Planning According to the ‘Scientific Conception of the World’: The Work of Otto Neurath

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Faludi
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Vienna Circle ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
Base Design ◽  
Scientific Conception

Neurath, a prominent member of the Vienna Circle, was involved in much practical reform work. He was also a member of CIAM, and participated in the famous Athens meeting where its basic principles were formulated. But his plans for intensive cooperation with CIAM did not come to fruition, because of fundamental differences regarding the role of scientific evidence in decisionmaking and planning. CIAM members were looking for a solid bedrock on which to base design norms and principles. Neurath was a sceptic and emphasised the pluralistic nature of knowledge. He also held that decisions were to be taken on pragmatic grounds, reflecting one's chosen “path of life”. Experts had no superior skill in this. Neurath developed the Vienna Method of pictorial statistics to allow people to make their own inferences from such evidence as there was. Neurath's views of decisionmaking in planning are very modern, and suggest that the critique of positivism in planning needs to be reconsidered.

scholarly journals Political Preferences, Knowledge, and Misinformation About COVID-19: The Case of Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wladimir Gramacho ◽  
Mathieu Turgeon ◽  
John Kennedy ◽  
Max Stabile ◽  
Pedro Santos Mundim
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Major Event ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Expert ◽  
Informational Cues

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a vast research agenda focusing on how citizens acquire knowledge about the virus and the health expert guidelines to protect themselves and their close ones against it. While many countries and regions have been accounted for, there still remains a substantial gap with respect to public opinion about the virus in Latin America, most notably in Brazil, which currently has the second highest in number of fatalities in the world. In this article, we employ a national survey of Brazilians (n = 2,771) to measure and explain knowledge and misinformation about the coronavirus and its illness, COVID-19. Our focus concerns the role of political preferences in a context of high elite polarization with a sitting government that has systematically downplayed the risks associated with the coronavirus and its illness. Our findings are clear: political preferences play a substantial role in explaining differences in knowledge about the coronavirus and COVID-19, more than conventional determinants of learning like motivation, ability, and opportunities. Specifically, we find that supporters of President Jair Bolsonaro—an avid science and COVID-19 denier—know significantly less about the coronavirus and its illness and are more likely to believe in a conspiracy theory that claims that the coronavirus was purposefully created in a Chinese laboratory to promote China's economic power, when compared to Brazilians who are less supportive of him and his government. Our findings carry important implications for how Brazilians take informational cues from political elites in that—even in a major event like a global pandemic—supporters of the president are as likely as ever to “follow their leader” and deny expert-backed scientific evidence.

The ascent of the blessed: regulatory issues on health effects and health claims for probiotics in Europe and the rest of the world

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M.G. Dronkers ◽  
L. Krist ◽  
F.J. Van Overveld ◽  
G.T. Rijkers
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Health Claim ◽  
Regulatory Issues ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
The World

The outcome of the first series of health claim applications for probiotics in Europe as evaluated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has, up to 2013 almost completely yielded negative results. All recent applications also have been rejected, including the latest on prevention of mastitis in breastfeeding mothers. In other developed countries, such as Switzerland, Japan and Canada, the health effects of probiotics, for which scientific evidence has been provided, can be communicated to potential consumers. The number of clinical trials with probiotics over recent years shows a trend to level off or even decline. At the same time, clinical research into the role of (gut) microbiota in a wide variety of diseases and conditions is booming. Ultimately, this may offer new indications for gut microbiota management by probiotics, prebiotics or other food supplements.

INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SCIENCE ORGANIZATION AND RUSSIAN POLITICAL SCIENTISTS: 60 YEARS OF COOPERATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Ирхин ◽  
Yuriy Irkhin
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
International Congress ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Science Discipline ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Science Association

The article analyses experience of the creation, development and functioning of the International Political Science Association in complex. The author shows basic principles and directions of the creation of the International Political Science Association. The author presents materials about dynamics of the cooperation of International Political Science Association with Russian Political Science Association for 60 years. Discussed The role of the World International Congress of Political Scientists in developing of political science around the world is revealed. International Political Science Association (IPSA) is one of the oldest and most authoritative international organizations, uniting political scientists from most countries of the world for nearly 70 years. It has made significant contribution to the constitution of Political Science as a recognized science discipline in the world. In 2015 it celebrated 60 years of cooperation between the IPSA and Russian political scientists.

scholarly journals The Role of the Foreign Trade in the Development of Contemporary Supernational Structures in the Age of Globalization 4.0

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-196
Author(s):  
Maria Balashova ◽  
Irina Tsvigun
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
Complex Forms

In the age of globalization 4.0, the problem of insufficient preparation of supranational structures for leveling the negative consequences of the integration of information technologies into all spheres of human activity is becoming more acute, which puts on the agenda the question of the real effectiveness of their activities. There is no alternative to establishing and deepening the information type of society in both the medium and long term. International organizations and companies, as well as integration associations, should take into account the relevant changes taking place in the world economy in the organization of their activities. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of foreign trade in the development of modern supranational structures and to identify among them those which can really cope with the challenges of globalization 4.0. The research methodology was based on the basic principles of synthesis and analysis of data on 35 countries of the world from different continents and with different levels of economic development, which either have maintained stable positions in the level and quality of life of the population over the past decades, or those that have managed to make the transition from a country with a developing economy to a developed one. The authors tried to identify the influence of the foreign trade activities of the member states of supranational structures on the success of their development. The result of the study was the identification of stronger positions of international companies and integration associations that have achieved complex forms of cooperation over international organizations. It is shown that the main way to achieve the appropriate leadership is the activity of their member countries in foreign trade processes in general, and most importantly — in the export of information technologies, in particular. The latter gives the relevant supranational structures unique unlimited benefits, and their participants the opportunity to preserve their so­vereignty and guarantee national security.

Rituals with Music and Food, Food with Music and Rituals

2021 ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Gisa Jähnichen
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Research Outcomes ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Offerings ◽  
Term Field

There is a number of human rituals that are accompanied by sacrifices of food and drinks. Ritual practices of different people are a huge resource of these habits that are found all over the world. This research paper will focus on the role of instrumental music in guiding these sacrifices among selected communities inhabiting Southeast Asia’s mainland. Through a multi-perspective observation this research aims at showing order principles, musical requirements, and their variability, which will be analysed and discussed. Long term field work and participant observation over a specific period of time are the basic preconditions for this research. In addition, this research is also to question basic principles of conveying research outcomes and the use of well-established research tools in order to categorize and identify types of musical and ritual behaviour. The perspective of food offerings may shift the focus from musicality within rituals to the focus on social digestion in the context of sustaining communities.

The Science of Marijuana

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Iversen
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Recreational Use ◽  
The Brain

Marijuana (cannabis) is the most widely used recreational drug after nicotine and alcohol. This book reviews the rapidly growing body of scientific evidence on cannabis—how it works, the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the brain and body, and the opportunities for new medicines based on such knowledge. The regulation of cannabis use varies considerably throughout the world. This book reviews the rapid changes that have occurred in liberalizing the medical use of cannabis, and in some instances the full legalization of cannabis use, with an emphasis on events in the United States and Canada. The advantages and disadvantages of liberalizing the medical and recreational use of cannabis are discussed in a neutral manner, leaving the reader to decide.

scholarly journals Diet Supplementation, Probiotics, and Nutraceuticals in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Scoping Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Infusino ◽  
Massimiliano Marazzato ◽  
Massimo Mancone ◽  
Francesco Fedele ◽  
Claudio Maria Mastroianni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Product ◽  
Diet Supplementation

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-CoV-2) global pandemic is a devastating event that is causing thousands of victims every day around the world. One of the main reasons of the great impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on society is its unexpected spread, which has not allowed an adequate preparation. The scientific community is fighting against time for the production of a vaccine, but it is difficult to place a safe and effective product on the market as fast as the virus is spreading. Similarly, for drugs that can directly interfere with viral pathways, their production times are long, despite the great efforts made. For these reasons, we analyzed the possible role of non-pharmacological substances such as supplements, probiotics, and nutraceuticals in reducing the risk of Sars-CoV-2 infection or mitigating the symptoms of COVID-19. These substances could have numerous advantages in the current circumstances, are generally easily available, and have negligible side effects if administered at the already used and tested dosages. Large scientific evidence supports the benefits that some bacterial and molecular products may exert on the immune response to respiratory viruses. These could also have a regulatory role in systemic inflammation or endothelial damage, which are two crucial aspects of COVID-19. However, there are no specific data available, and rigorous clinical trials should be conducted to confirm the putative benefits of diet supplementation, probiotics, and nutraceuticals in the current pandemic.

scholarly journals Aluminum as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pricilla Costa Ferreira ◽  
Kamila de Almeida Piai ◽  
Angela Maria Magosso Takayanagui ◽  
Susana Inés Segura-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Aluminum Exposure ◽  
The World

The purpose of the study was to condense existing scientific evidence about the relation between aluminum (Al) exposure and risk for the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), evaluating its long-term effects on the population's health. A systematic literature review was carried out in two databases, MEDLINE and LILACS, between 1990 and 2005, using the uniterms: "Aluminum exposure and Alzheimer Disease" and "Aluminum and risk for Alzheimer Disease". After application of the Relevance Test, 34 studies were selected, among which 68% established a relation between Al and AD, 23.5% were inconclusive and 8.5% did not establish a relation between Al and AD. Results showed that Al is associated to several neurophysiologic processes that are responsible for the characteristic degeneration of AD. In spite of existing polemics all over the world about the role of Al as a risk factor for AD, in recent years, scientific evidence has demonstrated that Al is associated with the development of AD.

‘Feminist Analysis of Science and the Implications for Higher Education’

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Kate Bloor
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
Higher Education Curriculum ◽  
Feminist Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Education Courses

Feminism(s) as practice(s) in the world of the women's movements have frequently either rejected science and scientific approaches or utilised scientific evidence in support of arguments, positions and campaigns. This has happened with some degree of contradiction. Problems of how feminist theory deals with questions about the nature and role of science and scientific techniques and information still remain. The debates that are taking place are complex, and have rarely been utilised or applied in the situation of how higher education might utilise them. This paper attempts to examine current philosophical and feminist ideas about the nature of science, to assess if it is possible to theorise about the possibility of a feminist science. Equally problematic is the application of these ideas to the context of higher education, and providing more women or feminist orientated educational practice. This paper draws links between theory about science, and issues in relation to the higher education curriculum. It argues the case that although this theorising may appear difficult to apply, there are several ways by which it may be used to guide thinking about how education courses may be structured in order to allow students to learn in ways that may not be as limited as previously. These debates are new, ongoing, and yet not fully explored and so this paper provides a position from where this might be explored, and therefore demonstrates some areas for further exploration.

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