scholarly journals Burden of Maxillofacial Trauma at Level 1 Trauma Center

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchi Pathak Kaul ◽  
Sushma Sagar ◽  
Maneesh Singhal ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Jiten Jaipuria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trauma Center ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Etiologic Factor ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Maxillofacial Injuries ◽  
Concomitant Injuries ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Maxillofacial Fractures

There is an upward trend in facial injuries following changes in population pattern, increasing industrialization and urbanization, hence maxillofacial trauma is becoming a burden and a leading medical problem in emergency rooms worldwide. This study was performed to evaluate the pattern of maxillofacial fractures, associated injuries, and treatment used at Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center (JPNATC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India, between January 2007 and June 2010. The study provides basis for establishment of trauma as major etiology of maxillofacial injuries and planning for preventive strategies. A retrospective study of patients seen and treated at JPNATC, AIIMS, New Delhi, between January 2007 and June 2010 was performed. Data extracted from patient records included etiology, age, sex, types and sites of fractures, treatment modality, and concomitant injuries. There were 795 fractures of the maxillofacial skeleton and 86 concomitant injuries from 542 patients. Road traffic accident (RTA) (56.8%) was the most common etiologic factor, followed by falls (22.3%) and fights (18.5%). The age range was from 3 to 75 years (mean, 34.7 years) with a peak incidence in the third decade with a male-to-female ratio of 3.7:1. The most common location of maxillofacial fractures was the mandible 615 (77%) and middle third 180 (23%). With regard to mandibular fractures, the body (29.6%) was the most common site, followed by the angle (24.4%), ramus (19.5%), dentoalveolar (14.6%), symphysis (11.0%), condyle (0.8%) while in the middle third, the nasal bone (36.7%) was the most common, followed by zygomatic bone (27.8), Lefort II (14.4), Lefort I (7.8%), dentoalveolar (10.0%), and Lefort III (3.3%). Majority of the patients were treated by open reduction and internal fixation (70.6). Concomitant injuries were 84 (10.8%) with orthopedic injuries accounting for the majority (63.9%). Head injury was associated in 16.3% of cases. RTA was the major etiologic factor of maxillofacial injuries in our setting and the young adult males were the main victims. Henceforth, establishment of regionalized, efficient, and focused trauma centers in various parts of the country particularly for acute trauma should be emphasized. Also, the laws regarding the precautions such as seat belts, speed limits, and traffic rules must be observed strictly to reduce the incidence of RTA.

scholarly journals (A73) Burden of Maxillofacial Trauma at Level Trauma 1 Centre

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s20-s21 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sagar ◽  
M. Singhal ◽  
K. Kataria ◽  
S. Kumar ◽  
A. Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Nasal Bone ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Emergency Rooms ◽  
Concomitant Injuries ◽  
Common Location ◽  
Maxillofacial Fractures

BackgroundThere is an upward trend in facial injuries following changes in population pattern, increasing industrialization and urbanization, hence maxillofacial trauma is becoming a burden and a leading medical problem in emergency rooms worldwide.MethodA retrospective study of patients with maxillofacial fractures seen and treated at the Jai Parkash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, India between January 2007 to June 2010. Data extracted from the patients' records include aetiology, age, sex, types and sites of fractures, treatment modality and concomitant injuries.ResultsThere were 795 fractures of the maxillofacial skeleton and 86 concomitant injuries from 542 patients. Road traffic accident (56.8%) was the most common aetiologic factor, followed by falls (22.3%) and fights (18.5%). The age range was from 3 years to 75 years (mean = 34.7) with a peak incidence in the 3rd decade with a male–female sex ratio of 3.7:1. The most common location of maxillofacial fractures was the mandible 615(77%) and middle third 205(23%). With regards to mandibular fractures, the body (29.6%) was the commonest sites, followed by the angle (24.4%), ramus (19.5%), dentoalveolar (14.6%), symphysis (11.0%), condyle (0.8%) while in the middle third, the nasal bone (36.7%) was the most common, followed by zygomatic bone (27.8), Lefort II (14.4), Lefort I (7.8%), dentoalveolar (10.0%) and Lefort III (3.3%). Majority of the patients were treated by Open reduction and internal fixation (70.6). Concomitant injuries were 10.8% with orthopaedic injuries accounting for the majority (63.9%). Head injury was associated with 16.3 % of cases.ConclusionMaxillofacial fractures are on the increase. We advocate the establishment of regionalized trauma centers with basic training available to all surgical residents for initial emergency room management.

Prevalence and pattern of oral and maxillofacial trauma in Chhattisgarh- A retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
Sushmita Batra ◽  
Surabhi Singhai ◽  
Pramod Krishna B ◽  
Rajdeep Singh ◽  
Sushant Soni
Keyword(s):  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Maxillofacial Injuries ◽  
Facial Region ◽  
Clinical Records

Maxillofacial trauma is any physical trauma to the facial region, commonly encountered by maxillofacial surgeons, and is often associated with high morbidity and so constitute quite a significant portion of the workload of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Maxillofacial injuries can occur as an isolated injury or may be associated with multiple injuries in other parts of the body. To assess the patterns, etiology, and treatment modalities of maxillofacial trauma in a teaching hospital in central India, over a 12-year period. Patients with maxillofacial trauma were identified using the department database and clinical records. 264 patients were identified with maxillofacial trauma in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery between January 2006 and December 2018. The study showed that there was a male preponderance in all age groups over female. Of the 264 patients with maxillofacial injuries, 83,33% had isolated lower face (mandibular) fractures, followed by midface fractures (10.60%) and panfacial fractures (6.06%). Road traffic accidents (87.12%) were the most common form of etiology for trauma followed by assaults (10.98%). Most trauma were treated with open reduction internal fixation (89%) than closed reduction (11%). The etiology and pattern of maxillofacial injuries reflect the trauma patterns within the community and can thus provide a guide to help design programs toward prevention and treatment.

scholarly journals Updates on the Epidemiology and Pattern of Traumatic Maxillofacial Injuries in a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital: A 12-Month Prospective Cohort In-Hospital Outcome Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
AdeolaAdenike Olusanya ◽  
AmosOlufemi Adeleye ◽  
TimothyOlukunle Aladelusi ◽  
AbiodunOlubayo Fasola
Keyword(s):  
University Teaching ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Associated Injuries ◽  
Maxillofacial Injuries ◽  
Facial Injuries ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Maxillofacial Fractures ◽  
Clinical Records

Many studies have been undertaken in Nigeria on maxillofacial trauma. However, only a few have considered both the skeletal and soft tissue injuries (in general) involving all the aspects of the maxillofacial region or considered other etiological sources of trauma apart from road traffic crashes. Fewer still have reviewed the outcome of management of facial injuries in our low-resource environment. This study sets out to examine the recent trends in both the clinical and epidemiological patterns of all facial injuries from all causes seen in a low-resource practice of a developing country. It also assessed the in-hospital treatment outcomes, and the levels of the patients’ satisfaction with treatment received in this setting. Over a 12-month period, the clinical records of consecutive patients who were evaluated and treated for maxillofacial injuries in our unit were prospectively acquired, entered into predesigned forms and subsequently analyzed. There were 259 patients (79.5% males) during the study period. The mean age was 32.21(± 16.588) years. Overall, motor bike crashes, 42.1%, were the commonest source of these traumas; and armed robbery was the commonest form (69.0%) of assault. Mandibular fractures were the commonest maxillofacial fractures (37.8%) whereas head injury had the highest frequency among the associated injuries (71.4%). Closed reduction and immobilization was deployed in 88.0% of those who had treatment and majority was satisfied with the esthetic outcome of the treatment received. Mean length of hospital stay was 12.6 (± 4.423) days. Maxillofacial trauma poses a significant socioeconomic burden on affected individuals in this study population. This is made worse by the presence of associated injuries in the other body systems. More local studies on the outcome of management of maxillofacial trauma will improve the available literature in this region.

scholarly journals Maxillofacial Trauma in Central Karnataka, India: An Outcome of 95 Cases in a Regional Trauma Care Centre

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajay A. D. Kamath ◽  
Shiva Bharani ◽  
Reshma Hammannavar ◽  
Sumit P. Ingle ◽  
Ankit G. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Concomitant Injuries ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Early Return ◽  
Maxillofacial Fractures ◽  
Jaw Fractures ◽  
Age Range

Materials and Methods A 6-year retrospective analysis of 111 patients treated for maxillofacial fractures in Davangere, Karnataka from January 2004 to December 2009 was performed. Variables like age, gender, occupation, type of fracture and mechanism of injury, concomitant injury, mode of treatment, and complications were recorded and assessed. Results Men between 21 and 30 years were mostly affected (male-to-female ratio = 10:1; age range = 17.60 years; mean 31.7±9.8 [standard deviation]). Most fractures were caused by road traffic accidents (RTAs; 74.7%), followed by interpersonal violence (IPV; 15.8%), falls (4.2%), industrial hazards and animal attacks (2.1% each), and self-inflicted injury (1.1%). Forty-two cases were isolated zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. The total number of facial fractures documented was 316, of which 222 were purely related to the ZMC; however, 11 were confined only to the midface. Fifty-three cases had concomitant lower jaw fractures, totaling 83. Ophthalmic injuries occurred in 30.52% of cases. Ninety-two cases were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and three cases were managed conservatively. The complication rate observed was 25.26%. Conclusion RTA continues to be the chief etiological factor in maxillofacial injury with males being affected predominantly. IPV and falls next contribute significantly to the incidence of such injuries. Concomitant injuries, however, require prompt recognition and appropriate management. ORIF still remains the mainstay of treatment; however, fixation devices are constantly being improved upon in an attempt to reduce immobilization time thereby facilitating early return to function with minimal morbidity. Nevertheless, future advances in maxillofacial trauma diagnosis and management are likely to reduce associated morbidity.

scholarly journals CORRELATION OF FACIAL INJURY SEVERITY SCALE (FISS) WITH LENGTH OF STAY, THE NEED FOR SURGERY AND THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER SPECIALISTS IN MAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA PATIENTS AT H. ADAM MALIK GENERAL HOSPITAL MEDAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Darwin Firmansyah Siregar ◽  
Frank Bietra Buchari ◽  
Utama Abdi Tarigan ◽  
Aznan Lelo
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Facial Injury ◽  
Single Operator ◽  
Surgery Department

Background: Facial Injury Severity Severity Score (FISS) has been used to assess the severity of facial injuries. However, FISS scores as a useful predictor of length of stay and changes between FISS scores and injuries to other parts of the body have not evaluated. In this study, we want to know the relationship between FISS score as the clinical assessment of maxillofacial trauma with the length of stay, the need for surgery, and the involvement of other specialist elds. Method: This research was conducted using analytical research through a retrospective approach by looking at the medical records of patients who suffered maxillofacial trauma at H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan from June to August 2019. Result : From a total of 43 patients included in the study, there were 22 mandibular fractures, with mandibular angulus (29.0%), parasymphysis (22.4%), and mandibular corpus (21.5%). Thirty subjects (69.8%) needed surgery, and xation of the fracture and subjects without intervention were 13 (30.2%). Patients who needed surgical intervention, the average time needed for hospitalization was 10.98 + 7.72 days (p = 0.007). The most collaboration found with neurosurgeons specialists, 39.53% of subjects who performed the surgery. A total of 55.8% of surgeries performed by a single operator from the plastic surgery department. Relationship between the length of stay with FISS, obtained for FISS> 3 (OR 14.37) (p = 0.01), meaning that patients with FISS> 3 are likely to stay longer for 14 times. Subsequent results related to the need for surgery obtained signicant results (OR = 8.26, p = 0.026). signicant (p = 0.059). Conclusion: A FISS score signicantly affects the length of stay for a maxillofacial trauma patient. FISS score also affects the involvement of other specialists in maxillofacial trauma patients but not statistically signicant.

Isolated Tympanic Plate Fracture Frequency and Its Relationship to Mandibular Trauma

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canan Altay ◽  
Nezahat Erdoğan ◽  
Ozan Batkı ◽  
Erdem Eren ◽  
Sedat Altay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Images ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Condylar Process ◽  
Plate Fracture ◽  
Maxillofacial Fractures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mandible Fractures ◽  
The Right ◽  
Communications System

PurposeThis study evaluated the prevalence of isolated tympanic fractures and their correlation with mandibular fractures by using maxillofacial computed tomography (CT).Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated the maxillofacial CT of 1590 patients who presented to our emergency department with maxillofacial trauma between December 2010 and December 2012. Maxillofacial CT was used as the criterion standard for evaluating patients with maxillofacial fractures. The CT images were evaluated by using an electronic picture archiving and communications system and interpreted independently by 2 radiologists.ResultsThe maxillofacial CT images revealed mandibular fractures in 167 of the patients and isolated tympanic plate fractures in 35 of these 167 patients. Four patients (11%) had a bilateral tympanic plate fracture, and 31 patients (89%) had unilateral tympanic plate fracture. Of all the tympanic plate fractures, 19 (54%) were on the right side and 16 (46%) were on the left side ( P > .05). In our results, a significant correlation between the presence of a right-sided tympanic plate fracture and fracture of the ipsilateral condylar process was found ( P = .036). However, a statistically significant difference between the presence of a tympanic plate fracture and other mandible fractures, additional soft-tissue findings, or the number of fractures was not determined ( P > .05). Sex had no impact on the presence of tympanic plate fracture ( P > .05).ConclusionThe frequency of isolated tympanic plate fractures in maxillofacial trauma is low, but it is an important anatomic location. Condyle fractures are significantly associated with isolated tympanic plate fractures. The presence of these injuries should raise suspicion of a concomitant isolated tympanic plate fracture.

Prevalence of Maxillofacial Fractures in Southern Provinces of India

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
VN Shankar ◽  
Ashwini LNU
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Trauma Centers ◽  
Peak Incidence ◽  
Zygomatic Bone ◽  
Midface Fractures ◽  
Maxillofacial Fractures ◽  
Frequent Site

ABSTRACT Objective The study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of maxillofacial fractures in southern provinces of India. Materials and methods Data of a total of 2,037 patients were analyzed retrospectively over a period of 3 years, i.e., from 2010 to 2013, from various maxillofacial trauma centers of Karnataka, India. Results Study revealed that the maxillofacial fractures had male (87.5%) preponderance and its peak incidence was during 20 to 30 years of age. Isolated mandibular fractures were the most common type of fractures with 1,035 patients (50.81%), followed by isolated midface fractures in 526 patients (25.82%). Among midface fractures, zygomatic bone and arch were most frequently involved. Conclusion Mandible was the frequent site involved. Among maxillary fractures, zygomatic bone and arch were more often involved. How to cite this article Shankar VN, Ashwini. Prevalence of Maxillofacial Fractures in Southern Provinces of India. J Oral Health Comm Dent 2017;11(1):5-7.

Electrocution deaths reported in South Delhi, India: A retrospective analysis of 16 years of data from 2002 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-246
Author(s):  
Chittaranjan Behera ◽  
Asit Kumar Sikary ◽  
Ravi Rautji ◽  
Sudhir Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male Female Ratio

This study is a retrospective analysis of 428 cases of electrocution deaths in the region of South Delhi, India, which were autopsied at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, during the 16-year period 2002–2017. The cases were analysed with regard to the age and sex of the victim, season of the year, site of the body, time of day, place of occurrence and presence of entry and exit wounds on the body. The cases represented approximately 1.8% of all autopsy cases during the period. The main findings of the study showed that the majority of cases involved adult males at home during the monsoon season, with a low-voltage electrical supply affecting the upper extremities. This study also confirms that not all cases of electrocution show electrocution marks. Comparison with an older study undertaken within the same population showed no difference in the pattern of cases, apart from a decreasing male-female ratio.

Changing Pattern of Pediatric Maxillofacial Injuries at the Accident and Emergency Department of the University Teaching Hospital, Ibadan–A Four-Year Experience

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria N. Okoje ◽  
Temitope O. Alonge ◽  
Olufemi A. Oluteye ◽  
Obafunke O. Denloye
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Maxillofacial Injuries ◽  
Concomitant Injuries ◽  
Gunshot Injuries ◽  
Accident And Emergency ◽  
Accident And Emergency Department

AbstractIntroduction:Maxillofacial injuries are common among polytraumatized patients, and in Nigeria, the incidence seems to be on the increase. This probably is related to the drive of industrialization and the increase in the number of road traffic accidents. Delays in attending to severe maxillofacial injuries can be grave because of concomitant injuries that can be life threatening.Methods:This is a prospective review of maxillofacial injuries in patients ≤16 years of age who were seen at the Accident and Emergency Department between October 2002 and December 2006. In all the patients, the accident and emergency physicians carried out initial resuscitation, and thereafter, they were referred to the maxillofacial unit on call.Results:A total of 611 patients with maxillofacial injuries were seen during the study period and of this, 134 (22%) were ≤16 years old. The male:female ratio was 1.1:1.0. Road traffic accident (RTA) was the most common etiological factor in 73 (54.5%) cases, while gunshot injuries accounted for 6 (4.4%) cases. Soft tissue lacerations were the most common maxillofacial injuries occurring in 90 (55.9%) cases; mandibular fractures were the most common bony injury in 17 (13.4%).Conclusions:The upsurge in maxillofacial gunshot injuries in the pediatric age group is alarming and this may be a reflection of the global changes (westernization and drug-related offenses like armed robberies) and the harsh economic conditions in this community.

scholarly journals Tratamento cirúrgico de fraturas Le Fort I e Le Fort II em vítima de trauma por acidente motociclístico: relato de caso

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 546-549
Author(s):  
Maria Eloise de Sá Simon ◽  
Gustavo Antonio Correa Momesso ◽  
William Phillip Pereira da Silva ◽  
Leonardo Alan Delanora ◽  
Leonardo Alan Delanora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trauma Center ◽  
Facial Trauma ◽  
Facial Fractures ◽  
Concomitant Injuries ◽  
Le Fort ◽  
The Past ◽  
Maxillofacial Fractures ◽  
Segmental Fractures ◽  
Hamedan Province ◽  
Le Fort I

O terço médio da face é funcional e esteticamente importante. De acordo com a classificação Le Fort, existem três níveis mais fracos desta região da face quando traumatizados a partir de uma direção frontal, sendo que os acidentes motociclísticos, atualmente, correspondem a causa de aproximadamente 29% destes traumas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso clínico de tratamento cirúrgico de fraturas do tipo Le Fort I e Le Fort II em um paciente de 29 anos de idade, sexo masculino, vítima de acidente motociclístico, atendido no Hospital de Emergência e Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena (João Pessoa – PB). Ao exame físico observou-se mobilidade de maxila, degrau palpável em pilar zigomático e pilar canino, alteração oclusal com leve mordida aberta e degrau em rebordo infraorbitário direito, entretanto o paciente não apresentava nenhuma alteração ocular. Foi solicitada tomografia computadorizada como exame complementar para confirmação do diagnóstico e planejamento cirúrgico, o qual se deu como fratura Le Fort I e Le Fort II no lado direito. O paciente foi submetido à cirurgia sob anestesia geral para fixação dos pilares zigomático e canino através do acesso vestibular maxilar e rebordo infraorbitário através do acesso subciliar. Inicialmente foi feito o bloqueio maxilo – mandibular para a utilização da oclusão como ponto de referência, seguido da redução das fraturas e fixação com placas e parafusos do sistema 2.0. Sob acompanhamento pós – operatório o paciente apresentou retorno da oclusão dentro dos padrões de normalidade, recuperou a projeção da região zigomática fraturada e então recebeu alta. Descritores: Fraturas Ósseas; Fixação de Fratura; Traumatismos Faciais. Referências Organização das Nações Unidas no Brasil. Traumas matam mais que malária, tuberculose e AIDS, alerta OMS. Disponível em: <http://www.onu.org.br/traumas-matam-mais-que-malaria-tuberculose-e-aids-alerta-oms/>. Acesso em: 22 julho 2019 Ansari MH. Maxillofacial fractures in Hamedan province, Iran: a retrospective study (1987-2001). J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2004;32(1):28-34.  Kostakis G, Stathopoulos P, Dais P, Gkinis G, Igoumenakis D, Mezitis M, Rallis G. An epidemiologic analysis of 1,142 maxillofacial fractures and concomitant injuries. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;114(5 Suppl):S69-73.  Li Z, Li ZB. Characteristic changes of pediatric maxillofacial fractures in China during the past 20 years. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;66:2239-42. Fonseca RJ. Trauma Bucomaxilofacial 4. ed. Rio de Janeiro : Elsevier; 2015. Wulkan M, Parreira Junior JG, Botter DA. Epidemiologia do trauma facial. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2005;51(5):290-95. Scherer M, Sullivan WG, Smith DJ Jr, Phillips LG, Robson MC. An analysis of 1,423 facial fractures in 788 patients at an urban trauma center. J Trauma. 1989;29(3):388-90.  Cohen RS, Pacios AR. Facial and cranio-facial trauma: epidemiology, experience and treatment. F Med. 1995;111(suppl):111-16. de Birolini D, Utiyama E, Steinman E. Cirurgia de Emergência. São Paulo: Atheneu; 1997. Tessier P. The classic reprint: experimental study of fractures of the upper jaw. 3. René Le Fort, M.D., Lille, France. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1972;50(6):600-7.  Buehler JA, Tannyhill RJ 3rd. Complications in the treatment of midfacial fractures. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2003;15(2):195-212. Manson PN, Clark N, Robertson B, Slezak S, Wheatly M, Vander Kolk C, Iliff N. Subunit principles in midface fractures: the importance of sagittal buttresses, soft-tissue reductions, and sequencing treatment of segmental fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103(4):1287-306; Carr RM, Mathog RH. Early and delayed repair of orbitozygomatic complex fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;55(3):253-8; 258-9. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document