Introspecting Scope of Ultra-Diluted Homeopathic Preparations in Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Perspective Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Abhishek Das ◽  
Shubhamoy Ghosh ◽  
Satadal Das ◽  
Sudip Kumar Das ◽  
Sayak Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Massive Number ◽  
First World ◽  
Mild Fever

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a zoonotic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Its symptoms range from mild fever, cough, pharyngitis to severe acute respiratory syndrome. Since its first outbreak in Wuhan province of China, the disease has spread worldwide and emerged as pandemic. The infection is mainly spread by droplets and through contacts. Initially SARS-CoV-2 was thought to cause viral pneumonia only, but now it is evident that the virus can spread through the bloodstream and can cause systemic lesions as well. Though most of the time patients recovered spontaneously for immune-compromised patients, it is detrimental. Lack of effective therapy in conventional medicine has made host immune response as the only option to focus on this battle against COVID-19. First-world countries such as the USA, Italy, England and Spain have witnessed a massive number of deaths, and India is not an exception to that. The whole world is searching for effective treatment in the form of antiviral drugs, vaccines and hydroxychloroquine, but none has proven effective. Homeopathy has always put a mark during epidemics and in recent past during the elimination of leptospirosis in Cuba (2009–2014), homeopathy was very effective. In this scenario, we think homeopathy has a decisive role to play to fight this pandemic as it can enhance the host immune response and reduce the severity of the infection to a great extent. In this review, we will discuss the scopes of homeopathic medicines in the treatment of coronavirus disease.

scholarly journals Effect of the Demographic of Covid-19 on Different Countries; Using the USA for Comparism

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Oyepata Simeon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Many

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of COVID-19 on different countries, using USA as comparism factor. Ninety four countries were selected based on their continents, countries and cases of infection. Data from each country were obtained from United Nations Geoscheme and WHO and were analyzed and compared to that of the United State of America (USA). Data analyzed revealed that most countries in Africa appears to be least affected by the virus. Data also revealed that many countries have been able to understand and manage the spread and infectivity of the virus compared to the USA. Result from the study also showed that the many countries have been able to improve on managing the infection when compared to USA mortality. This may be due to among other factors a more robust immune response, herd immunity and united approach in the management of the disease. The result also helps to provide insight as to how significant developing and providing vaccine may be to this part of the world. Result from the study suggests that while Africa has a better immunity for the virus, there seems to be improvement the management of disease by other continent.

scholarly journals Suppression and Activation of Intracellular Immune Response in Initial Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijia Jia ◽  
Zhen Chen ◽  
Yecheng Zhang ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Liying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Early Infection ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Metal Ion Homeostasis

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the most important emerging pathogen worldwide, but its early transcriptional dynamics and host immune response remain unclear. Herein, the expression profiles of viral interactions with different types of hosts were comprehensively dissected to shed light on the early infection strategy of SARS-CoV-2 and the host immune response against infection. SARS-CoV-2 was found to exhibit a two-stage transcriptional strategy within the first 24 h of infection, comprising a lag phase that ends with the virus being paused and a log phase that starts when the viral load increases rapidly. Interestingly, the host innate immune response was found not to be activated (latent period) until the virus entered the log stage. Noteworthy, when intracellular immunity is suppressed, SARS-CoV-2 shows a correlation with dysregulation of metal ion homeostasis. Herein, the inhibitory activity of copper ions against SARS-CoV-2 was further validated in in vitro experiments. Coronavirus disease 2019-related genes (including CD38, PTX3, and TCN1) were also identified, which may serve as candidate host-restricted factors for interventional therapy. Collectively, these results confirm that the two-stage strategy of SARS-CoV-2 effectively aids its survival in early infection by regulating the host intracellular immunity, highlighting the key role of interferon in viral infection and potential therapeutic candidates for further investigations on antiviral strategies.

scholarly journals Modulation of Host Immune Response Is an Alternative Strategy to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakhveer Singh ◽  
Sakshi Bajaj ◽  
Manoj Gadewar ◽  
Nitin Verma ◽  
Mohd Nazam Ansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Host Membrane

The novel SARS-CoV-2virus that caused the disease COVID-19 is currently a pandemic worldwide. The virus requires an alveolar type-2 pneumocyte in the host to initiate its life cycle. The viral S1 spike protein helps in the attachment of the virus on toACE-2 receptors present on type-2 pneumocytes, and the S2 spike protein helps in the fusion of the viral membrane with the host membrane. Fusion of the SARS-CoV-2virus and host membrane is followed by entry of viral RNA into the host cells which is directly translated into the replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC) following viral RNA and structural protein syntheses. As the virus replicates within type-2 pneumocytes, the host immune system is activated and alveolar macrophages start secreting cytokines and chemokines, acting as an inflammatory mediator, and chemotactic neutrophils, monocytes, natural NK cells, and CD8+ T cells initiate the local phagocytosis of infected cells. It is not the virus that kills COVID-19 patients; instead, the aberrant host immune response kills them. Modifying the response from the host immune system could reduce the high mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present study examines the viral life cycle intype-2 pneumocytes and resultant host immune response along with possible therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory Protein, ORFX, Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (14) ◽  
pp. 6573-6582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei-Ping Zeng ◽  
Yu-Tao Gao ◽  
Xing-Yi Ge ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Cheng Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Functional Gene ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Reading Frame

ABSTRACTBats harbor severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses (SL-CoVs) from which the causative agent of the 2002-2003 SARS pandemic is thought to have originated. However, despite the fact that a large number of genetically diverse SL-CoV sequences have been detected in bats, only two strains (named WIV1 and WIV16) have been successfully culturedin vitro. These two strains differ from SARS-CoV only in containing an extra open reading frame (ORF) (named ORFX), between ORF6 and ORF7, which has no homology to any known protein sequences. In this study, we constructed a full-length cDNA clone of SL-CoV WIV1 (rWIV1), an ORFX deletion mutant (rWIV1-ΔX), and a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing mutant (rWIV1-GFP-ΔX). Northern blotting and fluorescence microscopy indicate that ORFX was expressed during WIV1 infection. A virus infection assay showed that rWIV1-ΔX replicated as efficiently as rWIV1 in Vero E6, Calu-3, and HeLa-hACE2 cells. Further study showed that ORFX could inhibit interferon production and activate NF-κB. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the unique ORFX in the WIV1 strain is a functional gene involving modulation of the host immune response but is not essential forin vitroviral replication.IMPORTANCEBats harbor genetically diverse SARS-like coronaviruses (SL-CoVs), and some of them have the potential for interspecies transmission. A unique open reading frame (ORFX) was identified in the genomes of two recently isolated bat SL-CoV strains (WIV1 and -16). It will therefore be critical to clarify whether and how this protein contributes to virulence during viral infection. Here we revealed that the unique ORFX is a functional gene that is involved in the modulation of the host immune response but is not essential forin vitroviral replication. Our results provide important information for further exploration of the ORFX function in the future. Moreover, the reverse genetics system we constructed will be helpful for study of the pathogenesis of this group of viruses and to develop therapeutics for future control of emerging SARS-like infections.

scholarly journals Protective and Pathologic Roles of the Immune Response to Mouse Hepatitis Virus Type 1: Implications for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (18) ◽  
pp. 9258-9272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaruni Khanolkar ◽  
Stacey M. Hartwig ◽  
Brayton A. Haag ◽  
David K. Meyerholz ◽  
Lecia L. Epping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Mouse Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Type I ◽  
Lung Pathology

ABSTRACT Intranasal mouse hepatitis virus type 1 (MHV-1) infection of mice induces lung pathology similar to that observed in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients. However, the severity of MHV-1-induced pulmonary disease varies among mouse strains, and it has been suggested that differences in the host immune response might account for this variation. It has also been suggested that immunopathology may represent an important clinical feature of SARS. Little is known about the host immune response to MHV-1 and how it might contribute to some of the pathological changes detected in infected mice. In this study we show that an intact type I interferon system and the adaptive immune responses are required for controlling MHV-1 replication and preventing morbidity and mortality in resistant C57BL/6J mice after infection. The NK cell response also helps minimize the severity of illness following MHV-1 infection of C57BL/6J mice. In A/J and C3H/HeJ mice, which are highly susceptible to MHV-1-induced disease, we demonstrate that both CD4 and CD8 T cells contribute to morbidity during primary infection, and memory responses can enhance morbidity and mortality during subsequent reexposure to MHV-1. However, morbidity in A/J and C3H/HeJ mice can be minimized by treating them with immune serum prior to MHV-1 infection. Overall, our findings highlight the role of the host immune response in contributing to the pathogenesis of coronavirus-induced respiratory disease.

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