Studies on Tissue Thromboplastin II. Species Specificity*)

1965 ◽  
Vol 14 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 018-031 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Irsigler ◽  
K Lechner ◽  
E Deutsch ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Tissue Thromboplastin ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Petrol Ether ◽  
Slight Contamination ◽  
Protein Part

Summary1. Purified brain tissue thromboplastins of human, bovine and chicken origin have been tested on homologous and heterologous plasmas.2. Purified brain tissue thromboplastin is species specific.3. Lipid extracts from purified brain tissue thromboplastin prepared with pyridin show a negligable residual species specificity, probably caused by a slight contamination with brain tissue thromboplastin.4. The activity curves of our lipid extracts differ from typical curves expected for lipid activators by a less distinct inhibition in high concentrations probably caused by a different composition of petrol-ether and pyridin extracts.5. The protein part of tissue thromboplastin does not activate prothrombin in any system.6. The protein part of tissue thromboplastin of one species could be combined with the lipid part of another species to form an active tissue thromboplastin.7. The species specificity of these combinations was determined by the source of protein used.

Relative Sensitivity of Different Tests in the Detection of Low Titer Lupus Anticoagulants

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (02) ◽  
pp. 217-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lesperance ◽  
M David ◽  
J Rauch ◽  
C Infante-Rivard ◽  
G E Rivard
Keyword(s):  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Anticardiolipin Antibodies ◽  
Lupus Anticoagulants ◽  
Normal Plasma ◽  
Coagulation Tests ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Tissue Thromboplastin ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Kaolin Clotting Time

SummaryLupus anticoagulants (LA) and anticardiolipin antibodies have been strongly associated with recurrent abortion and fetal death. Because steroids have been reported to improve the fetal outcome of LA associated pregnancies, presumably by decreasing the levels of LA, it becomes desirable to have a simple and reliable test to monitor the levels of the putative antibody. To this effect, we assessed the capacity of the following coagulation tests to detect the presence of LA in serial dilutions of patient plasma with pooled normal plasma: kaolin clotting time (KCT), tissue thromboplastin inhibition test (TTIT), dilute Russell Viper venom time (DRVVT) and activated partial thromboplastin time with standard and high concentrations of phospholipids (SC and HCAPTT). All samples were also evaluated for the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies with an ELISA. The KCT was able to detect LA at a much greater dilution in normal plasma than any of the other clotting assays. The ELISA was comparable to KCT in its ability to detect high dilutions of LA.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate–carbohydrate interaction provides adhesion force and specificity for cellular recognition

2004 ◽  
Vol 165 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Bucior ◽  
Simon Scheuring ◽  
Andreas Engel ◽  
Max M. Burger
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Sponge Cell ◽  
Cell Recognition ◽  
Adhesion Forces ◽  
Cellular Recognition ◽  
Strong Adhesion ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Cell Cell

The adhesion force and specificity in the first experimental evidence for cell–cell recognition in the animal kingdom were assigned to marine sponge cell surface proteoglycans. However, the question whether the specificity resided in a protein or carbohydrate moiety could not yet be resolved. Here, the strength and species specificity of cell–cell recognition could be assigned to a direct carbohydrate–carbohydrate interaction. Atomic force microscopy measurements revealed equally strong adhesion forces between glycan molecules (190–310 piconewtons) as between proteins in antibody–antigen interactions (244 piconewtons). Quantitative measurements of adhesion forces between glycans from identical species versus glycans from different species confirmed the species specificity of the interaction. Glycan-coated beads aggregated according to their species of origin, i.e., the same way as live sponge cells did. Live cells also demonstrated species selective binding to glycans coated on surfaces. These findings confirm for the first time the existence of relatively strong and species-specific recognition between surface glycans, a process that may have significant implications in cellular recognition.

scholarly journals The “good, the bad and the double-sword” effects of exposure to MPs and their organic additives on N2-fixing bacteria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Fernández-Juárez ◽  
Xabier López-Alforja ◽  
Aida Frank-Comas ◽  
Pedro Echeveste ◽  
Antoni Bennasar-Figueras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Dioctyl Phthalate ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Protein Overexpression ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Physical Interactions ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe accumulation of microplastics (MPs) pollution at depths suggests the susceptibility of benthic organisms (e.g. seagrasses and their associated macro- and micro-organisms) to the effects of these pollutants. Little is known about the direct effects of MPs and their organic additives on marine bacteria, e.g. in one of the most ecologically significant groups, the diazotrophs or N2-fixing bacteria. To fill this gap of knowledge, we exposed marine diazotrophs found in association with the endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica to pure MPs which differ in physical properties (e.g. density, hydrophobicity and/or size), namely, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) and to their most abundant associated organic additives (e.g. fluoranthene, 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane [HBCD] and dioctyl-phthalate [DEHP]). Growth, protein overexpression, direct physical interactions between MPs and bacteria, phosphorus (P) acquisition mechanisms and N2-fixation rates were evaluated. Our results show species-specific responses of the autotrophic and heterotrophic N2-fixing bacteria tested and the responses were dependent on the type and concentration of MPs and additives. N2-fixing cyanobacteria were positively affected by environmental and high concentrations of MPs (e.g. PVC), as opposed to heterotrophic strains, that were only positively affected with high concentrations of ∼120 µm-size MPs (detecting the overexpression of proteins related to plastic degradation and C-transport), and negatively affected by 1 µm-size PS beads. Generally, the organic additives (e.g. fluoranthene) had a deleterious effect in both autotrophic and heterotrophic N2-fixing bacteria and the magnitude of the effect is suggested to be dependent on bacterial size. We did not find evidences that specific N2-fixation rates were significantly affected by exposure to MPs, albeit changes in bacterial abundance can affect the bulk N2-fixation rates. In summary, we reported for the first time, the beneficial (the “good”), deleterious (the “bad”) and/or both (the “double-sword”) effects of exposure to MPs and their organic additives on diazotrophs found in association with seagrasses.

scholarly journals 31P-NMR Metabolomics Revealed Species-Specific Use of Phosphorous in Trees of a French Guiana Rainforest

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 3960
Author(s):  
Albert Gargallo-Garriga ◽  
Jordi Sardans ◽  
Joan Llusià ◽  
Guille Peguero ◽  
Dolores Asensio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
31P Nmr ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
N:P Ratios ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Total P

Productivity of tropical lowland moist forests is often limited by availability and functional allocation of phosphorus (P) that drives competition among tree species and becomes a key factor in determining forestall community diversity. We used non-target 31P-NMR metabolic profiling to study the foliar P-metabolism of trees of a French Guiana rainforest. The objective was to test the hypotheses that P-use is species-specific, and that species diversity relates to species P-use and concentrations of P-containing compounds, including inorganic phosphates, orthophosphate monoesters and diesters, phosphonates and organic polyphosphates. We found that tree species explained the 59% of variance in 31P-NMR metabolite profiling of leaves. A principal component analysis showed that tree species were separated along PC 1 and PC 2 of detected P-containing compounds, which represented a continuum going from high concentrations of metabolites related to non-active P and P-storage, low total P concentrations and high N:P ratios, to high concentrations of P-containing metabolites related to energy and anabolic metabolism, high total P concentrations and low N:P ratios. These results highlight the species-specific use of P and the existence of species-specific P-use niches that are driven by the distinct species-specific position in a continuum in the P-allocation from P-storage compounds to P-containing molecules related to energy and anabolic metabolism.

scholarly journals 46 Species-specificity in metmyoglobin reduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 83-84
Author(s):  
Emily Bechtold ◽  
Surendranath Suman ◽  
Smita Mohanty ◽  
Suman Mazumder ◽  
Sadagopan Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Protein ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Reducing Properties

Abstract Myoglobin is the primary sarcoplasmic protein responsible for meat color. Previous research has reported that myoglobin oxidation is species-specific. Metmyoglobin reducing activity is an inherent property to limit myoglobin oxidation. However, limited research has determined species specificity in metmyoglobin reducing properties. The objective of current study was to compare metmyoglobin reducing properties of eight different species such as beef, porcine, bison, deer, emu, equine, goat, and sheep in vitro. Myoglobin was isolated from eight different species via ammonium sulfate precipitation. The pH of the myoglobin was adjusted by passing through a column pre-calibrated with 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 5.6. All species myoglobin were converted to metmyoglobin, and the metmyoglobin reduction was determined by two different approaches, non-enzymatic metmyoglobin reducing activity (NMRA) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). In the first method, NADH (electron donor), EDTA, and methylene blue (electron carrier), were added in a cuvette and increase in absorbance at 582 nm was monitored using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. In the second method, the ability of the heme to get reduced was determined using an RedoxSys analyzer, in which electron was directly transferred to heme. The NMRA and ORP experiments were replicated five times. The data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS, with species as the fixed effect. There were species-specific differences (P < 0.05) in NMRA and ORP. Bovine myoglobin had the greatest (P < 0.05) NMRA compared with sheep, equine, goat, deer, bison, pork, and emu. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in NMRA among equine, goat, deer, bison, pork, and emu. ORP studies indicated that beef and porcine myoglobins had the greatest ability to get reduced (P < 0.05) compared with other species. Hence, use of different techniques and approaches will help to elucidate the mechanistic basis of metmyoglobin reduction.

How Host Specific Are Herpesviruses? Lessons from Herpesviruses Infecting Wild and Endangered Mammals

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Azab ◽  
Anisha Dayaram ◽  
Alex D. Greenwood ◽  
Nikolaus Osterrieder
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Species Specific

Herpesviruses are ubiquitous and can cause disease in all classes of vertebrates but also in animals of lower taxa, including molluscs. It is generally accepted that herpesviruses are primarily species specific, although a species can be infected by different herpesviruses. Species specificity is thought to result from host-virus coevolutionary processes over the long term. Even with this general concept in mind, investigators have recognized interspecies transmission of several members of the Herpesviridae family, often with fatal outcomes in non-definitive hosts—that is, animals that have no or only a limited role in virus transmission. We here summarize herpesvirus infections in wild mammals that in many cases are endangered, in both natural and captive settings. Some infections result from herpesviruses that are endemic in the species that is primarily affected, and some result from herpesviruses that cause fatal disease after infection of non-definitive hosts. We discuss the challenges of such infections in several endangered species in the absence of efficient immunization or therapeutic options.

The schistosomulum surface antigens ofSchistosoma haematobium

Parasitology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. G. Simpson ◽  
M. Knight ◽  
P. Hagan ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
H. A. Wilkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Surface Antigens ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Heterologous Immunity ◽  
Specific Immunity ◽  
Surface Labelling ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Somatic Antigens

Surface antigens ofSchistosoma haematobiumwere identified by125I-surface labelling of schistosomula followed by immunoprecipitation of the solubilized, labelled surfaces. The major antigens, after electrophoresis, formed a continuous smear corresponding to a molecular weight in the range 35–24000; in addition, a 17000 antigen was also identified. These surface antigens, in contrast to somatic antigens, were species-specific, as judged by immunoprecipitation with human anti-S. mansoniserum and serum from mice vaccinated with highly irradiatedS. mansonicercariae.S. haematobiumsurface antigens, however, were recognized to some extent by serum from mice chronically infected withS. mansoni. It is suggested that this cross-reactivity may reflect the heterologous immunity demonstrated experimentally between these two species, whilst the species-specificity of vaccine sera to surface antigens may mirror the highly specific immunity induced by vaccination.

Distribution of arsenic species in an open seagrass ecosystem: relationship to trophic groups, habitats and feeding zones

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Price ◽  
W. Maher ◽  
J. Kirby ◽  
F. Krikowa ◽  
E. Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Arsenic Content ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Marine Systems ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystem ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Arsenic Source

Environmental contextAlthough arsenic occurs at high concentrations in many marine systems, the influencing factors are poorly understood. The arsenic content of sediments, detritus, suspended particles and organisms have been investigated from different trophic levels in an open seagrass ecosystem. Total arsenic concentrations and arsenic species were organism-specific and determined by a variety of factors including exposure, diet and the organism physiology. AbstractThe distribution and speciation of arsenic within an open marine seagrass ecosystem in Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia is described. Twenty-six estuarine species were collected from five trophic groups (autotrophs, suspension-feeders, herbivores, detritivores and omnivores, and carnivores). Sediment, detritus, epibiota and micro-invertebrates were also collected and were classified as arsenic source samples. There were no significant differences in arsenic concentrations between trophic groups and between pelagic and benthic feeders. Benthic-dwelling species generally contained higher arsenic concentrations than pelagic-dwelling species. Sediments, seagrass blades and detritus contained mostly inorganic arsenic (50–90 %) and arsenoribosides (10–26 %), with some methylarsonate (9.4–14.6 %) and dimethyarsinate (7.9–9.7 %) in seagrass blades and detritus. Macroalgae contained mostly arsenoribosides (40–100 %). Epibiota and other animals contained predominately arsenobetaine (63–100 %) and varying amounts of dimethyarsinate (0–26 %), monomethyarsonate (0–14.6 %), inorganic arsenic (0–2 %), trimethylarsenic oxide (0–6.6 %), arsenocholine (0–12 %) and tetramethylarsonium ion (0–4.5 %). It was concluded that arsenic concentrations and species within the organisms of the Lake Macquarie ecosystem are species-specific and determined by a variety of factors including exposure, diet and the physiology of the organisms.

Inactivation of Tissue Thromboplastin by Ultraviolet Irradiation

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 221-225
Author(s):  
S Åtland ◽  
M Hvatum ◽  
H Prydz
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Exponential Function ◽  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Procoagulant Activity ◽  
Tissue Thromboplastin ◽  
Protein Part ◽  
Uv Absorption Spectrum

SummarySolutions of partially purified tissue thromboplastin have been irradiated with UV light of different wavelengths, and the resulting reduction in the procoagulant activity has been measured. The activity decreased as an exponential function of the dose. The action spectrum obtained was closely similar to the UV absorption spectrum of the thromboplastic preparations and had a maximum between 270-290 nm. The data suggested that the reduction in the procoagulant activity was caused by absorption of radiation energy in the protein part of the thromboplastic structure.

A Comparison of Plasma and Serum Factor VII Activity and the Formation of Tissue Thromboplastin

1962 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 286-296
Author(s):  
P Fantl ◽  
E. C Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Brain Extract ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Similar Activity ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Tissue Thromboplastin ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Glass Surfaces

Summary1. A mixture of human serum or plasma and bovine plasma free of factors VII and X gave, with human brain extract, identical clotting times.2. An assay of factor VII in materials low in prothrombin using human plasma euglobulin was devised.3. Factor VII isolated from human plasma or serum gave similar activity with human brain extract.4. From a preparation containing factors VII and X which was added to human brain extract in the average 31% factor VII and 25% factor X was recovered. This was not dependent on the activity of factors VII and X in the original preparation. This indicates that factors VII and X are in equilibrium with tissue thromboplastin.5. Factors VII and X are not species specific but a higher concentration of these factors is required for prothrombin conversion in a heterologous reaction mixture.6. Factor VII activity is identical in silicone-coated or uncoated glass surfaces.

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