scholarly journals BUSINESS RISK ATAUKAH HUMAN ERROR

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Miftachul Ulum
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Basic Concept ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
The Right

Abstract: In every decision made by the business, it is always confronted with an uncertainty that we know as risks. Stakeholders are those who influence or will be influenced by the decision. Statistically risk can be formulated as a deviation. The magnitude of risk can be measured by variance (?2) or standard deviation (?). Through prudential principles, the types and forms of risk can be avoided or minimized. The carelessness is a factor of human error which is a factor beyond human reason. Humans are only able to put the basic concept of prudence in making decisions but all the terms of haqiqi will be the right of the Almighty.  Abstraksi : Setiap pengambilan keputusan yang dilakukan oleh pelaku bisnis selalu dihadapkan  pada suatu ketidakpastian yang kita kenal dengan risiko. Stakeholder sebagai pemangku kepentingan merupakan pihak yang mempengaruhi atau yang akan dipengaruhi  keputusan tersebut. Secara statistik risiko dapat dirumuskan sebagai penyimpangan, besarnya risiko dapat diukur dengan variance (?2) atau standar deviasi. Melalui prinsip kehati-hatian jenis dan bentuk risiko dapat dihindari atau bahkan dapat diminimalkan. Kelalaian adalah   merupakan suatu  faktor yang diluar nalar manusia. Manusia hanya meletakkan konsep dasar kehati-hatian dalam mengambil keputusan namun ketentuan secara haqiqi menjadi hak Yang Maha Kuasa.

“Philosophy, Therefore, Is within Yourself”

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-187
Author(s):  
Elad Carmel
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Advanced Form ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The connection that Hobbes makes between reason, method, and science renders reason a faculty that is not only natural but also acquired and even somewhat exclusive. This idea might pose a serious problem to Hobbes’s political theory, as it relies heavily on the successful use of reason. This problem is demonstrated in Hobbes’s account of the laws of nature, for which some equality in human reason is clearly needed, but Hobbes is not explicit about the relationship between that and the more advanced form of reason that eventually leads to science. This article suggests that Hobbes’s account of reason is developmental. The seed of natural reason is common to everyone, and is sufficient for the establishment of the commonwealth. Thereafter, peace and leisure provide the necessary conditions for developing the rational skill, that is, fulfilling the human potential for rationality. Consequently, under the right circumstances, knowledge and science are expected to progress dramatically for the benefit of society, an open-ended vision which Hobbes nevertheless leaves implicit. Following Hobbes’s account of reason and philosophy closely can therefore show that he might have had great hopes for humankind, and that in this sense he was a key member of an English Enlightenment.

scholarly journals Scale Invariant Contrasts of Response Latency Distributions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natarajan Sriram ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Anthony G. Greenwald
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Scale Invariant ◽  
Scaling Effect ◽  
Latency Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Latency Distributions

Individual differences in general speed lead to a positive correlation between the mean and standard deviation of mean latency. This “coarse” scaling effect causes the mean latency difference (MLD) to be spuriously correlated with general speed. Within individuals, the correlation between the mean and standard deviation of trial latencies leads contrasted distributions to increase their overlap as an MLD of fixed width is translated to the right. To address this “fine” scaling effect, contrasts based on within subject latency transformations including the logarithm, standardization, and ranking were evaluated and turned out to be distinctly superior to the MLD. Notably, the mean gaussian rank latency difference was internally consistent, eliminated fine scaling, meliorated coarse scaling, reduced correlations with general speed, increased statistical power to detect within subject and between group effects, and has the potential to increase the validity of inferences drawn from response latency data.

Visual Acuity, Intraocular Pressure, and Macular Thickness in Patients Undergoing Dialysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Monawar Muhsin Jabr ◽  
Hussain S. Hasan ◽  
Hind Ahmed Mahdi
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Foveal Thickness ◽  
Central Foveal Thickness ◽  
The Right

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem over all the world. CKD may also be defined by the presence of kidney damage or a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is the best overall indicator or index of kidney function. CKD patients are usually treated using kidney dialysis (hemodialysis) that uses a blood filtration mechanism (HD). Several metabolic parameters, such as blood urea, sodium, potassium, and glucose levels, can alter during HD. Osmotic alterations in blood, aqueous and vitreous humor, and other extracellular fluids arise from these fluctuations. That also can affect visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and retinal thickness. Aim of the Study: To evaluate some of the ocular findings undergoing HD to keep prevent the loss of patient vision such as visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), central Foveal Thickness (CFT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Patient& Methods: This is a cohort (prospective) design study. This study including Seventy nine patients divided into two groups the first group from one week to six month (9 femal & 18 males) another group over than six month (36 female & 16 male) the average age between (12 to 70 years). This research performed in the three places department of the eye in Al-Hussein hospital in Samawah city, Al-Haboby hospital, Al-Hussein hospital in Dhi Qar city finally in Al-Shaheed Gazy hospital and Baghdad teaching hospital in Baghdad. Examining Visual Acuity by Snellen chart & auto refractometer, IOP& CCT by (CT.1 Computerized Tonometer TOPCON), RNLF and Central Foveal Thickness by OCT (Carl ZEISS, TOPCON). The inclusion criteria were as follows: all the patients undergoing dialysis from one week to over six months. Exclusion criteria were as follows: the patients have diabetic, any patients have a hereditary disease or glaucoma history or laser therapy, or intraocular injection in the eye before dialysis, the patients have a problem in the eye before dialysis such as cataracts or opacity leads to does surgery, the patients who have a refractive error or wear glass had been also excluded. Result: Includes the results of seventy-nine patients (45 females and 34 males) with chronic kidney disease examined ocular findings before a session of dialysis divided into two groups based on their duration of dialysis. Group one with twenty-seven patients (9 female & 18 male) under dialysis from one week to six months with mean & standard deviation (3.2037, ± 1.89259), group tow with fifty tow patients (36 female & 16 male) under dialysis from the duration over than six months with mean & standard deviation (44.2308, ± 26.24367) respectively. Patients aged (12 to 70 years) had mean age & ± standard deviation (35.1481, ± 12.88918), (44.4038, ± 15.42249) for two groups respectively. Patients in two groups had IOP (Right eye), its mean & standard deviation (15, ± 2.34), (15.69, ± 2.56) for group one & group tow respectively. Also, patients had CCT (Right eye) with mean & standard deviation (5.3467E2, ± 39.00296), (5.2312E2, ± 30.44162) for group one & group tow respectively. Patients had CCT (Left) with mean & standard deviation (5.2878E2, ± 37.55748), (5.2179E2, ± 29.58957) for group one & group tow respectively. Patients in two groups had average thickness RNFL (Right eye) with mean & standard deviation (1.0604E2, ± 25.17551), (95.6154, ± 21.27150) for group one & group tow respectively. Also, patients had average thickness RNFL (left eye) with mean & standard deviation (1.0930E2, ±23.80177), (98.7500, ± 23.77334) for group one & group tow respectively. Conclusions: This study found CCT effective with dialysis tend to be thin (53 patient,18 patient in group one &35 in group two) and that will be had a threefold higher risk of developing glaucoma when compared with thick average because of the IOP value affected by it. Refractive error effective with dialysis & become was more prominent that can be shown in the group two have (40 patient from 52) while (15 patient from27) in the group one although a lot of them corrected to the BCVA. In conclusion high value of the C/D ratio formed about (45.57%, 53.16%) to the right &left eye respectively this value will be form important sign of risk factor to progressive of glaucomatous need to be alert in the future. Also our research reveals CFT effective undergoing dialysis the thick value was (56 in the right eye, 55 in the left eye) high compared with the thin (9 in the right&9 in the left eye) & normal (14 in the right eye, 15 in the left eye). All the two groups of patients will be effected by the duration of dialysis with a time.

Guest Editorial: The Engineering Approach to Carbon-Emissions Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (07) ◽  
pp. 9-10
Author(s):  
D. Nathan Meehan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Fugitive Emissions ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Co2 Equivalent ◽  
Private Investors ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
The Right

Every engineer and manager knows that you can only improve performance that you measure and track. That is why we have key performance indicators (KPIs). Similarly, we can only optimize what we can predict. If we really want to lower carbon emissions, we will need to implement a consistent method of measuring and tracking the right data. There are challenges in improving what we track because tracking comes from so many sources. We need to work on optimizing what we predict if we are going to start making high-value decisions around emissions. Carbon emissions occur during all phases of the hydrocarbon extraction industry right through to the final use of the product. We call the total life cycle of emissions “well to wheels.” SPE members are generally focused on one phase of the carbon emissions. The largest contribution is the combustion and use of produced oil, from refinery to wheels. This is typically about 350–400 kg of CO2 equivalent per barrel. We use CO2 equivalent to include the greenhouse-gas (GHG) impact of methane. Then, there is the energy and carbon expenditure of producing that hydrocarbon, well to refinery. This includes drilling, completions, production, and transportation. Carbon emissions from the wells to refinery vary from less than 25 kg to more than 300 kg CO2 equivalent per barrel, aver-aging about 100. Flaring and fugitive emissions are generally the largest contributors to these emissions. Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) activism is driving changes in behavior for public investors, private investors, lenders, and management teams. When will the measuring be done? Who will set the industry standards? How will the model be developed? Carbon emissions from shale production vary dramatically and are also driven by flaring and fugitives. While flaring is preferable to venting, most low-volume flares are inefficient. Operators flare for a variety of reasons including lack of pipeline capacity, upsets, and low value for natural gas. Fugitive emissions also enter the equation. Fugitive emissions are any leakage or irregular release to the atmosphere of natural gas. This can be caused by human error, mechanical operations (such as pneumatic actuators), or faulty equipment. Fugitive emissions and flaring both factor into the well-to-reservoir carbon footprint. Many operators already report the carbon intensity of their activities, usually prior-year activities. Carbon intensity is the carbon emissions per unit of energy or per barrel. A variety of regulatory bodies and others argue the definitions of such reporting. We are arguing for reporting estimated carbon intensity of reserves.

Riders’ perception of symmetrical pressure on their ischial tuberosities and rein contact tension whilst sitting on a static object

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Guire ◽  
H. Mathie ◽  
M. Fisher ◽  
D. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Solid Wall ◽  
Static Model ◽  
Ischial Tuberosity ◽  
Static Object ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ischial Tuberosities ◽  
Paired T Test

The horse-rider system is of great interest in understanding the mechanics involved in optimising locomotor function and performance in the ridden horse. Adult riders (n=30) attending a rider conference volunteered to take part in the study. Riders were asked to mimic riding position by positioning themselves symmetrically on their seat bones (ischial tuberosities) sitting on a (Pliance) pressure mat which was placed on a static platform. Riders were also asked to mimic even rein contact using reins with gauges which were attached to a solid wall. When satisfied that they were sitting symmetrically and had an even rein contact, pressure and rein measurements were captured for 5 s and repeated three times. A paired T Test was carried out to determine differences between left and right ischial tuberosities and rein pressures. Using a static model, this study found that the riders had significantly more pressure beneath the left ischial tuberosity (mean ± standard deviation, 3.22±1.43 N/cm2) compared to the right (2.65±1.49 N/cm2) (P=0.04) and no significant differences were observed between left (6.37±2.42 N) and right rein pressure (6.38±2.66 N) (P=0.95). Whilst sitting on a static platform, differences in ischial tuberosity pressure in adult riders were observed despite these riders’ perception that their seat was symmetrically weighted. These differences observed need to be investigated further, dynamically, to determine if there is a similar trend in the ridden situation.

scholarly journals Title：Early assessment of ventricular synchronization and function after left bundle-branch-area pacing with right bundle-branch block

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruohan Zhao ◽  
Feng Xiong ◽  
Xiaoqi Deng ◽  
Shuzhen Wang ◽  
Chunxia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Ventricular Function ◽  
Right Bundle Branch Block ◽  
Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Ventricular Myocardium ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Peak Strain ◽  
Bundle Branch Block ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function

Aim To evaluate ventricular synchronization and function in patients with right bundle-branch block after left bundle-branch-area pacing (LBBAP) by echocardiography. Methods Forty patients who successfully received LBBAP were selected and divided into the right bundle-branch block group (RBBB group) and the non-RBBB group by pre-operation ECG. Echocardiography and follow-up were performed 1 month after operation. Interventricular synchronization was evaluated by tissue Doppler (TDI), tissue mitral annular displacement (TMAD), and interventricular mechanical delay (IVMD). The ventricular longitudinal strain and the standard deviation of peak time of longitudinal strain were analyzed by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI) to evaluate intraventricular synchronization and ventricular function. Results (1) The deviation of systolic time to the peak of the tricuspid and mitral valves, namely ΔPTTV-MV measured by TMAD and ΔTsTV-MV measured by TDI, were statistically different between the two groups (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the non-RBBB group, there were no statistically significant differences in longitudinal strain (LS), peak strain time, standard deviation of peak strain time (SDt), and global longitudinal strain (GLS) in the right and left ventricle in the RBBB group (P > 0.05). Conclusion Echocardiography technology including 2D-STI, TDI, and TMAD can effectively analyze interventricular synchronization, intraventricular synchronization, and ventricular function. Although the movement of the right ventricular myocardium in the RBBB group treatment was slightly later than that of the left ventricular myocardium after LBBAP, LBBAP is still an effective pacing therapy for RBBB patients with pacing indication.

scholarly journals ΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΗΣΗ TOY ΔΕΙΚΤΗ ΒΛΑΣΤΗΣΗΣ TVI ME ΤΗ ΣΥΝΔΡΟΜΗ ΤΗΣ ΘΕΩΡΙΑΣ ΠΙΘΑΝΟΤΗΤΩΝ

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 1338
Author(s):  
Γ. Αιμ. Σκιάνης ◽  
Δ. Βαϊόπουλος ◽  
Κ. Νικολακόπουλος
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Landsat 7 ◽  
The Right ◽  
Western Greece

In the present paper the statistical behaviour of the Transformed Vegetation Index TVI is studied. TVI is defined by: (equation No1) - or, alternatively, by: (equation No2) u is the numerical value of the vegetation index, χ and y are the brightness values of the near infrared and red zones, respectively. Relation (1) defines the vegetation index TVI. Relation (2) defines the vegetation index TVI'. Using appropriate distributions to describe the histograms of χ and y channels, and taking into account certain theorems from probability theory, the expressions for the distributions of TVI and TVI' values are deduced. According to these expressions, the standard deviation of TVI image is larger than that of TVI', as well as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The prevailing value of the TVI' histogram is located at the right part of the tonality range. Therefore, according to the mathematical analysis, the TVI image has a better contrast than that of the NDVI and TVI' images. The TVI' has a diffuse luminance. The theoretical predictions were tested with a Landsat 7 ETM image of Zakynthos Island (western Greece) and they were found to be in accordance with the satellite data. It was also observed that lineaments with a dark tonality are expressed more clearly in the TVI image than in the TVI' image. The general conclusion is that the TVI vegetation index is preferable from TVI', since the former produces images with a larger standard deviation and a better contrast than the latter. The results and conclusions of this paper may be useful in geological and environmental research , for mapping regions with a different vegetation cover.

scholarly journals Preserved musical abilities following right temporal lobectomy

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. E1
Author(s):  
Atsushi Koike ◽  
Hiroyuki Shimizu ◽  
Ichiro Suzuki ◽  
Buichi Ishijima ◽  
Morihiro Sugishita
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
Sylvian Fissure ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

It has been widely accepted that the right temporal lobe plays a major role in the processing of music. One of the main lines of evidence was derived from Milner's study, published in 1962, which reported that right temporal lobectomy led to a decline in patient scores on four of the six subtests (Tonal Memory, Timbre, Loudness, and Time subtests) of the Seashore Measures of Musical Talents. That finding had led some surgeons and patients to hesitate in choosing right temporal lobectomy as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. The authors examined performance on the Seashore Measures before and after operations in 20 patients with right temporal lobectomy and nine patients with left temporal lobectomy. No disturbances in the Seashore Measures were detected after temporal lobectomy on either side. The extent of these temporal lobectomies was smaller than that of the temporal lobectomies in Milner's study, as measured along the sylvian fissure (1.5–4 cm; mean 2.7 cm, standard deviation (SD) 0.92 cm) and the base of the temporal lobe (3.5–5.5 cm; mean 4.7 cm, SD 0.63 cm). These findings indicate that the region resected on right temporal lobectomy in the present study is not essential for basic musical processing.

scholarly journals The Standard Deviation Structure as a New Approach to Growth Analysis in Weight and Length Data of Farmed Lutjanus guttatus

Fishes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Sergio G. Castillo-Vargasmachuca ◽  
Eugenio Alberto Aragón-Noriega ◽  
Guillermo Rodríguez-Domínguez ◽  
Leonardo Martínez-Cárdenas ◽  
Eulalio Arámbul-Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Length Data ◽  
Size At Age ◽  
The Right

In the present study, size-at-age data (length and weight) of marine cage-reared spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus were analyzed under four different variance assumptions (observed, constant, depensatory, and compensatory variances) to analyze the robustness of selecting the right standard deviation structure to parametrize the von Bertalanffy, Logistic, and Gompertz models. The selection of the best model and variance criteria was obtained based on the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). According to the BIC results, the observed variance in the present study was the best way to parametrize the three abovementioned growth models, and the Gompertz model best represented the length and weight growth curves. Based on these results, using the observed error structure to calculate the growth parameters in multi-model inference analyses is recommended.

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