The Lure of the Multiplex? The Interplay of Time, Distance, and Cinema Attendance

10.1068/a3756 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Collins ◽  
Chris Hand ◽  
Andrew Ryder
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Environmental Economics ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
Do So ◽  
Cinema Demand

Models of cinema demand have tended to employ aggregate data and focus on price and income as key variables. Surprisingly, the effects of travel time and location have not been formally investigated. The authors do so, following developments in the environmental economics literature, by presenting estimates of individual travel cost models for multiplex and nonmultiplex cinemas. A key finding is that travel time has a significant negative effect on nonmultiplex cinema trips, but that this does not hold for multiplex trips; reasons for this are advanced. In the case of multiplex cinema trips, a range of phenomena relating to minimising time-cost uncertainty are shown to be significant. The authors also contribute to an explanation for the ‘overscreening’ phenomenon observed in the United Kingdom and the USA, which has led to the closure of some relatively recently built multiplexes.

Potential of Islamic finance: A survey of Tunisian Northwest companies

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Rym Ammar Ayachi ◽  
Dhafer Saidane ◽  
Fayçal Mansouric
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institution ◽  
Islamic Finance ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Finance Development ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Potential Demand ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
Do So

The present paper aims to assess the Islamic products potential demand for entrepreneurs in the Tunisian Northwest region. In order to do so, we developed a questionnaire which was sent to these entrepreneurs. The survey results show that the latter perceive Islamic Finance as a seductive phenomenon. However, its development appears to be difficult. Indeed, according to the survey results, the lack of knowledge may impede the expansion of Islamic banking in Tunisia. Moreover, the following factors: cost, religious conviction, proximity, flexibility and satisfaction of the needs, may affect the entrepreneurs' choice to deal with Islamic financial institution. In addition, the lack of entrepreneurs' confidence with regard to the compliance of Islamic banking with the Shariah principles has a negative effect on Islamic finance development in the Tunisian Northwest region. For this reason, Tunisian Islamic banks should put more effort to reinforce their competitiveness.

Denitrification of Sewage Effluents in Deep Bed Sand Filters

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Upton
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Water Industry ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Water Plants ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pilot Plant Study

The European waste water industry will need to develop denitrification processes to remove nitrogen as pressures increase to reduce nutrient levels discharged in effluents. In the USA deep bed filter technology has been used extensively to provide denitrification to levels less than 5 mg/l TN. This paper describes this technology and the full scale performance at some waste water plants in Florida, USA. This paper also describes a pilot study in the United Kingdom at Severn Trent Water. The results of the pilot plant study indicate that denitrification in deep bed sand filters is a sound robust technology using methanol addition. Nitrogen removals greater than the 70% required in the EC Directive 1991 are possible at winter sewage temperatures. The process is most suitable for achieving nitrogen removal at trickling filter plants. The cost of methanol addition is calculated to be ₤10/1000m3.

Lament and Revenge in the Hekabe of Euripides

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Billing
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Funerary Practices ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Female Lament

In this article Christian M. Billing considers the relationship between female lament and acts of vengeance in fifth-century Athenian society and its theatre, with particular emphasis on the Hekabe of Euripides. He uses historical evidence to argue that female mourning was held to be a powerfully transgressive force in the classical period; that considerable social tensions existed as a result of the suppression of female roles in traditional funerary practices (social control arising from the move towards democracy and the development of forensic processes as a means of social redress); and that as a piece of transvestite theatre, authored and performed by men to an audience made up largely, if not entirely, of that sex, Euripides' Hekabe demonstrates significant gender-related anxiety regarding the supposedly horrific consequences of allowing women to speak at burials, or to engage in lament as part of uncontrolled funerary ritual. Christian M. Billing is an academic and theatre practitioner working in the fields of ancient Athenian and early modern English and European drama. He has worked extensively as a director and actor and has also taught at a number of universities in the United Kingdom and the USA. He is currently Lecturer in Drama at the University of Hull.

The Relationship Between Government Popularity and Approval for the Government's Record in the United Kingdom

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hudson
Keyword(s):  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
State Of The Economy ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opinion Polls

The past decade has seen the growth of a considerable literature on the link between government popularity, as reflected by the proportion of the public indicating their intention to vote for the government in opinion polls, and the state of the economy, as represented by certain key variables. The work began in the early 1970s with articles by Goodhart and Bhansali, Mueller, and Kramer. It continued through the decade; some of the more recent contributions can be found in a set of readings edited by Hibbs and Fassbender. However, despite the amount and quality of this work, problems remain. Principal amongst these, as Chrystal and Alt have pointed out, is the inability to estimate a relationship which exhibits any degree of stability either over time or between researchers. Nearly all the studies have been successful in finding a significant relationship for specific time periods, but when these are extended, or when the function is used to forecast outside the original estimation period, the relationship appears to break down.

Multi-itinerary optimization as cloud service

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Alexandru Cristian ◽  
Luke Marshall ◽  
Mihai Negrea ◽  
Flavius Stoichescu ◽  
Peiwei Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Algorithm Design ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
Multiple Agents ◽  
Solution Quality ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Vehicle Capacity

In this paper, we describe multi-itinerary optimization (MIO)---a novel Bing Maps service that automates the process of building itineraries for multiple agents while optimizing their routes to minimize travel time or distance. MIO can be used by organizations with a fleet of vehicles and drivers, mobile salesforce, or a team of personnel in the field, to maximize workforce efficiency. It supports a variety of constraints, such as service time windows, duration, priority, pickup and delivery dependencies, and vehicle capacity. MIO also considers traffic conditions between locations, resulting in algorithmic challenges at multiple levels (e.g., calculating time-dependent travel-time distance matrices at scale and scheduling services for multiple agents). To support an end-to-end cloud service with turnaround times of a few seconds, our algorithm design targets a sweet spot between accuracy and performance. Toward that end, we build a scalable approach based on the ALNS metaheuristic. Our experiments show that accounting for traffic significantly improves solution quality: MIO finds efficient routes that avoid late arrivals, whereas traffic-agnostic approaches result in a 15% increase in the combined travel time and the lateness of an arrival. Furthermore, our approach generates itineraries with substantially higher quality than a cutting-edge heuristic (LKH), with faster running times for large instances.

A method of obtaining P and S travel-time curves within a “Stripped Earth”*

1952 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-314
Author(s):  
V. C. Stechschulte
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Depth Distribution ◽  
Epicentral Distance ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Depth Of Focus ◽  
Distance Curve ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
Deep Focus

Abstract A simple method is outlined for obtaining from a time-distance curve of a deep-focus earthquake a table of travel times within an earth “stripped” to the depth h, the depth of focus. The method depends on the fact that such a curve for a deep-focus earthquake has a point of inflection and therefore has the same slope at two different values of epicentral distance. The Herglotz-Wiechert method may then be applied to these travel times to obtain a velocity-depth distribution.

Regulacja górnictwa kosmicznego w polskiej ustawie o działalności kosmicznej

2021 ◽  
pp. 171-186
Author(s):  
Mariusz Tomasz Kłoda ◽  
Katarzyna Malinowska ◽  
Bartosz Malinowski ◽  
Małgorzata Polkowska
Keyword(s):  
Polish Space ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
International Space ◽  
National Space ◽  
Space Activity ◽  
Space Law ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Space Activities ◽  
Do So

Work on the content of the law on space activities has been going in Poland for several years. So far, the drafters have not directly referred to the issue of space mining in the content of the proposed legal act. In this context, it is worth asking whether it is valuable and permissible, in terms of international space law and EU law, to regulate in the future (Polish) law on space activity the matter of prospecting, acquiring and using space resources, i.e. so-called space mining. If space mining were regulated in the Polish space law, Poland would not be the first country to do so. The discussed issues have already been regulated in the national space legislation of the USA, Luxemburg, UAE and Japan. This paper will analyze the issues of space mining as expressed in the current drafts of the Polish space law and foreign space legislation, of space mining as a means of achieving various goals and of the compatibility of space mining with international space law and EU law.

Recreation Travel Time Conditional on Labour Supply, Work Travel Time and Income

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Sjögren ◽  
Kurt Brännäs
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Swedish Data

An economic model is proposed in which individuals are assumed to choose recreation travel time conditional on work travel time, hours of work and income. Using Swedish data and a grouped regression model, work travel time is found to have a significant and negative effect on recreation travel time for both spouses in a household. Income has a negative and significant effect for males but the effect is insignificant for females. Labour supply is not found to have any significant effect.

scholarly journals Evolution and the City

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (02) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Adrian Bejan
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Scientific Principle ◽  
The City ◽  
Natural Way ◽  
Do So

This article analyzes the organization of a city in terms of how well it enables humans to move from any point to the whole area. In accordance with Constructal Law, the natural way to assemble and connect a road and street network is to ensure that travel time is reduced at every turn and with every change in the flow design. The article also highlights that predicting the future and constructing changes based on a proven scientific principle is much faster and more economical than trial and error. Due to the modern technology, urban design expands not only outward, into suburbs, and inward, toward dense city centers, but also vertically. Experts suggest that if we can anticipate the urban features that emerge naturally from the need for greater access, we can plan ahead and design with confidence the features that not only serve the population, but do so with staying power. A city is a live flow system with freely changing architecture, many small streets, few large streets, and beltways.

scholarly journals Shareholder nationality among the major European and American defense contractors: an exploratory data analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-49
Author(s):  
Mahdi FAWAZ ◽  
Jean BELIN ◽  
Hélène MASSON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Exploratory Data Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Defense Contractors ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
First Results ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Exploratory Data

This article presents the first results of a statistical analysis of the ownership links between the major European and American defence contractors. This approach, centred on the shareholders and subsidiaries of these companies, enables us to explore the depth of the national links (company and country of origin) and the density of the ownership cooperation that exists within Europe, as well as with the rest of the world, particularly the United States. Information about defence contractors’ ownership links is difficult to obtain and precautions must be taken in the interpretation of the results.  In terms of defence contractor shareholders, it would appear first that the national link is strong for Sweden, Spain and France, less so for Germany and Italy, and particularly weak for the United Kingdom. Next, in European terms the links are concentrated on Airbus, MBDA and KNDS and are little developed in other companies. Finally, we observe asymmetrical links with the USA and a significant presence of American investment funds.

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