Horizon of Expectation on Popular Lyrical Poetry: Jauss’s Reader Response Perspective

Humans have various opinions in commenting on a literary work. This diversity of opinions will eventually participate in developing research in the literary world. Lyrics are a medium for an author to convey the message he wants to convey in a more free and elegant form. This study aims to describe the reader's perception of the messages and values contained in the lyrics of Rebel's Girl from Bikini Kill, Beyonce from Partition, and God Is a Woman from Ariana Grande. This study uses Jauss' theory of the Harapan Horizon where the role of the reader is the main key in conducting an investigation of a literary work. This research is a qualitative descriptive literature research using a questionnaire distributed to readers who are used as respondents. Respondents were selected randomly with the aim of knowing the differences in opinion of each respondent in responding to a literary work. The conclusion of this study is that the various opinions obtained are influenced by the diversity of backgrounds of the respondents such as differences in gender, age, level of education and experience. In addition, there are messages obtained by readers through the lyrics, namely; freedom of speech, feminism, inner beauty, and sex education.

Adapting the Simple Through Girder to Sit in Nature, The Wupperthal Footbridge

<p>Some places are hard to get to and Wupperthal, a small town nestled deep within in the Cederberg Mountains, in South Africa is one of those places. Founded by German missionaries in 1830 the town is home to 1400 inhabitants and a growing tourist destination. An adjacent river, however, is a barrier during the wet seasons for farm children trying to reach the town’s school. A permanent footbridge was therefore recently commissioned to replace temporary structures that have proved dangerous. This paper tells the story of the single span through girder footbridge. Designed to sit as a comfortable object in its natural surroundings the new footbridge is both functional and attractive. The tapering steel plated cross section presents a profiled elevation that splits to create an arched opening at the midspan of the bridge. To create this elegant form the design had to prevent the buckling of the unbraced top chord of the girder. This was achieved through an iterative study of various cross sections and the transitioning of the plate girder into a box section over the opening. Developing a three-dimensional CAD model of the bridge helped engineers conceive the slender form. The model was then exported to create the finite element plated model and then developed into full workshop drawings. The bridge is considered simple but striking in its appearance and this paper aims to highlight that standard solutions can be transformed where appropriate within limited means.</p>

Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter's Wolf

The iconic Periodic Table of the Elements is now in its most satisfyingly elegant form. This is because all the 'gaps' corresponding to missing elements in the seventh row, or period, have recently been filled and the elements named. But where do these names come from? For some, usually the most recent, the origins are quite obvious, but in others - even well-known elements such as oxygen or nitrogen - the roots are less clear. Here, Peter Wothers explores the fascinating and often surprising stories behind how the chemical elements received their names. Delving back in time to explore the history and gradual development of chemistry, he sifts through medieval manuscripts for clues to the stories surrounding the discovery of the elements, showing how they were first encountered or created, and how they were used in everyday lives. As he reveals, the oldest-known elements were often associated with astronomical bodies, and connections with the heavens influenced the naming of a number of elements. Following this, a number of elements, including hydrogen and oxygen, were named during the great reform of chemistry, set amidst the French Revolution. While some of the origins of the names were controversial (and, indeed incorrect - some saying, for instance, that oxygen might be literally taken to mean 'the son of a vinegar merchant'), they have nonetheless influenced language used around the world to this very day. Throughout, Wothers delights in dusting off the original sources, and bringing to light the astonishing, the unusual, and the downright weird origins behind the names of the elements so familiar to us today.

Structure of free complement wavefunction for the ground and the first excited state of helium atom

We review the fundamental ideas of free complement (FC) method through its application on both ground and first excited states of helium atom. We have found that lower energies can be obtained with fewer number of terms in the FC expansion of the ground state wavefunction. In this case, the optimization of orbital exponents was not necessary for achieving spectroscopic accuracy, especially at higher orders where the structure of the FC wavefunction converges to that of the exact one. We have discovered that permanents naturally appear in the FC expansion of the first triplet excited state wavefunction. Including permanents in the FC expansion is shown to be energetically important for the first triplet excited state of helium atom whereas it is not computationally favorable at higher orders. Finally, considering the group theoretical properties of the symmetric group [Formula: see text] and using immanants, a compact and more elegant form for the FC expansion of the first triplet excited state of the helium atom is achieved.

Inverse Kinematics of Discretely Actuated Ball-Joint Manipulators Using Workspace Density

We present a workspace-density-based (WSDB) method to solve the inverse kinematics of discretely actuated ball-joint manipulators. Intuitively speaking, workspace density measures the flexibility of a robotic manipulator when the end-effector is fixed at a certain pose or position. We use the SE(3) Fourier transform to derive the workspace density for ball-joint manipulators and show that the workspace density has a concise and elegant form. Then we show that the state for each joint is determined by maximizing the workspace density of subsequent sub-manipulators. We demonstrate our method with several numerical examples. In particular, we show that our method can provide a solution that approximately minimizes the deviation of the end-effector and its computational complexity is linear with respect to the number of joints. Hence our method is very efficient in solving the inverse kinematics of redundant discretely actuated ball-joint manipulators. In addition, we prove that the solution space of our method is reduced from the rotation group SO(3) to a one-dimensional interval.

Notes on the Writing of Scientific English for Japanese Physicists

The main guiding principles I have used are the following. First, it is much more important that the English written by Japanese authors be clear and easily readable than that it be elegant. Therefore, in a situation where there is a choice between an elegant form of expression which, however, may easily lead to confusion if misused and a less elegant but practically "foolproof" one, I have never hesitated to recommend the latter. Secondly, the importance of avoiding a mistake is roughly proportional to the amount of misunderstanding it may entail and/or the amount of psychological "wear and tear" it may cause on the reader's nerves. Accordingly, I have spent a good deal of space on "macroscopic" points like sentence construction, and proportionately less on "microscopic" ones like the correct use of "a" and "the"; prepositions, which most Japanese writers seem to consider a major point of difficulty in writing English, I have scarcely mentioned, not only because this is the sort of point for which one can easily refer to dictionaries but because I believe the reader can usually correct any mistakes for himself with very little mental effort. Thirdly, the usefulness of a set of notes such as this is much reduced if the rules given become too complicated. Therefore, rather than give a complicated set of rules which would ensure correctness 100% of the time, I have often preferred to give a simple rule which will be right 95% of the time, provided that in the other 5% of cases, it is unlikely to lead to confusion. I do not claim that anyone who tries to follow the advice given here will write beautiful or even invariably correct English; but I hope that what he writes will be clear and readable and that any mistakes he does make will be minor ones.

A Study on Traditional Craftsmanship of Wuxi Dayao Bricks and Tiles

Wuxi Dayao bricks and tiles are famous for their elegant form and durable quality, but they have gradually withdrawn from historical stage because of lack of innovation of modern technology. They are the crystallization of ancient peoples’ wisdom in transforming nature and improving their living qualities with over six hundred years’ traditional craftsmanship, and have profound significance for prolonging Chinese traditional architectural culture and improving existing building materials. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out researches and inheritance.

Limits between the Cosmological Parameters from Strong Lensing Observations for Generalized Isothermal Models

This paper including a gravitational lens time delays study for a general family of lensing potentials, the popular singular isothermal elliptical potential (SIEP), and singular isothermal elliptical density distribution (SIED) but allows general angular structure. At first section there is an introduction for the selected observations from the gravitationally lensed systems. Then section two shows that the time delays for singular isothermal elliptical potential (SIEP) and singular isothermal elliptical density distributions (SIED) have a remarkably simple and elegant form, and that the result for Hubble constant estimations actually holds for a general family of potentials by combining the analytic results with data for the time delay and by using the models of distances.

Introduction to Multistate Mathematical Demography

The study of the transitions that individuals experience over time, in the course of passing from one state of existence to another, is a fundamental dimension in much of mathematical demography. Recent work in multistate demographic analysis has led to a generalization of traditional demographic techniques for analyzing such problems. The papers in this issue are representative examples of work currently being carried out on this subject. A unifying thread is the use of matrix algebra to express multidimensional demographic processes in a compact and notationally elegant form which often leads to analytical insights that otherwise may be hidden in the more complicated nonmatrix formulations.

Generalization of a Bracket Function Formula of L. Moser

In Problem P 60 L. Moser has proposed the formula1This can be expressed in the more elegant form2The formula has been given in the literature a number of times. For example, it was proved by Bouniakovsky [1].