Crowding and Human Behavior: A Guide for Urban Planners

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 731-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caryl E Rusbult
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Interference Model ◽  
Task Environment ◽  
Physical Density ◽  
Antecedent Condition ◽  
Suitable Definition

Research concerned with the effects of population density on humans is inconsistent in demonstrating aversive effects of high density. The concept of ‘crowding’ is discussed in an attempt to develop a suitable definition. Crowding is said to result from physical density, a necessary antecedent condition, and a number of personal and social factors. Characteristics of the physical environment, social environment, task environment, and individual are explored in order to delineate the determinants of crowding, and the effects of density and crowding on human behavior are discussed. Several theories of crowding are critically examined, and the superiority of the interference model is argued. The interference model is translated into principles aimed at providing planners with concrete intervention strategies for dealing with the problem of overcrowding.

A New Model of Man in Economics

2011 ◽  
pp. 78-98
Author(s):  
M. Storchevoy
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Rational Behavior ◽  
New Model ◽  
Common Framework

The paper draws on the most recent research in the field of behavioral economics, neuroscience, and other disciplines and shows how biological and social factors interact and co-determine real human behavior. The author considers in detail various affects and forms of non-rational behavior. He proposes a common framework for such analysis, where each of those forms of behavior becomes the result of conscious or evolutionary-driven choice.

scholarly journals Social and environmental correlates of rat complaints in Chicago

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia A Sánchez ◽  
María Jazmín Rios ◽  
Maureen H Murray
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Environmental Correlates ◽  
Growing Rat ◽  
Commercial Sources

Abstract Urban rats are widely distributed pests that have negative effects on public health and property. It is crucial to understand their distribution to inform control efforts and address drivers of rat presence. Analysing public rat complaints can help assess urban rat distribution and identify factors supporting rat populations. Both social and environmental factors could promote rat complaints and must be integrated to understand rat distributions. We analysed rat complaints made between 2011 and 2017 in Chicago, a city with growing rat problems and stark wealth inequality. We examined whether rat complaints at the census tract level are associated with factors that could influence rat abundance, rats’ visibility to humans, and the likelihood of people making a complaint. Complaints were significantly positively correlated with anthropogenic factors hypothesized to promote rat abundance (restaurants, older buildings, garbage complaints, and dog waste complaints) or rat visibility (building construction/demolition activity), and factors hypothesized to increase the likelihood of complaining (human population density, more owner-occupied homes); we also found that complaints were highest in the summer. Our results suggest that conflicts between residents and rats are mainly driven by seasonal variation in rat abundance and human activity and could be mitigated with strategies such as securing food waste from residential and commercial sources. Accounting for social factors such as population density, construction and demolition activity, and home ownership versus rental can also help cities more accurately predict blocks at higher risk of rat conflicts.

scholarly journals Standarisasi Halal Majelis Ulama Indonesia dalam Penyembelihan Ayam di Desa Kertawinangun Cirebon

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-72
Author(s):  
Afif Muamar ◽  
Juju Jumena
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Village

AbstractThis study aims to determine the process of slaughtering broilers in the village of Kertawinangun and the process of slaughtering according to the the Indonesian Ulema Council standard. This research is descriptive-analytical using qualitative methods. This research resulted in three things, first, the method of slaughtering and processing stages of broilers grouped into three stages, namely the stages in the preparation of chickens, slaughtering, and processing of chickens. And secondly, several factors influence consumer behavior related to halal slaughter, namely; 1) Cultural Factors, namely human behavior is largely determined by the culture that surrounds it, and its influence will always change every time by the times. 2) Social factors include family groups and role models. 3) Personal factors consisting of age and stages of the life cycle, economic conditions, lifestyle, and personality.

The Habitability Framework: Linking Human Behavior and Physical Environment in Special Education

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang F. E. Preiser ◽  
Anne Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Special Educators ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Effective Use

The concept of environmental design cybernetics is explained, and its effective use by special educators and architects in creating learning environments is discussed. A proposed habitability framework is defined, and its applications to buildings and building occupants/users are offered. Research on architectural design applied to special education settings is reviewed. Conclusions are provided highlighting the need for collaboration among educators and architects in creating environments that assist learning.

Residential Characteristics, Social Factors, and Mortality Among Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: Transitions Out of Nursing Homes

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Hsieh ◽  
Tamar Heller ◽  
Sally Freels
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Family Involvement ◽  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Community Integration ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Residential Characteristics ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

Abstract The present study examined the degree to which residential characteristics and social factors are associated with mortality, after controlling for personal characteristics, among adults with intellectual disabilities who have resided in nursing homes (facilities providing skilled care and related services) at baseline in the Chicago area. Initial assessments were conducted on 330 residents, and 2 follow ups were performed over 10 years. Seventy-one residents had died by the end of the study. The variables examined included personal characteristics of age, gender, intellectual level, health, and adaptive behavior; residential characteristics of type of residence, size of facility, attractiveness of physical environment (cleanliness, conditions, and aesthetic appeal), and diversity of physical environment (personalization of residents' rooms and distinctiveness of all living spaces); and social factors of family involvement and community integration. The results indicated, beyond age, adaptive behavior, and health, that size of residences, residential characteristics, and social factors are related to mortality.

A sustainability assessment framework for population density in central Indian cities

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanushri Kamble ◽  
Sarika Pankaj Bahadure
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
High Density ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Urban Neighbourhoods ◽  
Physical Density ◽  
Indian Cities ◽  
Density Assessment

PurposeThe urban population in Indian cities is increasing at an alarming speed. Accommodating such a huge population while sustaining the environment is a challenge in urban areas. Compact urban forms with high-density planning is claimed to be a sustainable solution in such situations. Thus, this approach needs to be tested for Indian urban areas.Design/methodology/approachThis paper formulates a neighbourhood sustainability assessment (NSA) framework for monitoring, assessing and managing the population density of urban neighbourhoods. The paper identifies context-specific built density indicators at the neighbourhood scale. It assesses the indicators in neighbourhoods with varying population density by physical and perceived measures. This helps in verifying the feasibility of density by physical density assessment and verifies the acceptability of density by perceived density assessment.FindingsWhen tested in the Indian context, the framework shows that although high-density neighbourhoods are sustainable, certain indicators may endorse differing densities. The result displays that high-density planning is sustainable compared to low- and medium-density neighbourhoods in the selected cities.Practical implicationsThe study demonstrates the application of formulated assessment system in three central Indian cities with useful results. Similar studies can be conducted to identify the gaps for improving sustainability and achieve a livable density pattern.Originality/valueAlthough sustainable development goals are part of new planning policies, there exist very few assessment systems to determine the sustainability of neighbourhoods, especially for density. The methodology will assist in developing sustainability assessment frameworks and encourage the practice of sustainability assessment in developing countries like India.

scholarly journals Incorporating Physical Environment-Related Factors in an Assessment of Community Attachment: Understanding Urban Park Contributions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Xu ◽  
David Matarrita-Cascante ◽  
Jae Ho Lee ◽  
A.E. Luloff
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Community Attachment ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sociological Studies

Community sociologists have examined community attachment through an almost exclusive focus on people’s social relations. Recent research efforts have noted the neglect of the physical place in traditional community sociological studies. Doing this has brought the physical environment into their discussions of community attachment. Despite this progress, we remain limited in our understanding of the physical environment’s contribution to peoples’ attachment to their communities and whether its effect on community attachment is applicable in the context of urban settings. In an effort to expand our knowledge of this topic, this study explored the contributions of the urban physical environment on community attachment. By selecting the Discovery Green Park as a typical form of physical environment in Houston, Texas, this study sought to investigate how people’s levels of community attachment could be predicted by: (1) peoples’ interactions with an urban park; (2) people’s emotional connections with such a park; and (3) peoples’ social interactions with others within the park. After conducting a series of block model regression analyses, we found that community attachment was not completely defined by social factors, but also depended upon peoples’ emotional connections with the local physical environment and the social interactions happening in those settings.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Group-Based Walks and Strategies to Inform the Development of an Intervention in Retirement Villages: Perspectives of Residents and Village Managers

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilie Thøgersen-Ntoumani ◽  
Nikos Ntoumanis ◽  
Hannah Uren ◽  
Afroditi Stathi ◽  
Catrina Wold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Walking Intervention ◽  
Walking Programs ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Inductive Thematic Analysis

The aim of the current study was to explore perceptions of group-based walking and gather suggestions to inform the development of a group-based walking intervention among older adults in retirement villages. Twenty-four physically inactive residents (16 female, 8 male; age range: 69–88) and four managers from four retirement villages were interviewed. Inductive thematic analysis revealed six broad themes: lack of motivation, values versus constraints, fears and confidence, need for structure, creating a sense of belonging, and the physical environment as a double-edged sword. Proposed intervention strategies included using trained walk leaders, using small groups, planning for flexibility, setting attainable goals, creating a routine, creating opportunities for sharing experiences, and planning a variety of walks. Group-based walking programs may be used to promote physical activity but careful planning of such programs is needed to make them appealing and feasible to a diverse group of residents.

scholarly journals PEMODELAN INCIDENT RATE DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DI INDONESIA YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION (GWR)

EKOLOGIA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Kiki Amelia ◽  
Latifa Oktafiani Asril ◽  
Lasmi Febrianti
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Gaussian Kernel ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Incident Rate

Dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in Indonesia often occur in cities and villages. Every year hundreds to thousands of people must be hospitalized due to this disease. There are several factors of the physical environment that directly or indirectly influence the transmission of this disease. Such as rainfall, air temperature, and humidity. In addition to the physical environment there are several other factors that can increase the occurrence of dengue cases, namely population density and the level of larvae free in an area. For this reason, we conducted a study of the above factors and their contribution in the addition of dengue cases that occurred in Indonesia in 2015 using secondary data. The purpose of this study is to identify and make a BDB iricident rate model related to environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, population density, and the amount of rainfall on the number of cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia in 2015. The method used is the Geographically Weighted Regression method. (GWR). In the GWR model the parameter estimation uses Weighted Least Square (WLS) by weighting the gaussian kernel function. The results of the study concluded that modeling with GWR was better than linear regression and the variables were significantly different in each region.

scholarly journals An architecture of the lived world

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven de Boyrie
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Spatial Network ◽  
Human Occupation

Architecture has traditionally served as a tool with which to support human occupation of the built environment. This approach however, neglects the ways in which the environment conversely affects human behavior and experience. Through the exploration of this reciprocal relationship, the thesis will attempt to engage in an architecture of the lived world. Place, a prominent premise of this lived world, is dependent on the relations between social and spatial components. In order for a community to operate successfully, it must facilitate the interactions of these components, operating as a socio-spatial network. The findings of this design research will be manifested through an intervention in a local community where the physical environment has contributed to its decline.

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