scholarly journals Comparative Study of 0.2% Glyceryl Trinitrate Ointment for Pain Reduction after Hemorrhoidectomy Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. e192-e196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepideh Vahabi ◽  
Siavash Beiranvand ◽  
Arash Karimi ◽  
Mahmoudreza Moradkhani
Keyword(s):  
Glyceryl Trinitrate ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Total Pain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Glyceryl Trinitrate Ointment

Abstract Context Hemorrhoid is one of the most common diseases in both, men and women, affecting half of the world's population over the age of 50. Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effects of local ointment of glyceryl trinitrate ointment (GTN) after hemorrhoidectomy. Methods and Materials In this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the patients were grouped as the treatment, that is GTN, and placebo (P) group. After surgery, 0.2% gelatin GTN ointment (250 mg), and P ointment (n = 20 for each group) were applied topically on 1 cm on the anus using a standard ruler, three times a week in respective groups. visual analog scale was used to assess the intensity of the pain and complications of the drugs were observed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. Statistical Analysis Used Data and questionnaires were analyzed statistically using SPSS17 software and results were recorded in the tabular form. Results Six hours after the application of the ointment, no significant difference was found among the groups, however, after 12, 18, and 24 hours significant reduction in pain was seen in GTN group, which was least after 18 hours. The mean values of the total pain score in the first 24 hours after surgery in the GTN group were 3.15 and 5.45 in the P group which were statistically significant. Nonetheless, headache was significantly increased in the GTN group. Conclusion Simple and safe topical GTN ointment can reduce the pain after hemorrhoidectomy, leading to the reduced need of other analgesics.

Effect of Chlorophyllin on Urinary Odor in Incontinent Geriatric Patients

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 732-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milap C. Nahata ◽  
Carole A. Slencsak ◽  
Judith Kamp
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Washout Period ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Odor Intensity ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Percent Decrease

This randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study involved 20 incontinent geriatric patients; all had indwelling Foley catheters. Each patient received chlorophyllin 100 mg/d for two weeks and placebo daily for two weeks, separated by a washout period of one week. For each subject, the intensity of urinary odor was measured ten times during both the treatment and placebo regimen and three times during the washout period, using a visual analog scale. A decrease in urinary odor was associated with chlorophyllin in 12 patients and with placebo in 6 patients at the end of two weeks on each regimen. Chlorophyllin treatment was associated with about a 21-percent decrease in mean urinary odor intensity, whereas placebo increased the odor by about 9 percent. The mean intensity of urinary odor was lowest during the second week of chlorophyllin treatment. Despite the decrease in urinary odor in many patients receiving chlorophyllin, its effect was not significantly greater than that of placebo. Our data suggest that chlorophyllin 100 mg/d for two weeks may not be effective in incontinent geriatric patients with mild to moderate urinary odor.

Pyridoxine is not effective for the prevention of hand foot syndrome (HFS) associated with capecitabine therapy: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9007-9007 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lee ◽  
S. Lee ◽  
Y. Chun ◽  
M. Kim ◽  
H. Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Chemotherapy Regimen ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hand Foot Syndrome ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
To Receive

9007 Introduction: Although pyridoxine has been used empirically for the prevention of HFS associated with capecitabine, its efficacy has not been proven yet. We performed a prospective randomized double-blind study to determine whether pyridoxine can prevent the development of HFS when given concurrently with capecitabine. Method: Chemotherapy-naive patients (pts) with gastrointestinal tract cancers who were going to have capecitabine-containing chemotherapy were randomized to receive either oral pyridoxine (200 mg/day) or placebo daily during chemotherapy after stratified by chemotherapy regimen: 1) capecitabine alone, 2) capecitabine and cisplatin, or 3) docetaxel, capecitabine, and cisplatin. The patients were observed until grade 2 or 3 HFS (by NCI CTC version 2.0) developed or capecitabine containing chemotherapy ended. When grade 2 or 3 HFS developed in pts in placebo group, the pts were randomized again to receive either pyridoxine or placebo for next cycle of chemotherapy in order to determine whether pyridoxine could improve the HFS. Result: From Jun 2004 to Oct 2005, total 389 pts were entered onto the study. But, 29 pts (15 in placebo group and 14 in pyridoxine group) were excluded from the study because of ineligibility or pts’ refusal. Pts’ characteristics were well balanced between the 2 groups. Grade 2 or 3 HFS developed in 55 of 180 (30.6%) pts in placebo group and in 57 of 180 (31.7%) pts in pyridoxine group. (p=0.788) The median cycles of chemotherapy to grade 2 or 3 HFS was 3 in both groups. The mean cumulative dose of capecitabine until occurrence of grade 2 or 3 HFS was not different statistically between the two groups. (221,157.5 mg/m2 vs. 259,808.5 mg/m2, p=0.788). Total 44 of 55 pts in placebo group who had grade 2 or 3 HFS were randomized to receive either placebo or pyridoxine at next cycle. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of pts with improvement of HFS (43% vs 48%, p=0.94). Conclusion: These results indicated that pyridoxine is not effective for the prevention of HFS associated with capecitabine therapy. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF SPIRULINA MOUTHWASH ON REDUCTION OF DENTAL PLAQUE AND GINGIVITIS: A CLINICAL STUDY

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Radhika Maniyar ◽  
Umashankar G. K.
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Intervention Protocol ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Objective: The present study evaluated the effectiveness of Spirulina mouthwash on the reduction of dental plaque and gingivitis.Methods: A single-blind clinical trial was conducted among thirty patient’s aged 18-40 y visiting dental college and hospital in Bangalore city. Mouthwash was prepared using 0.5% Spirulina. Intervention protocol consisted of instructing the patients to rinse with 10 ml of mouthwash for 1 minute twice daily for 7 d. Plaque index and Gingival index were used to assess the variables at the baseline and after the intervention. The perception of the individual subjects with regard to the use of mouthwash was assessed using 10 cm long visual analog scale (VAS). Statistical analysis was carried out using Wilcoxon signed rank test for mean pre and post plaque and gingival scores respectively. Descriptive statistics was performed for VAS questionnaireResults: The results showed a highly significant difference (p<0.001) between the mean plaque scores at the baseline (2.16±0.34) and at the follow up (1.27±0.46). The mean gingival scores at the baseline (1.86±0.38) and at the follow-up (1.05±0.43) also showed a highly significant difference (p<0.001). Regarding the Visual Analog Scale, the mean values of 5 or greater than suggested the responses to be favourable as the values were reflectedConclusion: The study showed that Spirulina mouthwash resulted in significant reduction in dental plaque and gingivitis. Also, the mouthwash was convenient to use without any adverse effects. Hence, the use of herbal mouth rinses such as Spirulina should be supported.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Synbiotics for Treatment of Bacillary Dysentery in Children: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manijeh Kahbazi ◽  
Marzieh Ebrahimi ◽  
Nader Zarinfar ◽  
Mohammad Arjomandzadegan ◽  
Taha Fereydouni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Bacillary Dysentery ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Duration Of Hospitalization ◽  
The Mean

Bacillary dysentery is a major cause of children’s admission to hospitals. To assess the probiotic and prebiotic (synbiotics) effects in children with dysentery in a randomized clinical trial, 200 children with dysentery were studied in 2 groups: the synbiotic group received 1 tablet/day of synbiotic for 3–5 days and the placebo group received placebo tablets (identical tablet form like probiotics). The standard treatment was administered for all patients. Duration of hospitalization, dysentery, fever, and the weight loss were assessed in each group. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in both groups in the baseline characteristics. The mean duration of dysentery reduced (P<0.05). The mean duration of fever has been significantly reduced in the synbiotic group (1.64±0.87days) in comparison to the placebo group (2.13±0.94days) (P<0.001). Average amount of weight loss was significantly lower in the synbiotic group in comparison to that in the placebo group (129.5±23.388grams and278±28.385grams, resp.;P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean duration of hospitalization in both groups (P>0.05). The use of synbiotics as an adjuvant therapy to the standard treatment of dysentery significantly reduces the duration of dysentery, fever, and rate of weight losses. The trial is registered withIRCT201109267647N1.

A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF ALDOSTERONE SECRETION RATE IN MAN

1966 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lund-Johansen ◽  
T. Thorsen ◽  
K. F. Støa
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Derivative Method ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT A comparison has been made between (A), a relatively simple method for the measurement of aldosterone secretion rate, based on paper chromatography and direct densitometry of the aldosterone spot and (B) a more elaborate isotope derivative method. The mean secretion rate in 9 normal subjects was 112 ± 26 μg per 24 hours (method A) and 135 ± 35 μg per 24 hours (method B). The »secretion rate« in one adrenalectomized subject after the intravenous injection of 250 μg of aldosterone was 230 μg per 24 hours (method A) and 294 μg per 24 hours (method B). There was no significant difference in the mean values, and correlation between the two methods was good (r = 0.80). It is concluded that the densitometric method is suitable for clinical purposes as well as research, being more rapid and less expensive than the isotope derivative method. Method A also measures the urinary excretion of the aldosterone 3-oxo-conjugate, which is of interest in many pathological conditions. The densitometric method is obviously the less sensitive and a prerequisite for its use is an aldosterone secretion of 20—30 μg per 24 hours. Lower values are, however, rare in adults.

CONCENTRADO PROTEICO OBTIDO DAS FOLHAS DE MANDIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) DE TRÊS VARIEDADES COMERCIAIS.

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabel Aparecida Soares ◽  
Mauro Sérgio Téo ◽  
Carlise DEBASTIANI ◽  
Suzymeire BARONI ◽  
Vanessa Silva RETUCI
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar diferenças entre rendimento do concentrado proteico e proteína bruta da folha da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtidos a partir de três variedades comerciais: branca, cascuda e vermelha. As manivas foram plantadas seguindo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Nas comparações entre as variedades, considerou coletas escalonadas pós-plantio, realizadas aos 12, 14 e 16 meses. O concentrado proteico foi obtido a partir da farinha das folhas inteiras e submetido ao método de termo - coagulação ácido e a proteína bruta pelo método padrão AOAC. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey - 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados não indicaram diferença significativa entre as médias obtidas para rendimento de concentrado proteico. Para a variável porcentagem de proteína bruta a variedade Branca foi a que apresentou maior valor, com média de 46,25%, seguida pela Cascuda e Vermelha, 44,52% e 37,30%, sucessivamente. Conclui-se que outros estudos devem avaliar condições que possam influenciar no teor de proteína foliar, como clima e solo, e, avaliar os níveis de ácido cianídrico de cada variedade, indicando qual das três é a melhor para a extração do concentrado proteico das folhas. Palavras chaves: Manihot esculenta Crantz, variedades comerciais, concentrado proteico, proteína bruta. ABSTRACT: The study aimed to assess the differences between income protein concentrate, crude protein of cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtained from three commercial varieties: white, red and cascuda. The cuttings were planted following the completely randomized design with three replications. Comparisons between the varieties considered after planting staggered collections, held on 12, 14 and 16 months. The protein concentrate was obtained from flour of whole sheets and subjected to the term method - acid coagulation and crude protein by AOAC standard method. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test - 5% probability. The results indicated no significant difference between the mean values obtained for protein concentrate income. For the variable percentage of crude protein White variety showed the highest, with an average of 46.25%, followed by cascuda and Red, 44.52% and 37.30%, successively. We conclude that further studies should evaluate conditions that may affect the leaf protein content, such as climate and soil, and evaluate the hydrocyanic acid levels of each variety, indicating which of the three is the best for the extraction of protein concentrate from leaves Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, commercial varieties, protein concentrate, crude protein.

scholarly journals AB0100 EVALUATION OF PGA LEVEL FOR CLINICAL REMISSION WITH BOOLEAN CRITERIA, 10MM OR 20MM?

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1078.1-1079
Author(s):  
I. Yoshii
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Remission ◽  
Global Assessment ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
T Test ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Remission Criteria ◽  
The Mean

Background:Patient’s global assessment (PGA) is one important component of Boolean composite criteria for remission in treat with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, PGA no more than 10mm is sometimes obstacle to attain clinical remission. In recent few years, one opinion that PGA no more than 20mm may be comparable as no more than 10mm.Objectives:The aim of this study is to analyze how difference of these PGA level affect disease activity and daily activities in living, and evaluate which is optimal for the remission with Boolean remission criteria from real world setting.Methods:RA patients who were followed up for more than three years in the institute were picked up in the study. Each patient was monitored with tenderness joint count (TJC), swollen joint count (SJC), PGA, evaluator’s global assessment (EGA), serum C-reactive protein level (CRP), calculated disease activity score with simplified disease activity index(SDAI), Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and pain score using visual analog scale (PS-VAS) every consulted time from the first encounter (Baseline). Patients were classified according to achievement of Boolean remission criteria. Group 1: a patient group who attained Boolean remission wih TJC≦1, SJC≦1, CRP≦1mg/dl, and PGA≦1 (G-1), Group 2: a patient group who could not attained the Boolean remission used in the G-1 evaluation, but could attained another Boolean remission with TJC≦1, SJC≦1, CRP≦1mg/dl, and PGA≦2 (G-2), and Group 3: a patient group who could not attain Boolean remission for neither criterion.Mean values of measured parameters at Baseline and after the Baseline were compared statistically with Student T-test. Mean values of the same parameters in the G-1 and G-2 at the time of attain Boolean remission for each criteria, mean values of each of these parameters thereafter, and changes of these parameters were compared statistically with Student T-test.Results:A total of 438 patients 385 in the G-1 group, 16 in the G-2 group, and 37 in the G-3 group, were recruited. In parameters at Baseline, level of TJC, SJC, PGA, EGA, SDAI, and HAQ-DI in the G-1 was significantly lower than in the G-3, whereas no significant differences in any parameters demonstrated between in the G-2 and G-3. Level of HAQ-DI, and PS-VAS after Baseline in the G-1 was lower than in the G-3, whereas no significant difference of these parameters after Baseline demonstrated between in the G-2 and G-3. TJC, SJC, PGA, and EGA demonstrated significant less level in the G-1 than in the other two groups. The mean SDAI score at the time of first achievement of Boolean remission in the G-1 and G-2 were 1.08 and 2.57, respectively. The mean value of SDAI score after remission in the G-1 and G-2 were 3.35 and 6.44, respectively. These values and PS-VAS including change of the SDAI score demonstrated significant difference between the two groups (p<0.01), whereas HAQ-DI in the two groups demonstrated no significant difference.Conclusion:These results suggested that setting PGA as no more than 10mm should be reasonable for the evaluation of clinical remission with the Boolean criteria.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

A new simpler approach to measure the strength of toe plantar flexion requiring no mechanical restraint with a light-weight device

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441192110029
Author(s):  
Yuko Komuro ◽  
Yuji Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mechanical Restraint ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ankle Joints ◽  
The Mean

Conventionally, the strength of toe plantar flexion (STPF) is measured in a seated position, in which not only the target toe joints but also the knee and particularly ankle joints, are usually restrained. We have developed an approach for the measurement of STPF which does not involve restraint and considers the interactions of adjacent joints of the lower extremities. This study aimed to evaluate this new approach and comparing with the seated approach. A thin, light-weight, rigid plate was attached to the sole of the foot in order to immobilize the toe area. Participants were 13 healthy young women (mean age: 24 ± 4 years). For measurement of STPF with the new approach, participants were instructed to stand, raise the device-wearing leg slightly, plantar flex the ankle, and push the sensor sheet with the toes to exert STPF. The sensor sheet of the F-scan II system was inserted between the foot sole and the plate. For measurement with the seated approach, participants were instructed to sit and push the sensor with the toes. They were required to maintain the hip, knee, and ankle joints at 90°. The mean values of maximum STPF of the 13 participants obtained with each approach were compared. There was no significant difference in mean value of maximum STPF when the two approaches were compared (new: 59 ± 23 N, seated: 47 ± 33 N). The coefficient of variation of maximum STPF was smaller for data obtained with the new approach (new: 39%, seated: 70%). Our simple approach enables measurement of STPF without the need for the restraints that are required for the conventional seated approach. These results suggest that the new approach is a valid method for measurement of STPF.

scholarly journals THU0521 EVALUATION OF LIVER FIBROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS UNDER METHOTREXATE TREATMENT. UTILITY OF FIBROSCAN AND BIOMARKERS IN ROUTINE CLINICAL PRACTICE.

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 499.2-500
Author(s):  
A. De Diego Sola ◽  
M. Vaamonde Lorenzo ◽  
A. Castiella Eguzkiza ◽  
M. J. Sánchez Iturri ◽  
N. Alcorta Lorenzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Type I ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Apri Score ◽  
The Mean

Background:Despite therapeutic advances in recent years, methotrexate (MTX) remains the gold standard for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Among the side effects that have been blamed on it are liver fibrosis (LF) and cirrhosis, although late studies have failed to show such a relation1,2. The only validated test in the diagnosis of LF is biopsy. Given the relevance of MTX in the treatment of RA, it is important to evaluate non-invasive diagnostic options for LF such as transitional elastography (FibroScan, FS).Objectives:To evaluate the percentage of LF in RA patients treated with MTX. Secondly, to assess the correlation between altered liver function, RA activity, and LF. To determine whether dose and/or duration of treatment with MTX may affect the development of LF in such patients.Methods:We did a prospective study between February 2019 and January 2020. Patients affected of RA treated with MTX were included. Patients with basal liver disease (hepatitis B, hepatitis C and steatohepatitis), alcohol consumption, type I diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, heart failure, obesity and concomitant treatment with leflunomide or antiretrovirals were excluded. Demographic, clinical, analytical and therapeutic variables were collected. Liver fibrosis was assessed by FS in kilopascals (kpa) and using the APRI score. RA activity was assessed by DAS28 score. Continuous variables are described with mean and standard deviation (SD), and qualitative variables are shown with absolute value and percentage. Spearman’s and Mann-Whitney’s U tests were used for the bivariate analysis.Results:Fifty patients were included (Table 1 and 2). Of these, 38 were women (76%) with mean age of 61.8 years (SD 11.7) and mean RA evolution time of 13.7 years (SD 8.2). The mean DAS28 at the visit was 2.39 (SD 1.1). The FS showed an average of 4.8 kpa (SD 2). The mean duration of treatment with MTX was 85.8 months (SD 93.3) and that of AD-MTX was 5414.6mg (SD 5011). Patients were divided into those with DA-MTX greater than 4000mg (21, 42%) and less than 4000mg (29, 58%) and no significant differences were found in terms of LF in FS (p 0.637) or APRI scale (p 0.806). No significant differences were found in terms of treatment duration either. Six patients (12%) had elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and 9 (18%) had elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT). No significant difference was found in FS values in relation to ALT, but it was with elevated AST (p 0.021). Similarly, differences were found in APRI based on AST (p 0.045). Metabolic syndrome was collected in 4 patients (8%) without significant differences with FS or APRI values. There were no significant differences in LF depending on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) values.Conclusion:FS and APRI score are useful for the determination of LF in RA patients treated with MTX. There is no evidence of a relationship between AD-MTX and LF by FS or APRI. AST values may be related to the presence of fibrosis as determined by FS or APRI. and the presence of the metabolic syndrome are not.References:[1]G.L. Erre, et al. Methotrexate therapy is not associated with increased liver stiffness and significant liver fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A cross-sectional controlled study with real-time two-dimensional shear wave elastography. European Journal of Internal Medicine 69 (2019) 57–63. Internet.[2]R. Conway et al. Risk of liver injury among methotrexate users: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2015 Oct;45(2):156–62. Internet.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Spontaneous Blinks as a Criterion of Visual Fatigue during Prolonged Work on Visual Display Terminals

2001 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichi Kaneko ◽  
Kazuyoshi Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Visual fatigue caused by prolonged work viewing a Visual Display Terminals (VDT) and of work reading a hard-copy were assessed by electromyogram (EMG) waveform and electrooculogram (EOG) waveform in spontaneous blinks as objective criteria, and by questionnaire of subjective feeling, and by task performance. The duration and the amplitude of the EMG of the orbicularis ocular muscle on the right side and the EOG of the vertical direction to the eyelid were measured for 10 subjects who participated in a figure task consisting of the addition of single-digit numbers on a VDT work or a work with a hard-copy. The mean values of the duration and the amplitude of the EMG and the EOG were evaluated by the averaging of 10 waveforms of the spontaneous blinks for all subjects. The time lag from the EMG to the EOG in the process of the generation of spontaneous blinks was also analyzed. These five parameters were evaluated during the work time. The mean values for the duration of the EMG increased gradually during the work time, but the amplitude did not show significant difference between the prework and a work time. There was no significant change of the duration of the EOG, but the mean amplitude of the EOG decreased as the work time progressed, and the time lag significantly extended. The blinks frequency increased relatively when using a VDT. The rate of fluctuation for these parameters was higher during use of a VDT than use of a hard-copy. The time lag at five hours of VDT work was extended by 90% based on the value at the prework. The symptoms of general fatigue and fatigue of the eyes increased linearly during the VDT work for six hours. The results indicated a significant correlation between the objective parameters for the activity of the spontaneous blinks, i.e., duration and amplitude of EMG and EOG, and the time lag between EMG and EOG, and the subjective feeling was recognized in the time course of the task. These experimental results suggested that the parameters regarding the EMG and the EOG for the spontaneous blinks were effective indices for assessing visual fatigue during prolonged VDT work.

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