracted with hexane, chloroform, and methanol. This study was focused on the analysis of polar components, and thus the methanolic fractions were selected for further investigations. These fractions were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using a panel of bacterial Gram-positive and -negative strains, as well as fungal strains, including filamentous fungi and yeasts. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of the extract was assessed by MTT using the human-derived monocytic THP-1 and the normal human fibroblast cell lines. Various fractions showed antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, although the most relevant were against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. No inhibition of yeasts was recorded. Only four fractions showed cytotoxic effects when the human-derived THP-1 and fibroblast cells were assessed. The four flavonoids isolated from the extract were luteolin, luteolin-6-C-hexoside, luteolin-8-C-hexoside, and hyperoside. The biological activities presented in this study validate some traditional uses of the plant.

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