scholarly journals Cancer in Lebanon: A Review of Incidence Rates from 2008 to 2015 and Projections Till 2025

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein H. Khachfe ◽  
Zahraa Rahal ◽  
Julie Sammouri ◽  
Mira Kheil ◽  
Hussein Baydoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Cancer Trends ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background and Objectives Cancer carries one of the heaviest burdens globally in terms of mortality. Lebanon is a middle-income Middle East country also plagued with cancer, as such a study and analysis of cancer trends and projections would serve a great benefit in the fight against the disease. Materials and Methods All data pertaining to cancers in Lebanon were extracted from the National Cancer Registry of Lebanon Web site. Data were analyzed to produce trends over the years of our study (2008–2015). Ten-year projections were further calculated for the top cancers by the primary site using logarithmic models. Results The top cancers in Lebanon are the breast, lung, colorectal, bladder, and prostate. The top cancers affecting females are the breast, lung, and colorectal. The top cancers affecting males are the prostate, lung, and bladder. Cancer cases are projected to increase in Lebanon over the next 10 years. Conclusion Lebanon had a steady incidence rate of cancer cases during the time of our study. A more complete understanding of cancer trends and their ultimate reduction will require further research into the origins of specific cancers and the means of prevention and control.

scholarly journals Non-melanoma skin cancer in Serbia (1999-2015) -the need for national prevention and control strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1154-1160
Author(s):  
Danijela Ilic ◽  
Goran Videnovic ◽  
Ruzica Kozomara ◽  
Sonja Radakovic ◽  
Zoran Vlahovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽  
National Prevention ◽  
And Control ◽  
Melanoma Skin

Background/Aim. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are ones of the most rapidly increasing cancers worldwide. Although NMSCs have a relatively low mortality rate, they are an important public health concern and the most costly cancers in many countries. The two main objectives in this study were: first, to analyze the trend of age-standardized incidence rate of NMSCs in Serbia and second, to assess the need for national prevention and control strategy based on analyzed trend. Methods. From the Serbian Cancer Registry, we extracted all cases of NMSCs registered in central Serbia from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2015. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to define trends and annual percentage change (APC). Results. NMSCs significantly increased for both genders with APC of +2.32% (p < 0.001). Significantly increasing trend of incidence rates was higher in women (APC, +2.63%; p < 0.0001) than in men (APC, +2.01%; p < 0.001). Conclusion. Our results show a continuously increasing incidence rate of NMCS in Serbia. Without the national preventive strategy, current sporadic activities are highly unlikely to result in reducing the growing trends

scholarly journals Tuberculosis in Poland in 2017

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Korzeniewska- Koseła
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Eu

AIM OF THE STUDY. To evaluate the main features of TB epidemiology in 2017 in Poland and to compare with the situation in the EU/EEA countries. METHODS. Analysis of case- based data on TB patients from National TB Register, data on anti-TB drug susceptibility testing results in cases notified in 2017, data from National Institute of Public Health- National Institute of Hygiene on cases of tuberculosis as AIDS-defining disease, data from Central Statistical Office on deaths from tuberculosis based on death certificates, data from ECDC report „European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2019-2017 data. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2019”. RESULTS. In 2017, 5 787 TB cases were reported in Poland. The incidence rate was 15.1 cases per 100 000, with large variability between voivodeships from 8.9 to 21.9 per 100 000. The mean annual decrease of TB incidence in 2013-2017 was 4.2%. In 2017, 5127 cases were newly diagnosed with no history of previous treatment i.e. 13.3 per 100 000. 660 cases i.e. 1.7 per 100 000 – 11.4% of all registered subjects were previously treated for tuberculosis. In 2017, the number of all pulmonary tuberculosis cases was 5 531 i.e. 14.4 per 100 000. Pulmonary cases represented 95.6% of all TB cases. In 2017, 256 extrapulmonary TB cases were found. In the whole country there were 68 pediatric cases of tuberculosis. TB in children represented 1.2% of all cases notified in Poland in 2017. The incidence rates of tuberculosis were growing along with the age group from 1.2 per 100 000 among children to 25.6 per 100 000 among subjects in the age group 45-64 years (the highest incidence rate). In 2017, the incidence rate in the age group ≥65 years was 22.6 per 100 000. The TB incidence among men i.e. 22.2 per 100.000 was 2.4 times higher than among women i.e. 8,4 per 100 000. The biggest difference in the TB incidence between the two sex groups occurred in persons aged 45 to 49 years – 36.1 vs. 8.1 and in age group 55- 59 years – 45.2 vs. 10.7. The TB incidence in rural population was lower than in urban, respectively 14.2 per 100.000 and 15.6 per 100 000. The number of all registered culture positive TB cases was 4 179. Pulmonary tuberculosis was bacteriologically confirmed in 4 057 subjects. Culture-confirmed cases represented 72.2% of all TB cases and 73.4% of all pulmonary TB cases. The number of smear-positive pulmonary TB cases reported in 2017 was 2 472 i.e. 6.4 per 100 000 accounting for 44.7% of all pulmonary TB cases and 60.9% of culture confirmed pulmonary TB cases.. TB was AIDS indicative disease in 16 subjects. In all patients with tuberculosis in Poland in 2017 there were 44 cases with MDR-TB (among them 12 foreigners) and 85 patients with resistance to isoniazid only, representing respectively 1.2% and 2.2% of cases with known DST results (DSTs were available in 90.5% of all cultureconfirmed TB cases). In 2017, there were 108 patients of foreign origin among all cases of tuberculosis in Poland. TUBERCULOSIS MORTALITY. There were 543 deaths due to tuberculosis reported in 2016 – 1.4 per 100 000; 526 people died from pulmonary and 17 from extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Mortality among males – 2.2 per 100 000 – was 3.7 X higher than among females – 0.6. 37.9% of all TB deaths were cases 65 years old and older – 3.3 per 100 000. In 2016, there was one death from tuberculosis in children and no deaths in adolescents. In 2016, tuberculosis represented 0.14% of total mortality in Poland and 28.1% of mortality from infectious diseases. CONCLUSIONS. In 2017, the incidence of tuberculosis in Poland was lower than in 2016. Despite a continuous decline it is still higher than the average in the EU/EEA countries. The highest incidence rates were observed in older age groups. The incidence in males was more than 2 times higher than in females. The impact of migration on the characteristics of tuberculosis in Poland is not substantial. In Poland, tuberculosis in children, tuberculosis in persons infected with HIV and MDR-TB is less common than the average in the EU/EEA countries.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis in Poland in 2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-257
Author(s):  
Maria Korzeniewska-Koseła
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Eu

AIM OF THE STUDY. To evaluate the main features of tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology in 2018 in Poland and to compare with the situation in the EU/EEA countries. METHODS. Analysis of case- based data on TB patients from National TB Register, data on anti-TB drug susceptibility testing results in cases notified in 2018, data from National Institute of Public Health- National Institute of Hygiene on HIV-positive subjects for whom TB was an AIDS-defining disease, data from Central Statistical Office on deaths from tuberculosis based on death certificates, data from the report „ European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2020- 2018 data. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020”. RESULTS. In 2018, 5487 TB cases were reported in Poland. The incidence rate was 14.3 cases per 100000, with large variability between voivodeships from 7.3 to 23.4 per 100 000. The mean annual decrease of TB incidence in 2014- 2018 was 3.8%. In 2018, 4852 cases were newly diagnosed with no history of previous treatment i.e. 12.6 per 100 000. 635 cases i.e. 1.7 per 100 000 – 11.6% of all registered subjects were previously treated for tuberculosis. In 2018, the number of all pulmonary tuberculosis cases was 5224 i.e. 13.7 per 100000. Pulmonary cases represented 95.2% of all TB cases. In 2018, 243 extrapulmonary TB cases were found i.e. 0.6 per 100 000. In the whole country there were 52 pediatric cases of tuberculosis. TB in children represented 0.9% of all cases notified in Poland in 2018. The incidence rates of tuberculosis were growing along with the age group from 0.9 per 100 000 among children to 24.7 per 100 000 among subjects in the age group 45-64 years (the highest incidence rate). In 2018, the incidence rate in the age group ≥65 years was 21.3 per 100 000. The TB incidence among men i.e. 21.0 per 100 000 was 2.6 times higher than among women i.e. 8.0 per 100 000. The biggest difference in the TB incidence between the two sex groups occurred in persons aged 55 to 59 years – 44.9 vs. 9.8 and in age group 60- 64 years – 43.7 vs. 10.2. The TB incidence in rural population was lower than in urban, respectively 13.4 per 100 000 and 14.9 per 100 000. The number of all registered culture positive TB cases was 4075. Pulmonary tuberculosis was bacteriologically confirmed in 3935 subjects. Cases confirmed by culture represented 74.3% of all TB cases and 75.3% of all pulmonary TB cases. The number of smear-positive pulmonary TB cases reported in 2018 was 2324 i.e. 6.1 per 100 000 accounting for 44.3% of all pulmonary TB cases and 59.1% of pulmonary TB cases confirmed by culture. In all patients with tuberculosis in Poland in 2018 there were 48 cases with MDR-TB (among them 14 foreigners) and 83 patients with resistance to isoniazid only, representing respectively 1.3% and 2.2% of cases with known DST results (DSTs were available in 90.7% of all culture-confirmed TB cases). In 2018, there were 97 patients of foreign origin among all cases of tuberculosis in Poland. TB was AIDS-indicative disease in 14 subjects with HIV co-infection. There were 490 deaths due to tuberculosis reported in 2017 – 1.3 per 100 000; 468 people died from pulmonary and 22 from extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Mortality among males – 2.1 per 100 000 – was 3.6 X higher than among females – 0.5. 40.2% of all TB deaths were cases 65 years old and older – 3.1 per 100 000. In 2017, there was no death from tuberculosis in children and no deaths in adolescents. In 2017, tuberculosis represented 0.1% of total mortality in Poland and 25.4% of mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases. CONCLUSIONS. In 2018, the incidence of tuberculosis in Poland was lower than in 2017. Despite a continuous decline it is still higher than the average in the EU/EEA countries. The highest incidence rates were observed in older age groups. The participation of pediatric cases is smaller than average in the EU/EEA countries. The incidence in males was more than 2 times higher than in females. The impact of migration on the characteristics of tuberculosis in Poland is not substantial. In Poland, MDR-TB is less common than the average in the EU/EEA countries.

Epidemiology of HIV in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-236
Author(s):  
Zeinab Najafi ◽  
Leila Taj ◽  
Omid Dadras ◽  
Fatemeh Ghadimi ◽  
Banafsheh Moradmand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
First Case ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hiv Aids

: Iran has been one of the active countries fighting against HIV/AIDS in the Middle East during the last decades. Moreover, there is a strong push to strengthen the national health management system concerning HIV prevention and control. In Iran, HIV disease has its unique features, from changes in modes of transmission to improvement in treatment and care programs, which can make it a good case for closer scrutiny. The present review describes the HIV epidemic in Iran from the first case diagnosed until prevention among different groups at risk and co-infections. Not only we addressed the key populations and community-based attempts to overcome HIV-related issues in clinics, but we also elaborated on the efforts and trends in society and the actual behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Being located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, given the countryspecific characteristics, and despite all the national efforts along with other countries in this region, Iran still needs to take extra measures to reduce HIV transmission, especially in health education. Although Iran is one of the pioneers in implementing applicable and appropriate policies in the MENA region, including harm reduction services to reduce HIV incidence, people with substance use disorder continue to be the majority of those living with HIV in the country. Similar to other countries in this region, the HIV prevention and control programs aim at 90-90-90 targets to eliminate HIV infection and reduce the transmission, especially the mother-to-child transmission and among other key populations.

An Overview of the Ethics of Injury in Public Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 597-603
Author(s):  
Adnan A. Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Prompt Attention ◽  
And Control

This chapter briefly introduces ethics issues in injury prevention and control in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), using a series of examples that prompt attention to the ethical principles of autonomy and justice. The chapter also introduces the section of The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics dedicated to an examination of injury and public health ethics, with attention given to the complex ethical challenges arising in injury prevention and control in LMICs. The section’s two chapters discuss public health ethics issues arising in the prevention and control of unintentional injuries and intentional injuries, respectively. Those chapters define a set of ethics issues within international injury work and provide an initial analysis of the nature of those ethics issues, their specificity, and potential pathways for addressing them.

scholarly journals High Blood Pressure prevention and control: from evidence to action

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Lena Barrera
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) with the World Hypertension League has established the 17th May to promote the prevention and control of High Blood Pressure (HBP). Currently nearly 1.13 billion of adults suffer from HBP (blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg) worldwide. While HBP prevalence decreased in high income countries (HIC) between 1975 and 2015, the opposite trend was observed in low- and middle- income countries (LMIC). Particularly, in Latin American and Caribbean countries the prevalence decreased from 40.6% to 26.8% and from 26.8% to 19.4% for men and women between 45 to 49 years old respectively. However, in 2015, HBP accounted for 8.9 of the total of disability adjusted life years (DALYS) and was associated with 4.9 million, 2.0 million and 1.5 million deaths due to ischemic heart disease, hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke respectively. Therefore, HBP is the leading cardiovascular risk factor worldwide. In Colombia, the last National Health Survey reported a global prevalence of 22.8% and nearly 60% for those between 60 and 69 years in 2007

scholarly journals Informing shigellosis prevention and control through pathogen genomics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J Bengtsson ◽  
Adam J Simpkin ◽  
Caisey V Pulford ◽  
Ross Low ◽  
David A Rasko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
And Control

Shigella spp. are the leading bacterial cause of severe childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle- income countries (LMIC), are increasingly antimicrobial resistant and have no licensed vaccine. We performed genomic analyses of 1246 systematically collected shigellae from seven LMIC to inform control and identify factors that could limit the effectiveness of current approaches. We found that S. sonnei contributes ≥20-fold more disease than other Shigella species relative to its genomic diversity and highlight existing diversity and adaptative capacity among S. flexneri that may generate vaccine escape variants in <6 months. Furthermore, we show convergent evolution of resistance against the current recommended antimicrobial among shigellae. This demonstrates the urgent need to integrate existing genomic diversity into vaccine and treatment plans for Shigella, and other pathogens.

Recent epidemiological trends in extrapulmonary TB in Galicia, Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-381
Author(s):  
L. Ferreiro ◽  
A. Ruano-Raviña ◽  
R. Otero-Mallo ◽  
C. Pou-Álvarez ◽  
V. Riveiro-Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Epidemiological Trends ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological trends and characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in Galicia, Spain, from 2000 to 2019.METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study based on data from the Galician TB information system.RESULTS: Of the total number of TB cases (n = 15,871), 5,428 (34.2%) had EPTB. The absolute number of cases and incidence of EPTB decreased dramatically (from 480 cases and 17.8 cases/100,000 in 2000, to 172 and 6.4 cases/100,000 in 2019, respectively), with a mean annual decrease of respectively 64% and 4.7% for absolute cases and incidence rates. The risk for EPTB was higher in men than in women (RR 3.86, 95% CI 3.66–4.07). The most frequent age group was 15–44 years (2,234 patients, 41.2%); overall reductions per age group were 82% (0–14 years), 75% (15–44 years), 44% (45–64 years) and 63% (≥65 years), with statistically significant differences. The most frequently locations were the pleura (1,916 cases; 35.3%) and the lymph nodes (1,504; 27.7%).CONCLUSION: The incidence of EPTB in Galicia has decreased significantly in the last 20 years. The epidemiological characteristics have not changed, except for the number of patients with risk factors. This improvement of EPTB epidemiological trends coincides with the implementation of the programme for the prevention and control of TB, which suggests that it has been very effective in the control of the EPTB.

Injury prevention and control

2021 ◽  
pp. 361-376
Author(s):  
Corinne Peek-Asa ◽  
Adnan A. Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
And Control

Injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability throughout the world and contribute disproportionately to premature life lost. Injury rates are highest among middle- and low-income countries. According to analyses of the 2016 Global Burden of Disease data, injuries cause over 4.6 million deaths per year, accounting for nearly 8.4% of all deaths and 10.7% of disability-adjusted life years. Many opportunities to implement injury prevention strategies exist, and a systematic approach to injury prevention can help identify the most effective and efficient approaches. Building capacity for injury prevention activities in low- and middle-income countries is an important public health priority.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Use in Low and Middle-Income Countries and the Challenges of Antimicrobial Resistance in Surgery

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Massimo Sartelli ◽  
Timothy C. Hardcastle ◽  
Fausto Catena ◽  
Alain Chichom-Mefire ◽  
Federico Coccolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
And Control ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a phenomenon resulting from the natural evolution of microbes. Nonetheless, human activities accelerate the pace at which microorganisms develop and spread resistance. AMR is a complex and multidimensional problem, threatening not only human and animal health, but also regional, national, and global security, and the economy. Inappropriate use of antibiotics, and poor infection prevention and control strategies are contributing to the emergence and dissemination of AMR. All healthcare providers play an important role in preventing the occurrence and spread of AMR. The organization of healthcare systems, availability of diagnostic testing and appropriate antibiotics, infection prevention and control practices, along with prescribing practices (such as over-the-counter availability of antibiotics) differs markedly between high-income countries and low and middle-income countries (LMICs). These differences may affect the implementation of antibiotic prescribing practices in these settings. The strategy to reduce the global burden of AMR includes, among other aspects, an in-depth modification of the use of existing and future antibiotics in all aspects of medical practice. The Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery has instituted an interdisciplinary working group including healthcare professionals from different countries with different backgrounds to assess the need for implementing education and increasing awareness about correct antibiotic prescribing practices across the surgical pathways. This article discusses aspects specific to LMICs, where pre-existing factors make surgeons’ compliance with best practices even more important.

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