Optimal Time Period of Fare-Free Public Transport Zone Based on Social Equity

CICTP 2019 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lumeng Wang ◽  
Jun Yu ◽  
Di Huang ◽  
Zhiyuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Transport Zone

The Implications of Political Trust for Supporting Public Transport

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
JAE YOUNG LIM ◽  
KUK-KYOUNG MOON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Policy Attitudes

Abstract Despite the importance of public transport for urban vitality, social equity, and mobility, the discussions surrounding these topics have become heated ideological battles between liberals and conservatives in the United States, as in other countries. Conservatives, in particular, have exhibited anti-transit attitudes that have worked against the development of public transport. Scholars note that political trust functions as a heuristic and its impact is felt more strongly among individuals who face ideological risks with respect to a given public policy. Based on several studies noting the relationships between political trust, ideology and policy attitudes, the study employs the pooled data of the 2010 and 2014 General Social Surveys. It finds that conservatives are negatively associated with supporting spending on public transport, but when contingent upon high levels of political trust, they become more supportive of it. The study discusses the potential of political trust as a mechanism to influence public policy discourses as well as certain methodological and substantive limitations.

scholarly journals Economic Life Cycle of Biomass Equipment and its Renovation

TEM Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1419-1425
Author(s):  
Katarína Teplická ◽  
Martin Kováč ◽  
Erika Škvareková ◽  
Andrea Seňová
Keyword(s):  
Financial Planning ◽  
Operational Research ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Biomass Boiler ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Optimal Period ◽  
Economic Life Cycle

The main goal of this article is to determine the optimal time period of boiler for biomass renewal, because its usage affects the financial situation of the firm in the form of costs. In this contribution is applied the method of operational research - the method of optimal time of machine renovation. The results of the analyses point to the optimal period of biomass boiler renovation before its service life in the 11th year. Operating costs are increasing about 9% after this time. By using this model there is ability to plan financial sources for buying new biomass boiler at 5500-15600€ on the market. The scientific benefit lies in the fact that the model is applicable to all types of equipment and machinery, in various industrial areas and in services and it is preventive instrument for financial planning for machine renovation.

scholarly journals Optimal Time Period of Wearing Protective Collar After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Qian ◽  
Zhiwei Yu ◽  
Zhenlei Liu ◽  
Wanru Duan ◽  
Zhongjing Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spondylosis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Anterior Cervical Discectomy ◽  
Exclusion Criterion ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Axial Symptom ◽  
Cervical Discectomy ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Paired T Test

Abstract Background: There is still no consensus on the time period of wearing collar after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). We aim to investigate the optimal time period of wearing protective collar.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with cervical spondylosis who underwent one to two segment ACDF during January 2016 and December 2017, and included 97 patients who meet inclusion and exclusion criterion. Patients were divided into three groups according to the actual time period of wearing collar after ACDF including 1-4 week group, 5-8 week group, and 9-12 week group. We analyzed Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, Axial Symptom (AS) score and Neck Disability Index (NDI) before surgery and at post-operative 3 months to investigate the optimal time period of wearing collar.Results: JOA score: All three groups have a better post-operative JOA score compared with that before surgery (paired t test, p<0.05). There is no significant difference among the three groups with respect to post-operative JOA (ANOVA, p>0.05).AS score: The post-operative AS scores of 1-4 week group and 5-8 week group were significantly better than that before surgery (paired t test, p>0.05). While the post-operative AS score of 9-12 week group was significantly worse than preoperative AS score (paired t test, p<0.05).NDI: All three groups have a better post-operative NDI compared with that before surgery (McNemar test, p<0.05). Of note, in 5-8 week group, the percentage of no deficit increased by 45%, and the percentage of mild deficit decreased by 45% accordingly. That percentage is 26% and 31% in 1-4 week group and 9-12 week group, respectively. There was significant difference among these three groups (Fisher's exact probability test, p<0.05)Conclusions: For cervical spondylosis patients who underwent 1-2 segment ACDF, the optimal time period of wearing protective is 5-8 weeks. This time period results in comparable neurological outcome, least axial symptom risk, and highest chance of no deficit on neck function.

scholarly journals Genetic Algorithm-Based Hybrid Spectrum Handoff Strategy in Cognitive Radio-Based Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Miao ◽  
He Qing ◽  
Zhuo-Miao Huo ◽  
Zhen-Xing Sun ◽  
Xu Di
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Spectrum Handoff ◽  
Switching Algorithm ◽  
User Terminal ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Probability Table

Abstract In Cognitive radio-based Internet of Things (CR-IoT) systems, the return of the primary user (PU) causes the secondary user (SU) that is communicating to face the spectrum handoff problem. In the process of spectrum handoff, the user terminal can’t get the idle channels in time because of the unknown channel usage state. To solve this problem, a hybrid spectrum handoff algorithm based on the channel idle probability is proposed. The algorithm considers the regularity of PU activities in space and time, defines the idle probability of channels from the perspective of week attributes and time periods, obtains the optimal time period length using genetic algorithm, generates a channel idle probability table, and provides the target channel sequence for SUs in combination with the proposed channel ordering scheme. Simulation results show that the hybrid spectrum switching algorithm based on the channel idle probability can reduce the energy consumption of SUs during spectrum switching, reduce the communication interruption rate, enable SUs to find idle channels faster and reduce the number of sensing times.

scholarly journals Heart Diseases in Pregnancy and Preoperative Evaluation

Acta Medica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Muhammet Dural ◽  
Hikmet Yorgun
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
In Pregnancy

Increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity) and age at first gestation are the important factors that increase cardiovascular diseases incidence in pregnancy. Assessment of maternal and fetal risk is very important. In World Health Organization class 1, the risk is very low and it is recommended that the cardiologic evaluation be performed once or twice in pregnancy. World Health Organization class 2 patients have low to moderate risk and cardiology consultation is recommended at every trimester. World Health Organization class 3 patients have a high risk, so cardiology consultation is recommended monthly or bi-monthly. Pregnancy is not recommended for World Health Organization class 4 patients. In cases where surgery is necessary the general approach is the same as those who are not pregnant. However, a multidisciplinary approach is needed in pregnant patients. Surgery should be performed independently of the trimester in emergent cases. If an elective intervention is needed and there is no effect on fetus, the surgical procedure should be delayed after birth. If surgery is needed and semi-elective, the optimal time period is indicated as second trimester. The type of anesthesia to be applied is determined according to the type and timing of surgery,  maternal physiological changes and teratogenic effects. Keywords: Heart disease, pregnancy, preoperative evaluation.

scholarly journals Clinical trial/experimental study (consort compliant): Optimal time period to achieve the effects on synbiotic-controlled wheezing and respiratory infections in young children

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andjelka Stojkovic ◽  
Aleksandra Simovic ◽  
Zoran Bogdanovic ◽  
Dragic Bankovic ◽  
Mina Poskurica
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Bifidobacterium Bifidum ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Infections ◽  
Time Period

Introduction. Urban life is often followed by immune dysfunction and loss of immune tolerance in the youngest children. Objective. The study aimed to determine optimal time efficiency of a synbiotic (5.109 Lactobacillus acidophilus Rosell-52, Bifidobacterium infantis Rosell-33, Bifidobacterium bifidum Rosell-71) in controlling respiratory infections and wheezing disease. Methods. We randomly selected a group of children younger than five years, hospitalized earlier, and classified them into three groups. Results. The incidence of respiratory infection before the study was once a month, while after a threemonth supplementation with the synbiotic children rarely suffered from respiratory infections, and the state was maintained after six-month and nine-month supplementations with the synbiotic. The decreased incidence of respiratory infections was followed by a falling incidence of concomitant wheezing. A significant increase in tIgA serum was observed in all groups for only three months, the increase being the highest in children with recurrent respiratory infections accompanied by wheezing. After a ninemonth administration of the synbiotic, total IgE serum was lower in all groups of patients. Conclusion. The optimal duration of administration of the synbiotic containing three probiotic cultures to provide effective control of the frequency of respiratory infections was three months, and six months were required to establish control of the frequency of wheezing. This synbiotic is useful for immunomodulation in children and is well-tolerated in young children.

scholarly journals Optimal Time Period of Wearing Protective Collar after Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Y ◽  
◽  
Yu Z ◽  
Liu Z ◽  
Duan W ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spondylosis ◽  
Neck Disability Index ◽  
T Test ◽  
Anterior Cervical Discectomy ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Cervical Discectomy ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Neck Function ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Paired T Test

Objective: There is still no consensus on the time period of wearing protective collar after Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF). We aim to investigate the optimal time period of wearing collar after ACDF. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with cervical spondylosis who underwent one or two segment ACDF during January 2016 and December 2017, and included 97 patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were divided into three groups, 1-4 week group, 5-8 week group and 9-12 week group, according to the actual time period of wearing collar after ACDF. We analyzed Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, Axial Symptom (AS) score and Neck Disability Index (NDI) before surgery and at post-operative 3 months to investigate the optimal time period of wearing collar after ACDF procedure. Results: 1) JOA score: All three groups have a better post-operative JOA score compared with that before surgery (paired t test, p<0.05). There is no significant difference among the three groups with respect to post-operative JOA (ANOVA, p>0.05). 2) AS score: The post-operative AS scores of 1-4 week group and 5-8 week group were significantly better than that before surgery (paired t test, p>0.05). While the post-operative AS score of 9-12 week group was significantly worse than preoperative AS score (paired t test, p<0.05). 3) NDI: All three groups have a better post-operative NDI compared with that before surgery (McNemar test, p<0.05). Of note, in 5-8 weeks group, the percentage of no deficit increased by 45%, and the percentage of mild deficit decreased by 45% accordingly. That percentage is 26% and 31% in 1-4 week group and 9-12 week group, respectively. There was significant difference among these three groups (Fisher’s exact probability test, p<0.05). Conclusion: For cervical spondylosis patients who underwent 1 or 2 segment ACDF, the optimal time period of wearing protective is 5-8 weeks. This time period results in comparable neurological outcome, least risk of axial symptoms, and highest chance of no deficit with neck function.

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