Evaluation of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Children with Sydenham's Chorea Accompanying Valvular Regurgitation

Background Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a nonsuppurative complications of Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infection due to a delayed immune response. Sydenham's chorea (SC) is an important neurological manifestation of ARF, and heart involvement is seen in a large proportion of patients with SC. The immune system has a crucial role in initiating and spreading inflammation, which causes tissue damage in ARF. Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for kidney injury in children with rheumatic chorea accompanying valvular involvement. Materials and Methods Twenty-eight consecutive children with SC accompanying evidence of valvular involvement, and 30 nonrheumatic, age- and sex-matched healthy children were included in the study. Cardiac evaluations were performed, and urinary NGAL, micro-total protein and creatinine levels were measured in all participants. Results Age, gender, weight, and height were similar in the patients and controls. Twenty-three patients had isolated mitral regurgitation, and five patients had mitral and aortic regurgitation. While there was no statistically significant difference between the urine creatinine and micro-total protein levels in patients and controls, the patient group demonstrated a significantly higher mean urine NGAL level (18.01 ± 7.9 vs. 3.22 ± 1.4, p = 0.002) and mean urine NGAL/creatinine ratio (2.80 ± 1.9 vs. 0.33 ± 0.1, p = 0.008). However, there were no correlations between severity of chorea and urinary NGAL or urinary NGAL/creatinine ratio, there were significant positive correlations between severity of valvular regurgitation and urinary NGAL (r = 0.751, p < 0.001) and urinary NGAL/creatinine ratio (r = 0.694, p < 0.001). Conclusion The present study revealed that urinary NGAL level and urinary NGAL/creatinine ratio were higher in patients with SC accompanying valvular involvement. The results obtained from this study suggest that ARF may cause subclinical renal injury in patients with intense and prolonged cellular immune response leading to chorea and carditis.

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Significance of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Level-to-Serum Creatinine Ratio for Assessing Severity of Inflammation in Patients with Renal Dysfunction

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/791926 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jong Weon Choi ◽

Tatsuyoshi Fujii ◽

Noriyoshi Fujii

Keyword(s):

Serum Creatinine ◽

Renal Dysfunction ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Creatinine Ratio ◽

Ngal Level ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽

Plasma Ngal ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase

The aim of this study was to assess the significance of the neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/serum creatinine ratio (NGAL/sCr ratio) in patients with renal dysfunction. The percent difference between plasma NGAL level and the NGAL/sCr ratio was 36.7% (95% CI, 18.4–83.7%) in patients with sCr level ≥ 1.2 mg/dL. In a multivariate analysis, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was significantly associated with the NGAL/sCr ratio and plasma NGAL level (r=0.526andr=0.453, resp.,P<0.001). In a receiver operating characteristics curve, the diagnostic ability of the NGAL/sCr ratio to identify hsCRP > 4.0 mg/dL was superior to that of NGAL [0.783 (95% CI, 0.674–0.892) versus 0.733 (95% CI, 0.615–0.852),P=0.032]. The area under the curve of the NGAL/sCr ratio was larger than that of hsCRP to detect corrected erythrocyte sedimentation rate > 25 mm/h and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >4.5 in renal dysfunction. In short, the NGAL/sCr ratio may offer useful information when screening patients with both systemic inflammation and renal dysfunction.

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Correlation between neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and soluble CD14 subtype on the prognosis evaluation of acute paraquat poisoning patients

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327119897111 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 402-410

Author(s):

X Gao ◽

W-Z Wang ◽

Q-M Xiao ◽

H-N Qi ◽

B-Y Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apache Ii ◽

Apache Ii Score ◽

Control Group ◽

Ngal Level ◽

Urine Ngal ◽

Soluble Cd14 ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽

Paraquat Poisoning ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase ◽

Prognosis Evaluation

Objective: The objective of this article is to study the correlation between neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and soluble CD14 subtype (presepsin) on the severity and prognosis evaluation of acute paraquat poisoning (APP) patients. Materials and methods: We studied 120 APP patients who were divided into three groups: light (28 cases), moderate (52 cases), and heavy poisoning (40 cases) groups. Twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. Results: Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 86 APP patients (71.7%, 86 of 120). In AKI group, urine NGAL was elevated 3 h after treatment, serum NGAL was elevated 24 h after treatment, and serum creatine (SCr) was elevated 2 days after treatment, which were all significantly higher than non-AKI group. Compared with control group, there were significant differences in presepsin and acute physiology and chronic health status (APACHE) II score of different poisoning groups. There were significant differences in detection indices 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days after treatment among different poisoning groups. There was a positive correlation between urine NGAL and serum paraquat concentration, urine NGAL, and AKI morbidity ( r 1 = 0.974, r 2 = 0.766, p < 0.001), suggesting higher urine NGAL level indicated higher AKI morbidity. Receiver operating characteristic curves analysis suggested serum presepsin level and urine NGAL level had higher sensitivity and specificity than APACHE II score when predicting 28-day mortality of APP patients. Conclusion: Serum and urine NGAL level is elevated earlier than SCr, which is important for the early diagnosis of APP. Serum presepsin and urine NGAL levels can be used as markers to diagnose the severity of AKI and predict the mortality of APP patients.

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LEVEL OF NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE-ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN (NGAL) URIN AS A PREDICTOR OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN SEPSIS PATIENTS TREATED IN ICU H.ADAM MALIK MEDAN HOSPITAL

10.36106/gjra/6910048 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Yudhistira Yudhistira ◽

Burhanuddin Nasution* ◽

Achsanuddin Hanae ◽

Nindia Sugih Arto

Keyword(s):

Kidney Injury ◽

Rank Test ◽

P Value ◽

Ngal Level ◽

Urine Ngal ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽

A Value ◽

Early Biomarker ◽

Level 1 ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a complex interaction between the direct toxic effects of infecting microor ganisms and the disruption of the host's normal inammatory response to infection. One organ that is often disrupted is the kidney . Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) is an AKI biomarker that can be used as an early biomarker for AKI prediction, monitoring clinical trials in AKI and for the prognosis of AKI. METHOD: This research is an observational study. 30 subjects with sepsis were examined for PCT, BUN, urea, creatinine and urine NGAL tests. RESULTS: Statistical analysis using the Spearman Rank Test shows that NGAL level 1 has a signicant relationship with PCT day 1, with a value (r = 0.912) and a value of p <0.05. NGAL level day 1 did not have a signicant relationship with levels of urea, creatinine, BUN with values (r = 0.113), (r = 0.329), (r = 0.352) and values (p> 0.05). NGAL day 3 had a signicant relationship with PCT day 1, with a value (r = 0.0771) and a p value <0.001. Measurement of NGAL day 3 had a signicant relationship with urea, creatinine, BUN, and values (r = 0.427), (r = 0.550), (r = 0.411) with a p value <0.05. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: From the results of the study, it was concluded that there was a difference between urine NGAL levels in septic patients on day 1 (197.26 ± 118.54) and day 3 (288.31 ± 136.96). There was a signicant correlation between urinary NGAL levels with urea levels (p = 0.024 & r = 0.427) and creatinine (p = 0.002 & r = 0.550) on day 3, so urine NGAL was a predictor of AKI events in sepsis patients on day 1 -3..

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Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Its Association with the Histological Pattern in Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome

Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh ◽

10.3329/jafmc.v13i1.41023 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 51-55

Author(s):

Farhana Jalil ◽

Mohammed Hanif ◽

Golam Muin Uddin ◽

Shireen Afroz

Keyword(s):

Nephrotic Syndrome ◽

Minimal Change Disease ◽

Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome ◽

Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome ◽

Minimal Change ◽

Urinary Ngal ◽

Creatinine Ratio ◽

Histological Pattern ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase

Introduction: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is the most common glomerular disorder of childhood. Clinical outcome of children with nephrotic syndrome depends on underlying histopathlogy and responsiveness to steroid treatment. Minimal change disease (MCD) has a favorable long-term prognosis whereas, other than minimal change nephrotic syndrome is often resistant to steroid and is more likely to progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) which is a small protein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily has been demonstrated to be a powerful risk marker of chronic kidney disease progression. This study was undertaken to determine whether urinary NGAL could be used as a biomarker in differentiating minimal change disease from other glomerular histologic lesions in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. Objectives: To evaluate the association between urinary NGAL and histological pattern in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in the Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital and Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University from June 2014 to May 2015. Fifty-one children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome comprising 12 children with minimal change disease (MCD) and 39 with other than minimal change nephrotic syndrome were included. Urinary NGAL was measured using a commercially available HUMAN NGAL/ LIPOCALIN 2 ELISA kit which employed the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Median urinary NGAL level were compared between MCD and other than MCD. Median urinary NGAL and urinary creatinine ratio also compared between two groups. The prognostic accuracy of urinary NGAL was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Median urinary NGAL (uNGAL) level of MCD group was 44.5 [IQR: 32-109.5] (ng/ml) and that of the other than MCD group was 130 [IQR:85-172] (ng/ml). This difference was statistically significant (p=0.004). Median urine NGAL and urine creatinine ratio was significant between two groups (MCD=105.5 ng/mg and other than MCD=288 ng/mg, p-value was<0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for the uNGAL as a biomarker to differentiate MCD from other than MCD was 0.78 [95% CI: 0.64-0.92] (p=0.004) and showed an optimized sensitivity of 0.82 and specificity of 0.75 with an optimal trade-off value of 72 ng/ml. Conclusion: Urinary NGAL was found to be a reliable biomarker to differentiate the histological pattern in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.13(1) 2017: 51-55

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The Difference of Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Level between Liver Cirrhosis Patients with and without Hepatorenal Syndrome

International Journal of Research and Review ◽

10.52403/ijrr.20220101 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Fakhrurrazi Nasution ◽

Gontar Alamsyah Siregar ◽

Ilhamd .

Keyword(s):

Liver Cirrhosis ◽

Hepatic Cirrhosis ◽

Hepatorenal Syndrome ◽

Urinary Ngal ◽

Ngal Level ◽

Elisa Method ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽

B Virus ◽

The Difference ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase

Objective: To determine differences of urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin level in liver cirrhosis patients with or without Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS). Methods: This study was conducted on 46 liver cirrhosis patients (20 patients without hepatorenal syndrome, 26 patients with hepatorenal syndrome). Diagnosis of HRS was based on International Ascites Club criteria. Urinary NGAL was examined using ELISA method. Data analysis was performed with p<0,05 stated as statistically significant. Result: This study showed more HRS cases was found in male than female, with an average age of 53,95 years old for hepatic cirrhosis without HRS, and 57,35 with HRS. The most common cause of this study is Hepatitis B virus, and the highest grade of severity is in Child Pugh-C. The average urinary NGAL level in liver cirrhosis with HRS is 59,39 ± 58,98 ng/ml and 130,78 ± 45,14 ng/ml in liver cirrhosis without HRS. Conclusion: There was a significant higher urinary NGAL level in liver cirrhosis with HRS (p = 0.000), with the cut-off of urinary NGAL to differentiate cirrhosis patients with and without HRS was 95,115 ng/ml. Keywords: NGAL, HRS, hepatorenal syndrome, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.

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Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) measurement is not predictive for ureteral patency in pediatric patients following pyeloplasty: a pilot study

Insight Urology ◽

10.52786/isu.a.24 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 63-68

Author(s):

Varathon Lumyai ◽

◽

Nattachai Srisawat ◽

Promwong Ngamwuttiwong ◽

Chanatee Bunyaratavej ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Large Scale ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

P Value ◽

Ngal Level ◽

Urine Ngal ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase ◽

Bladder Urine

Objective: To evaluate the benefit of urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) measurement to predict the ureteral patency in pediatric patients undergoing pyeloplasty. Materials and Methods: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction patients who underwent unilateral dismembered pyeloplasty had urine NGAL measurements taken intraoperatively during pyeloplasty and postoperatively at six months following surgery. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with renal scans. Pairwise comparisons and correlation analyses were performed to determine the dynamics and benefits of urine NGAL measurement. Results: Thirteen patients were included in this pilot study with a mean age of 3.2 years at surgery. Mean intraoperative bladder urine level was 4.43 ng/mL, and median intraoperative renal pelvic urine NGAL level was 3.70 ng/mL. There was no significant difference between these two levels (p-value = 0.76). Six months after pyeloplasty, 9/13 patients demonstrated significant reduction in the bladder urine NGAL level (at least 50% reduction), and 5/13 patients showed ureteral patency based on postoperative renal scan (more than 5% improvement in differential renal function or the conversion of diuretic half time. However, the finding of significant reduction of urine NGAL level did not correlate with ureteral patency (r = -0.50, p-value = 0.08). Conclusion: Although bladder urine NGAL level reduces in most pediatric patients following pyeloplasty, this decline is not reflective of the finding of ureteral patency from renal scanning. The benefits of urine NGAL measurement in this context remain unclear and require further large-scale investigation.

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Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in early detection of diabetic nephropathy; a pilot study

Journal of Renal Injury Prevention ◽

10.34172/jrip.2020.23 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. e23-e23

Author(s):

Mohammad Saad Forghani ◽

Fowzieh Khezrian ◽

Somayeh Khezrian ◽

Shahnaz Ghafoori ◽

Lotfollah Saed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Early Detection ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Urinary Ngal ◽

Ngal Level ◽

Duration Of Diabetes ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase

Introduction: Diabetes results in the high prevalence of diabetes and the subsequent high incidence of nephropathy. However, there is no method with high sensitivity for the early detection of diabetic kidney disease. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the frequency of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Patients and Methods: Seventy-six diabetic patients who referred to the diabetes clinic of Tohid hospital were randomly selected and enrolled into this cross-sectional study. Patients with hypertension, primary and secondary glomerulopathy, every type of malignancy, infection, heart disease, pulmonary disease and other endocrine diseases, and significant renal failure (estimated glomerular filtration rate; eGFR≤30 mL/min) were excluded from the study. Demographic data were collected and the patients were divided into normal and abnormal groups based on the results of urine tests. Morning urine samples were then taken from the patients to measure creatinine, albumin, urine Alb/CR (albumin to creatinine) ratio and NGAL. Results: Of a total of 76 patients who were enrolled in the study, 39 persons (51.3%) were female. The mean age of the participants was 59.03 ± 11.74 years. In addition, 64 patients (84.2%) were in the normoalbuminuria group and 12 persons (15.8%) were in the microalbuminuria group. Urinary NGAL level was significantly higher in the microalbuminuria group than in the normal group since the difference was significant (P<0.001). We found urinary NGAL level had no significant relationship with eGFR value and the duration of diabetes (P>0.05). There was also a relationship between urinary NGAL and urinary Alb/CR ratio levels (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed a relationship between urinary NGAL and urine Alb/CR ratio levels which could be used as a suitable biomarker in the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, urinary NGAL level had no significant relationship with eGFR and the duration of diabetes.

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Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) excretion increases in normal pregnancy but not in preeclampsia

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2013-0547 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Lars Ødum ◽

Anita Sylvest Andersen ◽

Thomas Vauvert F. Hviid

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Gestational Hypertension ◽

Clinical Chemistry ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Albumin Concentration ◽

Urinary Ngal ◽

Creatinine Ratio ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase

AbstractNeutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) serum values have been shown to increase in preeclampsia. The goal of the present study was to evaluate changes in urinary NGAL concentrations during uncomplicated pregnancy and in cases of preeclampsia and hypertension.Fifty-one pregnant women who developed preeclampsia and 28 diagnosed with essential or gestational hypertension were investigated for urinary NGAL concentrations during pregnancy. As controls, 100 healthy pregnant women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies were randomly selected. Urinary NGAL as well as urinary creatinine and albumin were measured by a standardized clinical chemistry platform (ARCHITECTUrinary NGAL concentrations increased during pregnancy in healthy pregnant women, whereas this increase was not detected in preeclampsia. In order to correct for diuresis, spot urine concentrations were also determined as NGAL/creatinine ratio. NGAL/creatinine ratio in pregnancy week 36–38 was significantly lower in preeclampsia than in healthy pregnant women or pregnant women with hypertension. NGAL urinary concentrations did not correlate with albumin concentration in urine.Urinary NGAL is not a valuable early biomarker for preeclampsia.

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Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin as a biomarker of nephropathy in sickle cell disease

Annals of Hematology ◽

10.1007/s00277-021-04500-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rajaa Marouf ◽

Adekunle D. Adekile ◽

Hadeel El-Muzaini ◽

Rasha Abdulla ◽

Olusegun A. Mojiminiyi

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Sickle Cell Disease ◽

Sickle Cell ◽

Roc Curve ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Cell Disease ◽

Urine Ngal ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽

Plasma Ngal ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase

AbstractSickle cell nephropathy (SCN) develops via altered hemodynamics and acute kidney injury, but conventional screening tests remain normal until advanced stages. Early diagnostic biomarkers are needed so that preventive measures can be taken. This study evaluates the role of neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker of SCN in steady state and vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). In this case-control study, 74 sickle cell disease (SCD) patients (37 in steady state and 37 in VOC) and 53 control subjects had hematological and biochemical measurements including plasma and urine NGAL. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were used to find the associations between variables. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the diagnostic performance characteristics of plasma and urine NGAL for detection of VOC. Plasma and urine NGAL, urine microalbumin:creatinine ratio, and urine protein:creatinine ratio were significantly higher in VOC. Microalbuminuria was present in 17.1% steady state and 32.0% VOC patients. Microalbuminuria showed significant correlations with age, plasma NGAL, WBC, and hemolytic parameters. Area under the ROC curve for plasma NGAL was 0.69 (95%CI = 0.567–0.813; p = 0.006) and 0.86 (95%CI = 0.756–0.954; p < 0.001) for urine NGAL. Urine NGAL cut-off value of 12.0 ng/mL had 95% sensitivity and 65% specificity. These results confirm the presence of nephropathy during VOC and suggest that plasma and urine NGAL would be useful in the identification of SCN. Urine NGAL should be used as the screening biomarker, and patients with VOC and urine NGAL > 12.0 ng/mL should be selected for aggressive management to prevent progression of renal damage.

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Urinary Measurement of Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 Helps Diagnose Acute Pyelonephritis in a Preclinical Model

Journal of Biomarkers ◽

10.1155/2013/413853 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hahn-Ey Lee ◽

Sun Hee Lee ◽

Minki Baek ◽

Hwang Choi ◽

Kwanjin Park

Keyword(s):

Acute Pyelonephritis ◽

Time Course ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Preclinical Model ◽

Urinary Ngal ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽

Kidney Injury Molecule 1 ◽

Neutrophil Gelatinase

Background. The study assessed whether measurement of urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury could be helpful in diagnosing acute pyelonephritis and subsequent scarring. Method. Escherichia coli J96 (0.3 mL inoculum containing 1×109/mL) was directly injected into the renal cortex of 3-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats (n=20), with saline substituted in a control group (n=10). Following the injection, urine was collected 2, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after injection. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), and interleukin-18 were quantitatively measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of the biomarkers were adjusted for creatinine. Time course changes within a group or between the groups were compared. Correlation analysis was performed to understand the relationship between urinary levels and histological scarring. Results. Significantly elevated urinary NGAL was evident at two and seven days after injection, and Kim-1 was elevated at two days after injection. Receiver operating characteristic analyses confirmed the sensitivity of these markers at these times. No urinary marker at acute stage of APN was correlated with the amount of future scarring, negating their predictive value. Conclusion. Urinary NGAL and Kim-1 could be helpful in diagnosing febrile urinary tract infection in children.

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