scholarly journals Factor VIII Concentrates - Forces of Supply and Demand

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. H. Britten
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
Treatment Demand ◽  
Choice Of Treatment ◽  
Factor Viii Concentrates ◽  
Total Freedom ◽  
Increasing Demand

Some surprisingly simple artificial factors influence the availability of factor VIII for hemophilia treatment. Demand is affected by choice of product, and choice of treatment style (episodic vs. prophylactic), and also by availability funds.Autobiographic data suggest the feasibility of long-term low dosage prophylaxis (6u/KgA8 hrs.). This tentative conclusion is based on 2½yrs. of unprecedented near-total freedom from hemorrhage. The significance is the potential saving of 60% of factor VIII concentrate, compared with the more orthodox dose (15u/KgA8 hrs.) which has been shown to increase factor VIII usage by 2.5–3 times compared with episodic therapy.The American Red Cross produced 293,332 units of cryoprecipitate from 4,690,217 whole blood donations in 1975-6 (6.25% of blood collected). Production could readily be increased if the demand existed. The following artificial factors have an influence on cryoprecipitate production: health insurance policies; price structure; the international market for factor VIII.It is concluded that there is no shortage of available factor VIII, that more could readily be made available, that prophylaxis may be possible without increasing demand for factor VIM, that financial considerations are seriously distorting hemophi1ia treatment, that hemophilia treatment in the United States is being subsidised by other countries, and that understanding of these factors can help to overcome them.

The Recovery of Factor VIII from Fresh-Frozen, Indated and Outdated Human Plasma

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 071-077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Whitman ◽  
Mary Ellen Switzer ◽  
Patrick A. McKee
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fresh Frozen Plasma ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Factor Viii Concentrates ◽  
Frozen Plasma

SummaryThe availability of factor VIII concentrates is frequently a limitation in the management of classical hemophilia. Such concentrates are prepared from fresh or fresh-frozen plasma. A significant volume of plasma in the United States becomes “indated”, i. e., in contact with red blood cells for 24 hours at 4°, and is therefore not used to prepare factor VIII concentrates. To evaluate this possible resource, partially purified factor VIII was prepared from random samples of fresh-frozen, indated and outdated plasma. The yield of factor VIII protein and procoagulant activity from indated plasma was about the same as that from fresh-frozen plasma. The yield from outdated plasma was substantially less. After further purification, factor VIII from the three sources gave a single subunit band when reduced and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results indicate that the approximately 287,000 liters of indated plasma processed annually by the American National Red Cross (ANRC) could be used to prepare factor VIII concentrates of good quality. This resource alone could quadruple the supply of factor VIII available for therapy.

Community Collaboration in Disaster: The Role of Voluntary Agencies

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Dusty Bowenkamp
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
Serious Injuries

AbstractAlthough the United States has been impacted by numerous devastating disasters over the last 10 years, there have been only limited efforts between the governmental and non-profit/voluntary organizations to meet the multiple disaster health and mental health needs of the community. Too often, responding organizations compete to provide services, duplicate efforts, and frequently under-estimate the need for services.Recent efforts have been undertaken by The American Red Cross and other groups to resolve this issue. Governmental and community-based organizations have been invited to participate in planning sessions to pre-identify roles and responsibilities, as well as to exchange key information about the services each group can and does provide.These efforts have lead to an increased awareness of the potential problems and the development of cohesive plans to provide medical and emotional support services to impacted communities. This has led to improved care for those with serious injuries or psychological crisis, while those with less critical problems have been managed appropriately without needing to be immediately referred to overcrowded emergency departments or physician's offices.

scholarly journals Factors That Will Influence Oil and Gas Supply and Demand in the 21st Century

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Holditch ◽  
Russell R. Chianelli
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
High Stress ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Oil Gas

AbstractA recent report published by the National Petroleum Council (NPC) in the United States predicted a 50–60% growth in total global demand for energy by 2030. Because oil, gas, and coal will continue to be the primary energy sources during this time, the energy industry will have to continue increasing the supply of these fuels to meet this increasing demand. Achieving this goal will require the exploitation of both conventional and unconventional reservoirs of oil and gas in an environmentally acceptable manner. Such efforts will, in turn, require advancements in materials science, particularly in the development of materials that can withstand high-pressure, high-temperature, and high-stress conditions.

After the tragic end of Mr. John F. Kennedy

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (33) ◽  
pp. 643-644
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
National Society ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
International Review ◽  
The People ◽  
Tragic Event ◽  
Short Time

The International Committee took a sincere part in the tragic event which was mourned on November 22, 1963 by the people of the United States and by the American Red Cross. Mr. John F. Kennedy was not only President of the United States, he was also Honorary President of the National Society to which a short time ago, on the occasion of the Centenary of the Red Cross, he addressed a message which was published in the International Review. One will also recall the stirring message full of confidence which he sent this September to the Centenary Congress of the International Red Cross in Geneva.

A Methodological Investigation On The One-Stage Factor VIII Assay

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Over ◽  
J A van Mourik ◽  
P van den Brink-Zantingh ◽  
R Smit-Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Factor Viii Concentrates ◽  
Dose Response Curves ◽  
The One ◽  
Protein Rich

Assay of Factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII: C) in Factor VIII concentrates has since long met difficulties, such as l) non-paralleility of dose-response curves of plasma standard and Factor VIII concentrate, 2) spuriously low values of VIII: C in concentrates as revealed by abnormally high in vivo recoveries after transfusion, and 3) large interlaboratory variation in assay results. In an attempt to analyze the cause of these problems several parameters of the one-stage assay system were varied systematically and their effect on the parallellity of dose-response curves and on the final VIII: C value was analyzed. Nonparallel1ity was partially corrected with a protein-rich dilution medium, and almost always completely with undiluted instead of 1:1 diluted hemophilic substrate plasma. In both conditions apparently higher VIII:C values were found.A number of assay systems used by different producers of Factor VIII concentrates were compared. The standard and, in some cases, the phospholipid reagent seemed to contribute for the largest past to the inter1aboratory variation, but also other, as yet unidentified, factors exerted some influence. These findings initiated a cooperative study by five Red Cross Blood Transfusion Services in Europe on standardization of the one-stage assay for VIII:C. This resulted in a better correspondence between these institutes (CV 13%) compared to the previous situation (CV 23%).It is concluded that 1) substrate plasma should not be diluted, especially when Factor VIII concentrate is to be tested against a plasma standard, 2) the standard should be of the same type as the testmaterial, and 3) this standard should be properly calibrated against the International Standard for Factor VIII.

CHOICES

2017 ◽  
pp. 157-179
Author(s):  
Leigh Nanney Hersey
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
The Public ◽  
Use Of Social Media

Social media is increasing becoming a prominent tool in today's nonprofit sector. By 2010, the largest 200 nonprofit organizations in the United States used social media as a tool to meet their goals (Barnes, n.d.). According to those surveyed the top reason for using social media is for increasing awareness of the organization's mission (90%). In studying the American Red Cross' use of social media, Briones, et al. (2011) found that the use of social media built relationships with the public. This chapter explores the success of a mid-sized nonprofit organization, CHOICES: Memphis Center for Reproductive Health, as it develops a strategic social media plan to increase awareness and support for the organization. Through this case study, we will address how this organization has used social media to advance its mission and the process used to develop performance metrics along the way.

ICRC President visits the United States of America

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (270) ◽  
pp. 228-228
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
George Bush ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
The Press ◽  
States Government

Mr. Cornelio Sommaruga, President of the ICRC, was in Washington from 14 to 17 May 1989, accompanied by Mr. André Pasquier, Director of Operations, and Mr. Jürg Bischoff from the Press Division.Mr. Sommaruga and Mr. Pasquier were received by the President of the United States, Mr. George Bush, in the presence of Mr. Richard F. Schubert, President of the American Red Cross. The ICRC representatives conveyed their warm thanks for the financial support provided by the American authorities to the ICRC; they also expressed the hope that the contribution would be increased, given the expansion in ICRC operational acitivities in many parts of the world. There was also an exchange of views as to ratification by the United States Government of the Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions, as well as talks on humanitarian mobilization and current ICRC activities. Mr. Bush assured Mr. Sommaruga that he could count on continued diplomatic and financial support from the United States.

The Gray Ladies of the American Red Cross

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
pp. 121-133
Author(s):  
Fred G. Sigerist
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross

Much has been heard of the valuable help given, through the American Red Cross, by those voluntary aids known as “Gray Ladies”, in hospitals, sanatoria, rest homes, clinics and convalescent centres in the United States. Qualified volunteers of all ages undertake these missions (in some cases men also help these services), especially for people who are incapacitated through illness for long periods.

scholarly journals Blurred Responsibilities of Disaster Governance: The American Red Cross in the US and Haiti

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-342
Author(s):  
Eija Meriläinen ◽  
Jukka Mäkinen ◽  
Nikodemus Solitander
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Democratic Citizenship ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
The Political ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Private Actors ◽  
Governance Arrangements

The influence of private actors, such as non-profit organizations (NPOs) and firms, has been increasing in disaster governance. Previous literature has interrogated the responsibilities of states towards citizens in disasters, but the roles of private actors have been insufficiently challenged. The article politicizes the entangled relations between NPOs, states, and disaster-affected people. It proposes the Rawlsian division of moral labor as a useful, normative framework for interrogating the justice of disaster governance arrangements in which ‘liberal’ states are involved. Liberal states have two types of responsibilities in disasters: humanitarian and political. The humanitarian responsibilities imply provision of basic resources needed for the capacity to make autonomous choices (domestically and abroad), while the political responsibilities imply provision of the institutions needed for the liberal democratic citizenship (domestically). Through this analytical lens and building on the wealth of existing scholarship, we illustrate the disaster governance role of the American Red Cross in the United States (a 2005 hurricane) and in Haiti (the 2010 earthquake). Where, in Rawlsian terms, United States is interpreted as a ‘liberal’ society, Haiti is framed as a ‘burdened’ society. The article proposes five points to consider in analyzing disaster governance arrangements under neoliberal regimes, structured around the division of humanitarian and political responsibilities. The article illustrates how NPOS are instrumental in blurring the boundaries between humanitarian and political responsibilities. This might result ultimately in actual vulnerabilities remaining unaddressed. While the Rawlsian approach challenges the privatization and lack of coordination in disaster governance, it is limited in analyzing the political construction of ‘burdened’ societies.

The Red Cross in the USA: Water Safety and First Aid

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (59) ◽  
pp. 90-96
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Aid Training ◽  
The Usa

The year 1964 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the American National Red Cross water safety program. In that year, 232 persons were awarded the coveted Certificate of Merit for saving lives through skills learned in Red Cross courses. The certificate they won, which is signed by the President of the United States and the Chairman of the American Red Cross, may be granted to people who have had water safety or first aid training. Both programs share in the overall purpose of the American organization's Safety Services: the saving of lives through public education in accident prevention and through courses that teach people how to respond when accidents do happen in the home, at work, on the highway, in the water, and elsewhere. Thousands of heroes and heroines, many unrecognized, have used their training to avert tragedies throughout the United States over the past 50 years.

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