Introduction to Multistate Mathematical Demography

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Matrix Algebra ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Elegant Form ◽  
Demographic Techniques

The study of the transitions that individuals experience over time, in the course of passing from one state of existence to another, is a fundamental dimension in much of mathematical demography. Recent work in multistate demographic analysis has led to a generalization of traditional demographic techniques for analyzing such problems. The papers in this issue are representative examples of work currently being carried out on this subject. A unifying thread is the use of matrix algebra to express multidimensional demographic processes in a compact and notationally elegant form which often leads to analytical insights that otherwise may be hidden in the more complicated nonmatrix formulations.

Long-Run Effects in Dynamic Systems: New Tools for Cross-Lagged Panel Models

2021 ◽  
pp. 109442812199322
Author(s):  
Ali Shamsollahi ◽  
Michael J. Zyphur ◽  
Ozlem Ozkok
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Simulated Dataset ◽  
Impulse Responses ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Over Time

Cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) are common, but their applications often focus on “short-run” effects among temporally proximal observations. This addresses questions about how dynamic systems may immediately respond to interventions, but fails to show how systems evolve over longer timeframes. We explore three types of “long-run” effects in dynamic systems that extend recent work on “impulse responses,” which reflect potential long-run effects of one-time interventions. Going beyond these, we first treat evaluations of system (in)stability by testing for “permanent effects,” which are important because in unstable systems even a one-time intervention may have enduring effects. Second, we explore classic econometric long-run effects that show how dynamic systems may respond to interventions that are sustained over time. Third, we treat “accumulated responses” to model how systems may respond to repeated interventions over time. We illustrate tests of each long-run effect in a simulated dataset and we provide all materials online including user-friendly R code that automates estimating, testing, reporting, and plotting all effects (see https://doi.org/10.26188/13506861 ). We conclude by emphasizing the value of aligning specific longitudinal hypotheses with quantitative methods.

scholarly journals Historical Disparities and Gendered Citation Patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. M. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Citation Data ◽  
Science Methodology ◽  
Social Science Methodology ◽  
Over Time

In this comment on Dion, Sumner, and Mitchell’s article “Gendered Citation Patterns across Political Science and Social Science Methodology Fields,” I explore the role of changes in the disparities of citations to work written by women over time. Breaking down their citation data by era, I find that some of the patterns in citations are the result of the legacy of disparity in the field. Citations to more recent work come closer to matching the distribution of the gender of authors of published work. Although the need for more equitable practices of citation remains, the overall patterns are not quite as bad as Dion, Sumner, and Mitchell conclude.

Monuments of the Hittite and Neo-Assyrian Empires During the Late Bronze and Iron Ages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Signaling Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Costly Signaling Theory ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 5 engages with the Hittite and Assyrian monuments that are some of our oldest as well as most spectacular evidence for communications. For his discussion, Osborne exploits two interpretative concepts, one that he terms “relationality,” and the other, known as “costly signaling theory,” imported from recent work in evolutionary anthropology. Relationality calls for reckoning with changes over time in how a monument communicates messages and how it is perceived; costly signaling theory serves to explain why some monuments communicate more effectively if they are large and expensive. Both concepts assist in analyzing the ideological content of the monumental royal sculptures that form Osborne’s focus.

Incremental word processing influences the evolution of phonotactic patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-248
Author(s):  
Andrew Wedel ◽  
Adam Ussishkin ◽  
Adam King
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Incremental Processing ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Phonetic Cues ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Phonological Rules

AbstractListeners incrementally process words as they hear them, progressively updating inferences about what word is intended as the phonetic signal unfolds in time. As a consequence, phonetic cues positioned early in the signal for a word are on average more informative about word-identity because they disambiguate the intended word from more lexical alternatives than cues late in the word. In this contribution, we review two new findings about structure in lexicons and phonological grammars, and argue that both arise through the same biases on phonetic reduction and enhancement resulting from incremental processing.(i) Languages optimize their lexicons over time with respect to the amount of signal allocated to words relative to their predictability: words that are on average less predictable in context tend to be longer, while those that are on average more predictable tend to be shorter. However, the fact that phonetic material earlier in the word plays a larger role in word identification suggests that languages should also optimize the distribution of that information across the word. In this contribution we review recent work on a range of different languages that supports this hypothesis: less frequent words are not only on average longer, but also contain more highly informative segments early in the word.(ii) All languages are characterized by phonological grammars of rules describing predictable modifications of pronunciation in context. Because speakers appear to pronounce informative phonetic cues more carefully than less informative cues, it has been predicted that languages should be less likely to evolve phonological rules that reduce lexical contrast at word beginnings. A recent investigation through a statistical analysis of a cross-linguistic dataset of phonological rules strongly supports this hypothesis. Taken together, we argue that these findings suggest that the incrementality of lexical processing has wide-ranging effects on the evolution of phonotactic patterns.

scholarly journals Comparing Dynamic Pies: A Strategy for Modeling Compositional Variables in Time and Space

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine S. Lipsmeyer ◽  
Andrew Q. Philips ◽  
Amanda Rutherford ◽  
Guy D. Whitten
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Contextual Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Us States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Over Time

Across a broad range of fields in political science, there are many theoretically interesting dependent variables that can be characterized as compositions. We build on recent work that has developed strategies for modeling variation in such variables over time by extending them to models of time series cross-sectional data. We discuss how researchers can incorporate the influence of contextual variables and spatial relationships into such models. To demonstrate the utility of our proposed strategies, we present a methodological illustration using an analysis of budgetary expenditures in the US states.

scholarly journals A FINITE QUANTUM SYMMETRY OF $M(3, {\Bbb C})$

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4147-4161 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUDWIK DABROWSKI ◽  
FABRIZIO NESTI ◽  
PASQUALE SINISCALCO
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Exact Sequence ◽  
Hopf Algebra ◽  
Quantum Group ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Quantum Groups ◽  
Matrix Algebra ◽  
Group Symmetry ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Matrix

The 27-dimensional Hopf algebra A(F), defined by the exact sequence of quantum groups [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], is studied as a finite quantum group symmetry of the matrix algebra [Formula: see text], describing the color sector of Alain Connes' formulation of the Standard Model. The duality with the Hopf algebra ℋ, investigated in a recent work by Robert Coquereaux, is established and used to define a representation of ℋ on [Formula: see text] and two commuting representation of ℋ on A(F).

Consistency in the Midst of Change: Class and Value Stability in Poland, 1988‐2003

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton D. Peoples
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Time Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

AbstractPoland has undergone radical social change since 1989. Prior research shows that despite this change, the relationship between class and values in Poland remained stable through the early 1990s, and a similar pattern held in Ukraine as well. More recent work in Ukraine in the early 2000s suggests continuing stability in the class-values relationship, but we lack a similar update for Poland. This study examines Polish data 1988‐2003 and yields significant findings: There is considerable consistency in class and values in Poland into the early 2000s, both with regards to over-time stability in each as well as the relationship between the two. These findings add to mounting evidence concerning the strong, enduring impact of social structure on personality.

Reformed Religion, Regime Change, Scottish Whigs and the Struggle for the ‘Soul’ of Scotland, c.1688 – c.1788

2013 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Whatley
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Political History ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
South West ◽  
Consistent Support ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Revolution

This article responds to and is designed as a counterweight to recent work on political history in early-modern Scotland in which Jacobitism has been persuasively portrayed as a strongly supported movement over time rather than an episodic cause. Building upon recent research on the Union of 1707 which demonstrated the degree of principled and consistent support there was for closer union with England within a British polity, the paper seeks to show that there was a clearly identifiable ideological basis to anti-Jacobitism in Scotland. The term, however, is best understood as the Revolution or, even better, the Whig interest, not least as the principles upon which anti-Jacobitism were based pre-dated the Revolution of 1688–9 and the emergence of Jacobitism. The Revolution, it is argued, had many more supporters, and from a wider geographical area, than has generally been assumed in accounts which focus largely on the south west of Scotland. Support took various forms, ranging from prayer through public campaigning to the taking up of arms. It is also clear that support for Whig principles was not only long-standing but also grew over the period examined. What is underlined is that Scotland was a deeply fissured nation, the principal divide owing much but not everything to religion and differing perspectives on the nature of monarchical authority and the role of parliament.

scholarly journals Microwave Hydration Monitoring: System Assessment Using Fasting Volunteers

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 6949
Author(s):  
Brendon C. Besler ◽  
Elise C. Fear
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Microwave Frequency ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
System Assessment ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Hydration Assessment

Hydration is an important aspect of human health, as water is a critical nutrient used in many physiological processes. However, there is currently no clinical gold standard for non-invasively assessing hydration status. Recent work has suggested that permittivity in the microwave frequency range provides a physiologically meaningful metric for hydration monitoring. Using a simple time of flight technique for estimating permittivity, this study investigates microwave-based hydration assessment using a population of volunteers fasting during Ramadan. Volunteers are measured throughout the day while fasting during Ramadan and while not fasting after Ramadan. Comparing the estimated changes in permittivity to changes in weight and the time s fails to establish a clear relationship between permittivity and hydration. Assessing the subtle changes in hydration found in a population of sedentary, healthy adults proves difficult and more work is required to determine approaches suitable for tracking subtle changes in hydration over time with microwave-based hydration assessment techniques.

scholarly journals Ornament, armament, or toolkit? Modelling how population size drives the evolution of birdsong, a functional cultural trait

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Hudson ◽  
Nicole Creanza
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Population Bottlenecks ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Cultural Trait ◽  
Important Study ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Over Time

AbstractOscine songbirds have been an important study system for social learning, particularly because their learned songs provide an analog for human languages and music. Here we propose a different analogy; from an evolutionary perspective, could a bird’s song be more like an arrowhead than an aria? We modify an existing model of human tool evolution to accommodate cultural evolution of birdsong: each song learner chooses the most skilled available tutor to emulate, and more likely produces an inferior copy than a superior one. Similarly to human toolx evolution, we show that larger populations foster greater improvements in song over time, even when learners restrict their pool of tutors to a subset of individuals. We also demonstrate that randomly sampling tutors from the population offers no clear benefit over sampling only existing connections in a structured social network, and that by allowing a lower quality trait to be easier to imitate than a higher quality one, simpler songs can be maintained after population bottlenecks. We show that these processes could plausibly generate empirically observed patterns of song evolution, and we make predictions about the types of song elements most likely to be lost when populations shrink. More broadly, we aim to connect the modeling approaches used by researchers studying social learning in human and non-human systems, moving toward a cohesive theoretical framework that accounts for both cognitive and demographic processes.

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