scholarly journals Effect of the Demographic of Covid-19 on Different Countries; Using the USA for Comparism

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Oyepata Simeon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Many

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of COVID-19 on different countries, using USA as comparism factor. Ninety four countries were selected based on their continents, countries and cases of infection. Data from each country were obtained from United Nations Geoscheme and WHO and were analyzed and compared to that of the United State of America (USA). Data analyzed revealed that most countries in Africa appears to be least affected by the virus. Data also revealed that many countries have been able to understand and manage the spread and infectivity of the virus compared to the USA. Result from the study also showed that the many countries have been able to improve on managing the infection when compared to USA mortality. This may be due to among other factors a more robust immune response, herd immunity and united approach in the management of the disease. The result also helps to provide insight as to how significant developing and providing vaccine may be to this part of the world. Result from the study suggests that while Africa has a better immunity for the virus, there seems to be improvement the management of disease by other continent.

COVID-19: Are Experimental Drugs Cure or Ill?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bensu Karahalil ◽  
Aylin Elkama
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The World

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus. It is characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has quickly influenced all over the world since it spreads easily. Common symptoms are fever, cough, difficulty in breathing and muscle aches. Despite the urgent need to find an effective antiviral treatment, already available agents are being used alone or in combination all over the world. At the beginning of the pandemic, death rates of infection caused by COVID-19 are high but "is COVID-19 responsible for all deaths?", or “are there any contributions of the frequently used drugs in this period to these deaths?” Surely herd immunity plays a major role and has the contribution in the decline in mortality rates. Meanwhile, it is kept in mind that due to safety concerns, changes have also been made to the dosage and combined use of frequently used drugs. Objective: In this review, answers to two questions above and the safety of treatments, toxicities of agents involving chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopiravir/ritonavir, sarilumab, tocilizumab, siltuximab, corticosteroids and bromhexine which are the most frequently used in both Turkey and all over the world will be summarized. Conclusion: Among these drugs favipiravir seems the most promising drug due to more tolerable adverse effects. More clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to find the most effective and safe drug for COVID-19 treatment.

Coronavirus and Its Impact on Dental Fraternity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad D ◽  
Anupama Prasad D ◽  
Mayank Kumar Parakh
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Emergency Procedures ◽  
Current Vaccine ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Respiratory Hygiene ◽  
High Infectivity

AbstractThe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic the world is currently facing head on. It is a viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). No current vaccine is available nor a curative treatment option is available at present, thus making it even more important to prevent the disease. Since dentists are in very close contact with their patients and there is aerosol production in various dental treatments, they are at a heightened risk of contracting the disease. To prevent the disease, strict hand and respiratory hygiene needs to be followed. Personal protective equipment should be used for any emergency procedures and thorough history must be taken of every patient. Digitalization of seminars and classes has been adopted by various dental institutions. With high infectivity of the virus, social distancing and stringent prevention protocols can help in controlling this severe global threat.

scholarly journals The Emergence and Spread of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaimin Yi ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Jiong Wang ◽  
Yuying Lu ◽  
Yali Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
S Protein ◽  
The World ◽  
Viral Genes

Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) began to spread in late 2019, laboratories around the world have widely used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to continuously monitor the changes in the viral genes and discovered multiple subtypes or branches evolved from SARS-CoV-2. Recently, several novel SARS-CoV-2 variants have been found to be more transmissible. They may affect the immune response caused by vaccines and natural infections and reduce the sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. We analyze the distribution characteristics of prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants and the frequency of mutant sites based on the data available from GISAID and PANGO by R 4.0.2 and ArcGIS 10.2. Our analysis suggests that B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 are more easily spreading than other variants, and the key mutations of S protein, including N501Y, E484K, and K417N/T, have high mutant frequencies, which may have become the main genotypes for the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and immunity: quo vadis?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Miyasaka
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Quo Vadis ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Understanding the precise nature and durability of protective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential in order to gain insight into the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to develop novel treatment strategies to this disease. Here, I succinctly summarize what is currently known and unknown about the immune response during COVID-19 and discuss whether natural infections can lead to herd immunity.

COVID-19 vaccination for patients with primary immunodeficiency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaim M Roifman ◽  
Linda Vong
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Primary Immunodeficiency ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Spread Of Infection

The worldwide tally of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, causing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), currently approaches 149.7 million (as of April 30, 2021). Canada’s cases amount to 1,211,083 confirmed infections and 24,169 deaths. In the midst of the pandemic and a third wave of infections, programs aimed at widespread vaccination against COVID-19 remain an essential stop-gap to slow the spread of infection and help achieve protective herd immunity. Patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) have impaired immune responses and may be at greater risk of severe illness due to COVID-19, thus, are strongly recommended to avoid interactions with those outside of their immediate household “bubble”, practice hand hygiene, and wear masks when spending time outside or in enclosed spaces where close contact with other people cannot be avoided. With the ongoing rollout of COVID-19 vaccinations, we provide here recommendations for patients with PID. It is important to note that individuals who are immunocompromised should always consult their immunologist for additional considerations/contraindications when reviewing their suitability for vaccination.

scholarly journals EFFICACY OF SARS-COV-2 VACCINES - A BIG CHALLENGE ?

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-95
Author(s):  
Saumya Srivastava ◽  
Vandana Sardana
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and the resulting disease, the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), have spread to millions of persons worldwide resulting in pandemic.The cases of Covid 19 doesn't seem to end to soon.There are about sixty-two million six hundred nineteen thousand three hundred ninety-ninecases at present in the world with India ranking second after USA with nine million three hundred ninetythree thousand thirty-nine cases.Adoption of infection prevention and control practices such as hand hygiene, respiratory etiquettes, and maintaining social distance are the important strategies for the containment of this deadly and stubborn novel corona virus.The multiple vaccine candidates are under trials,to evaluate their clinical efficacy.The vaccination aims is to generate immunity against COVID-19 and to protect oneself against the disease and limits the spread of disease to close contact

scholarly journals Pregnancy management in coronavirus disease – Challenges in developing countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Narendra Malhotra ◽  
Ruchika Garg ◽  
Saroj Singh ◽  
Prabhat Agrawal ◽  
Jaideep Malhotra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Usa

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection, first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, a city in the Hubei Province of China. The infection has spread in more than 150 countries and is a pandemic. Governments across the world have adopted rigorous measures to reduce both the spread by lockdown and cancelling most visas. It has detrimental effects on health-care systems and on the whole economy of world including the USA.

scholarly journals Immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2: an overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1574-83
Author(s):  
Eman A El-Masry
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
The World

In the past years, numerous new fatal infections have emerged, including Ebola, Nipah, and Zika viruses, as well as coronaviruses. Recently, infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged in China, and were then transmitted all over the world, causing the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is transmitted at a higher rate than other diseases caused by coronaviruses. At the time of writing this review, COVID-19 is not contained in most countries in spite of quarantine, physical distancing, and enhanced hygiene measures. In this review, I address different methods for passive and active immunization against this virus, which is known to cause fatal respiratory disease, including natural passive immunization by breast milk, natural active immunization by herd immunization, artificial passive immunization by convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies, and artificial active immunization by vaccination. I hope this review will help design a prophylactic approach against outbreaks and pandemics of related coronaviruses in the future. Keywords: Breastfeeding; COVID-19; herd immunity; monoclonal antibodies; SARS-CoV; vaccine.

scholarly journals State analysis of horticulture and peach culture in the world

2020 ◽  
pp. 130-137
Author(s):  
A. V. Smykov ◽  
N. V. Mesyats
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations Statistics Division ◽  
Official Data

Aim and task: conduct an analysis of scientific and technical literature, identify trends in world production of fruit crops and peaches. Methods. The article uses official data from the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Statistics Division) (http://www.fao.org/faostat/ru), Federal Customs Service (http://customs.ru/statistic), Federal State Statistics Service (https://www.gks.ru). Statistical reports for the period from 1998 to 2017 were taken for analysis. The article uses official data from the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Statistics Division) (http://www.fao.org/faostat/ru), Federal Customs Service (http://customs.ru/statistic), Federal State Statistics Service (https://www.gks.ru). Statistical reports for the period from 1998 to 2017 were taken for analysis. Results. The volume of fruit produced, the area under orchards is increasing annually throughout the world. The highest yield (20.0 - 37.7 t / ha) for all crops was achieved in the USA, the Netherlands, Egypt, France, Italy and others, and the gross fruit yield (2565 - 877177 thousand tons) is the highest in China, the USA, Turkey, India, Iran and others. The total volume of imports of the main types of fruits to Russia in 2016 amounted to 4,159.6 thousand tons, which is 4.6% or 181.7 thousand tons more than in 2015. In the structure of fruit supplies, the largest share in 2016, bananas, tangerines, apples, oranges, lemons, pears, grapes occupied. Peach remains in the world one of the main stone fruit crops. The leaders in the production of peach fruits are China, Italy, Spain, USA, Greece. In Russia, there is a shortage of peach production. Its import is 37.4 thousand tons of fruits (2016) and exceeds its own production. Main conclusions. The most important task remains the development of horticulture in Russia and the reduction of fruit imports on the domestic market.

Introspecting Scope of Ultra-Diluted Homeopathic Preparations in Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Perspective Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Abhishek Das ◽  
Shubhamoy Ghosh ◽  
Satadal Das ◽  
Sudip Kumar Das ◽  
Sayak Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Massive Number ◽  
First World ◽  
Mild Fever

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a zoonotic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Its symptoms range from mild fever, cough, pharyngitis to severe acute respiratory syndrome. Since its first outbreak in Wuhan province of China, the disease has spread worldwide and emerged as pandemic. The infection is mainly spread by droplets and through contacts. Initially SARS-CoV-2 was thought to cause viral pneumonia only, but now it is evident that the virus can spread through the bloodstream and can cause systemic lesions as well. Though most of the time patients recovered spontaneously for immune-compromised patients, it is detrimental. Lack of effective therapy in conventional medicine has made host immune response as the only option to focus on this battle against COVID-19. First-world countries such as the USA, Italy, England and Spain have witnessed a massive number of deaths, and India is not an exception to that. The whole world is searching for effective treatment in the form of antiviral drugs, vaccines and hydroxychloroquine, but none has proven effective. Homeopathy has always put a mark during epidemics and in recent past during the elimination of leptospirosis in Cuba (2009–2014), homeopathy was very effective. In this scenario, we think homeopathy has a decisive role to play to fight this pandemic as it can enhance the host immune response and reduce the severity of the infection to a great extent. In this review, we will discuss the scopes of homeopathic medicines in the treatment of coronavirus disease.

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