An Examination of Asymmetry in Adult Tympanometric Measures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Emma K. Tomaszewski ◽  
Baylee M. Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Probe Tone ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Acoustic Admittance ◽  
Interaural Differences ◽  
The Right ◽  
Normal Adults

Abstract Background During audiologic evaluations, an examination of interaural asymmetry is commonly evaluated. To date, however, interaural differences for tympanometric indices have not been reported for adults. Without documented tympanometric right-left differences, one cannot determine if asymmetries are normal or are indicative of significant clinical asymmetries. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate interaural asymmetries in peak compensated static acoustic admittance (Ytm), equivalent ear canal volume (Vea), tympanometric peak pressure (TPP), and tympanometric width (TW) in normal adults. Research Design Descriptive, correlational, and inferential measures designs were employed. Study Sample Participants were 188 otologically normal Caucasian young adults (i.e., 77 females and 111 males; M = 23.0 years, standard deviation [SD] = 2.7, range = 18–30 years). Data Collection and Analyses Ytm, Vea, TPP, and TW measures were obtained bilaterally from an admittance tympanogram using a 226 Hz probe tone. Separate two-factor mixed measures analysis of variance examined the effect of ear and sex for each tympanometric index. Correlation analyses examined the association between right and left ear indices. Interaural differences in tympanometric indices were examined with independent t-tests. Critical differences, for deciding if two tympanometric indices are different between ears, were computed from the standard deviations of the right–left ear difference for statistical confidence levels of 85, 90, 95, and 99%. Results The effect of ear was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) on any tympanometric index. Females had significantly lower Ytm and smaller Vea measures than males (p < 0.05). Correlations between all right and left tympanometric indices were positive and statistically significant (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in interaural differences for any of the tympanometric indices as a function of sex (p > 0.05). Critical differences, for confidence levels for 85% to 99% confidence ranged from ± 0.20–0.36 mmhos for Ytm, ± 0.23–0.41 cm3 for Vea, ± 11.1–19.8 daPa for TPP, and ± 27.2–48.7 daPa for TW. Conclusion A clinician can use these critical differences to determine if tympanometric index interaural differences in ears of young normal Caucasian adults are statistically significant.

Validity and Reliability of Tympanometric Measures for Pediatric Patients

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roanne G. Karzon
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Acoustic Admittance ◽  
Validation Criterion ◽  
Significant Change

Sensitivity and specificity of static acoustic admittance (SAA) and tympanometric width (TW) were assessed for 116 pediatric patients. Otologic examination was the validation criterion. Reliability of immediate repeat tympanometric measures (SAA, TW, peak pressure, and estimate of ear canal volume) was also evaluated. A statistically significant change in SAA, with a larger SAA on measure two than measure one, was observed. No significant change across the two sequential measures was observed for TW, peak pressure, or the estimate of ear canal volume. The sensitivity and specificity data collected are discussed with respect to assisting clinicians in selecting tympanometric criteria suitable to their own clinical situation.

scholarly journals Multifrequency tympanometry in infants

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Macedo ◽  
Mariza Feniman ◽  
Tamyne de Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Acoustic Admittance ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Occlusion Effect

Summary Introduction: The use of conventional tympanometry is not sufficiently sensitive to detect all cases of middle ear changes, and this hinders accurate diagnosis. Objective: To characterize acoustic immittance measures of infants from 0 to 3 months of age using multifrequency tympanometry in a prospective study. Method: 54 infants from 0 to 3 months of age were evaluated. The inclusion criteria included absence of respiratory infections during the evaluation, presence of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and absence of risk indicators for hearing loss. The subjects were evaluated by an audiologic interview, a visual inspection of the ear canal, and measures of acoustic immittance at the frequencies of 226 Hz, 678 Hz, and 1,000 Hz. Tympanometric records of the occlusion effect, tympanometric curve type, tympanometric peak pressure, equivalent ear canal volume, and peak compensated static acoustic admittance were collected. Results: The results indicated the presence of an occlusion effect (2.88% at 226 Hz, 4.81% at 678 Hz and 3.85% at 1,000 Hz), predominance of a tympanometric curve with a single peak (65.35% at 226 Hz, 81.82% at 678 Hz, and 77.00% at 1,000 Hz), and tympanometric peak pressure ranging from -155 to 180 daPa. Further, the equivalent ear canal volume increased with the frequency of the probe (0.64 mL at 226 Hz, 1.63 mho at 678 Hz, and 2.59 mmho at 1,000 Hz) and the peak compensated static acoustic admittance values increased with an increase in frequency (0.51 mL at 226 Hz, 0.55 mmho at 678 Hz and 1.20 mmho at 1,000 Hz). 93.06% of the tympanograms were classified as normal at 226 Hz, 81.82% at 678 Hz, and 77.00 % at 1,000 Hz, respectively. Conclusion: Taken together, these results demonstrated that utilizing these evaluations made it possible to characterize the acoustic immittance measures of infants.

Tympanometric Changes at 226 Hz and 678 Hz Across 10 Trials and for Two Directions of Ear Canal Pressure Change

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Wilson ◽  
Janet E. Shanks ◽  
Susan K. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Acoustic Admittance ◽  
Pressure Peak ◽  
The Mean

The influence that repeated tympanometric trials have on the aural-acoustic admittance characteristics of the middle-ear transmission system was studied in 24 young adults. The 226-Hz and 678-Hz data were generated by concurrently digitizing the conductance and admittance tympanograms at 25 daPa/s for both ascending and descending pressure directions. Ten successive trials for each frequency and direction of pressure change were made. Changes in admittance corrected for ear canal volume across the 10 tympanometrie trials were computed. The results demonstrated that generally admittance increases as the number of trials increases. For many subjects, the complexity of the tympanometric configuration also increases across trials. The results from eight subjects with single-peaked 678-Hz tympanograms were compared with the results from eight subjects with notched 678-Hz tympanograms to explain the mean decrease in susceptance across tympanometric trials. Finally, the pressure peak locations of the conductance, susceptance, and admittance tympanograms were evaluated and are discussed. The effects that differences in peak pressure location have on the computed static admittance values are presented.

Intrasubject Variability in Power Reflectance

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Defne Abur ◽  
Nicholas J. Horton ◽  
Susan E. Voss
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Deep Insertion ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Background: Power reflectance measurements are an active area of research related to the development of noninvasive middle-ear assessment methods. There are limited data related to test-retest measures of power reflectance. Purpose: This study investigates test-retest features of power reflectance, including comparisons of intrasubject versus intersubject variability and how ear-canal measurement location affects measurements. Research Design: Repeated measurements of power reflectance were made at about weekly intervals. The subjects returned for four to eight sessions. Measurements were made at three ear-canal locations: a deep insertion depth (with a foam plug flush at the entrance to the ear canal) and both 3 and 6 mm more lateral to this deep insertion. Study Sample: Repeated measurements on seven subjects are reported. All subjects were female, between 19 and 22 yr old, and enrolled at an undergraduate women’s college. Data Collection and Analysis: Measurements on both the right and left ears were made at three ear-canal locations during each of four to eight measurement sessions. Random-effects regression models were used for the analysis to account for repeated measures within subjects. The mean power reflectance for each position over all sessions was calculated for each subject. Results: The comparison of power reflectance from the left and right ears of an individual subject varied greatly over the seven subjects; the difference between the power reflectance measured on the left and that measured on the right was compared at 248 frequencies, and depending on the subject, the percentage of tested frequencies for which the left and right ears differed significantly ranged from 10% to 93% (some with left values greater than right values and others with the opposite pattern). Although the individual subjects showed left-right differences, the overall population generally did not show significant differences between the left and right ears. The mean power reflectance for each measurement position over all sessions depended on the location of the probe in the ear for frequencies of less than 1000 Hz. The standard deviation between subjects' mean power reflectance after controlling for ear (left or right) was found to be greater than the standard deviation within the individual subject’s mean power reflectance. The intrasubject standard deviation in power reflectance was smallest at the deepest insertion depths. Conclusions: All subjects had differences in power reflectance between their left and right ears at some frequencies; the percentage of frequencies at which differences occurred varied greatly across subjects. The intrasubject standard deviations were smallest for the deepest probe insertion depths, suggesting clinical measurements should be made with as deep an insertion as practically possible to minimize variability. This deep insertion will reduce both acoustic leaks and the effect of low-frequency ear-canal losses. The within-subject standard deviations were about half the magnitude of the overall standard deviations, quantifying the extent of intrasubject versus intersubject variability.

Acoustic-Immittance Measures in Normal Ears

1987 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. Wiley ◽  
Dana L. Oviatt ◽  
Michael G. Block
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
Hearing Thresholds ◽  
Subject Pool ◽  
Acoustic Admittance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Normal Adults

A data base of acoustic-immittance measures in normal adults is presented. The subject pool consisted of 127 adults with normal hearing and a negative otologic history. Norms are presented for hearing thresholds, ipsilateral and contralateral acoustic-reflex thresholds, tympanometry, static acoustic-admittance measures, and middle-ear (tympanogram peak) pressure.

Voice In Ear

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Yang Gao ◽  
Yincheng Jin ◽  
Jagmohan Chauhan ◽  
Seokmin Choi ◽  
Jiyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
User Authentication ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Replay Attacks ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sound Conduction ◽  
Enrollment Data ◽  
Secure Authentication

With the rapid growth of wearable computing and increasing demand for mobile authentication scenarios, voiceprint-based authentication has become one of the prevalent technologies and has already presented tremendous potentials to the public. However, it is vulnerable to voice spoofing attacks (e.g., replay attacks and synthetic voice attacks). To address this threat, we propose a new biometric authentication approach, named EarPrint, which aims to extend voiceprint and build a hidden and secure user authentication scheme on earphones. EarPrint builds on the speaking-induced body sound transmission from the throat to the ear canal, i.e., different users will have different body sound conduction patterns on both sides of ears. As the first exploratory study, extensive experiments on 23 subjects show the EarPrint is robust against ambient noises and body motions. EarPrint achieves an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 3.64% with 75 seconds enrollment data. We also evaluate the resilience of EarPrint against replay attacks. A major contribution of EarPrint is that it leverages two-level uniqueness, including the body sound conduction from the throat to the ear canal and the body asymmetry between the left and the right ears, taking advantage of earphones' paring form-factor. Compared with other mobile and wearable biometric modalities, EarPrint is a low-cost, accurate, and secure authentication solution for earphone users.

Acute labyrinthitis and meningitis of the ear origin

1930 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 941-941
Author(s):  
B. Goland
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Foreign Bodies ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Deep Wound ◽  
The Right

Abstracts. Otorhinolaryngology. Prof. Uffenrode (D. med. Woch. 1929. No. 25.) describes 2 very interesting cases from his practice. 1. To remove peas from the ears of a 5-year-old child, a family doctor used tweezers. In view of the child's strong anxiety, chlorine ethyl anesthesia was applied, but the removal of foreign bodies from the ears was not possible; deep wound in the right ear canal. Secondary chlorine - ethyl anesthesia; the foreign body was removed from the left ear by washing, from the right ear it was not possible. The next day, an otorhinolaryngologist will remove the foreign body from the right ear; a wound of the tympanic membrane was established.

scholarly journals Normative study of tympanic infrared thermometry: a non-invasive index of asymmetric cerebral activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Cicarini de Landa ◽  
Joaquim P. Brasil-Neto ◽  
Raphael Boechat-Barros ◽  
Carlos Uribe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Normative Study ◽  
Infrared Thermometry ◽  
Cerebral Activity ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Neurological Patients ◽  
Interaural Differences

Human and primate studies have demonstrated that performance of tasks that induce asymmetrical physiological activation of the cerebral hemispheres leads to a reduction of tympanic temperature (TT) ipsilateral to the most active hemisphere. It is possible that diseases that interfere in an asymmetrical fashion with the degree of cerebral activity cause similar TT changes. There are not, however, normative studies of the acceptable interaural difference in TT in normal subjects at rest. This study was done to establish normative values for interaural TT values measured by means of infrared tympanic thermometry in resting normal subjects not engaged in any specific task. TT values were measured in 47 normal volunteers (20 men and 27 women, aged 39.38±12.57 years old) at rest; mean interaural differences of TT were calculated. Mean right ear TT was 36.85±0.50ºC and mean left ear TT was 36.74±0.57ºC; these values are in agreement with those already reported in the literature. Mean interaural TT difference was 0.25ºC (SD 0.21ºC). These findings indicate that maximal normal values for interaural TT differences, with confidence levels of 99% and 95%, are, respectively, 0.88 and 0.67ºC. The value of interaural differences of TT as a marker of asymmetrical hemispheric activity in neurological patients will have to be established by additional studies.

scholarly journals Scale Invariant Contrasts of Response Latency Distributions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natarajan Sriram ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Anthony G. Greenwald
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Scale Invariant ◽  
Scaling Effect ◽  
Latency Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Latency Distributions

Individual differences in general speed lead to a positive correlation between the mean and standard deviation of mean latency. This “coarse” scaling effect causes the mean latency difference (MLD) to be spuriously correlated with general speed. Within individuals, the correlation between the mean and standard deviation of trial latencies leads contrasted distributions to increase their overlap as an MLD of fixed width is translated to the right. To address this “fine” scaling effect, contrasts based on within subject latency transformations including the logarithm, standardization, and ranking were evaluated and turned out to be distinctly superior to the MLD. Notably, the mean gaussian rank latency difference was internally consistent, eliminated fine scaling, meliorated coarse scaling, reduced correlations with general speed, increased statistical power to detect within subject and between group effects, and has the potential to increase the validity of inferences drawn from response latency data.

scholarly journals BUSINESS RISK ATAUKAH HUMAN ERROR

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Miftachul Ulum
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Basic Concept ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
The Right

Abstract: In every decision made by the business, it is always confronted with an uncertainty that we know as risks. Stakeholders are those who influence or will be influenced by the decision. Statistically risk can be formulated as a deviation. The magnitude of risk can be measured by variance (?2) or standard deviation (?). Through prudential principles, the types and forms of risk can be avoided or minimized. The carelessness is a factor of human error which is a factor beyond human reason. Humans are only able to put the basic concept of prudence in making decisions but all the terms of haqiqi will be the right of the Almighty.  Abstraksi : Setiap pengambilan keputusan yang dilakukan oleh pelaku bisnis selalu dihadapkan  pada suatu ketidakpastian yang kita kenal dengan risiko. Stakeholder sebagai pemangku kepentingan merupakan pihak yang mempengaruhi atau yang akan dipengaruhi  keputusan tersebut. Secara statistik risiko dapat dirumuskan sebagai penyimpangan, besarnya risiko dapat diukur dengan variance (?2) atau standar deviasi. Melalui prinsip kehati-hatian jenis dan bentuk risiko dapat dihindari atau bahkan dapat diminimalkan. Kelalaian adalah   merupakan suatu  faktor yang diluar nalar manusia. Manusia hanya meletakkan konsep dasar kehati-hatian dalam mengambil keputusan namun ketentuan secara haqiqi menjadi hak Yang Maha Kuasa.

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