Effects of sorghum ergot on grain sorghum production: a preliminary climatic analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Meinke ◽  
Malcolm Ryley
Keyword(s):  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Claviceps Africana ◽  
Sorghum Production

Until 1996 the disease ‘sorghum ergot’ (Claviceps africana and Claviceps sorghi) was unknown in Australia. Following an outbreak near Gatton, the disease was found throughout most of the sorghum-producing areas in Queensland within 4 weeks. A climatic risk analysis was conducted to assess the likely timing and frequencies of further outbreaks of the disease across the main sorghum-producing regions of Australia. Based on the information available, likely conditions that could lead to a disease outbreak were formulated and a computer program developed to interrogate an existing database of long-term, daily weather records. Case studies were conducted for 10 key sorghum-producing locations, ranging from Narromine in central New South Wales to Mareeba in far North Queensland and Kununurra in Western Australia. For grain sorghum production, crops flowering in January and February are unlikely to be affected, regardless of location. However, in up to 30% of years, late-sown grain sorghum crops and crops flowering before January could be affected, depending on climatic conditions prior to and around anthesis. The frequency and timing of these events differed strongly temporally and spatially and appeared highest in high rainfall years and in regions with relatively cooler temperatures and more frequent autumn rains. Hybrid seed production (i.e. breeding programs) and forage sorghum production are likely to be more affected due to their inherently low pollen generation, again with strong regional variation. Further applications of the methodology, such as the development of an early warning system, based on phases of the Southern Oscillation Index, are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of climate variability on event frequency of sorghum ergot in Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enli Wang ◽  
Malcolm Ryley ◽  
Holger Meinke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Claviceps Africana ◽  
Relative Risk Assessment ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

The significant effect of ergot, caused by Claviceps africana, on the Australian sorghum industry, has led to considerable research on the identification of resistant genotypes and on the climatic conditions that are conducive to ergot outbreaks. Here we show that the potential number of monthly ergot events differs strongly from year to year in accordance with ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation)-related climate variability. The analysis is based on long-term weather records from 50 locations throughout the sorghum-growing areas of Australia and predicts the potential number of monthly ergot events based on phases of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). For a given location, we found a significant difference in the number of potential ergot events based on SOI phases in the preceding month, with a consistently positive SOI phase providing the greatest risk for the occurrence of ergot for most months and locations. This analysis provides a relative risk assessment for ergot outbreaks based on location and prevailing climatic conditions, thereby assisting in responsive decision-making to reduce the negative effect of sorghum ergot.

Yields and nitrogen uptake of grain sorghum in various rotations, including lucerne, annual legume and long fallow

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Establishment Method ◽  
Soil Evidence

Long-term yields, nitrogen uptake and responsiveness of grain sorghum following three lucerne rotations, an annual legume rotation, long fallowing, and continuous wheat growing were measured on a black earth and red clay in northern New South Wales. The three lucerne rotations compared two methods of lucerne establishment (with or without a cover crop) and two methods of grazing management (short or extended grazing).There were large beneficial effects of lucerne leys on the first grain sorghum crop, whether they were measured as grain yield, nitrogen content of the foliage and grain, or nitrogen uptake. The effect was much smaller in the second year but it increased in the third and fourth years, in direct relation to the rainfall during the sorghum flowering period. The effect was larger on the black earth than on the red clay, reflecting the much higher lucerne yields on the former soil. Evidence indicated that the nitrogen contribution from lucerne after the first year was no greater than the nitrogen accumulated by long fallowing, and this was attributed to very low rainfall and lucerne yields during the four year ley period.The annual legume rotation suffered from drought and insect damage in most years, and following sorghum yields tended to be lower than those achieved by long fallowing.Differences in the effects of establishment method and grazing management on total lucerne yields were reflected in the differences in subsequent grain sorghum yields. Largest differences were on the black earth where extended grazing lowered the total yields of lucerne and subsequent grain sorghum. Sowing lucerne under wheat had little effect on total yields of lucerne or sorghum.

Spatial and temporal patterns of lodging in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Xuemin Wang ◽  
Emma Mace ◽  
Colleen Hunt ◽  
Alan Cruickshank ◽  
Graeme Hammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Production Environments ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
Sorghum Production

Grown in water-limited environments, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is often exposed to water deficits of varying extent and timing. One of the impacts of water stress on sorghum production is lodging; however, there has been no published study quantifying the temporal and spatial frequency and severity of lodging in grain sorghum in Australia. In this study, we investigated the frequency and severity of lodging, using a dataset of 83 advanced yield-testing trials of the sorghum pre-breeding program grown in the seven major sorghum-production environments in Australia over 14 summer growing seasons. Lodging occurred in most production regions but with varying frequency and severity. Lodging was significantly greater in regions that were more prone to water stress (e.g. Central Highlands in Queensland) and significantly lower in regions that were less likely to suffer from water stress (e.g. Liverpool Plains in northern New South Wale) compared with the overall average across regions. The severity of lodging also varied across regions, with the most severe lodging (>20%) occurring in Central Highlands and Western Downs in Queensland. In addition, seasonal patterns of lodging frequency and severity were also observed. Over the 14 growing seasons, the frequency of lodging varied from 0% to 100%, with the most severe lodging (>20%) observed in 2005, 2016 and 2017. The Southern Oscillation Index explained 29% of the seasonal variation in lodging frequency. The findings of this study clearly support a link between lodging incidence and water stress across regions and seasons. Our data also showed that although there was a substantial turnover of commercial hybrids during the period of this study, the level of resistance to lodging appeared not to have improved. It is possible that this is due to plant breeders trading off improvements in lodging resistance to increase grain yield.

scholarly journals Screening of sweet sorghum accessions for inhibition of secondary sporulation and saccharide measurements in honeydew of Claviceps africana

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Bogo ◽  
Peter G Mantle ◽  
Oscar E. L Harthmann
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Free Oligosaccharides ◽  
Claviceps Africana

Certain sweet sorghums (Sorghum bicolor) inhibit the secondary sporulation of Claviceps africana, which occurs on exuded ergot honeydew when the parasite is supplied with excess sucrose, which is then transformed to unique free oligosaccharides fructosyl - mannitol and difructosyl - mannitol with spore germination inhibiting properties. Five accessions (BRA-035726-SUGAR DRIP, BRA-035696-THEIS, BRA-036013-MN-4578, BRA-035947-MN-4418 and CMSXS-633) of sweet sorghum were selected among 50 evaluated. These five accessions failed to support secondary sporulation on the "honeydew" exuded from infected florets. There was a higher concentration (%w/v) of the free oligosaccharides on the honeydew of these accessions when compared to a hybrid male-sterile grain sorghum. Therefore, a possible strategy would be seek to incorporate a sweet character into "A" lines for hybrid seed production in order to restrict secondary disease spread.

scholarly journals Assessing the predictability of MLR models for long-term streamflow using lagged climate indices as predictors: a case study of NSW (Australia)

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 262-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rijwana I. Esha ◽  
Monzur A. Imteaz
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Forecast Models ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Combined Impact

Abstract The current study aims to assess the potential of statistical multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques to develop long-term streamflow forecast models for New South Wales (NSW). While most of the past studies were concentrated on revealing the relationship between streamflow and single concurrent or lagged climate indices, this study intends to explore the combined impact of large-scale climate drivers. Considering their influences on the streamflow of NSW, several major climate drivers – IPO (Inter Decadal Pacific Oscillation)/PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole) and ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are selected. Single correlation analysis is exploited as the basis for selecting different combinations of input variables for developing MLR models to examine the extent of the combined impacts of the selected climate drivers on forecasting spring streamflow several months ahead. The developed models with all the possible combinations show significantly good results for all selected 12 stations in terms of Pearson correlation (r), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and Willmott index of agreement (d). For each region, the best model with lower errors provides statistically significant maximum correlation which ranges from 0.51 to 0.65.

scholarly journals Mega-Environment Analysis To Assess Adaptability, Stability, And Genomic Predictions In Grain Sorghum Hybrids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jales Mendes Oliveira Fonseca ◽  
Ramasamy Perumal ◽  
Patricia E. Klein ◽  
Robert R. Klein ◽  
William L. Rooney
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Prediction ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interaction ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Environment Analysis ◽  
Factorial Mating ◽  
Sorghum Breeding ◽  
Sorghum Production ◽  
Genomic Predictions

Abstract Multi-environment trials (MET) are fundamental for assessing genotype-by-environment interaction (GxE) effects, adaptability and stability of genotypes and provide valuable information about target regions. As such, a MET involving grain sorghum hybrid combinations derived from elite inbred lines adapted to diverse sorghum production regions was developed to assess agronomic performance, stability, and genomic-enabled prediction accuracies within mega-environments (ME). Ten females and ten males from the Texas A&M and Kansas State sorghum breeding programs were crossed following a factorial mating scheme to generate 100 hybrids. Grain yield, plant height, and days to anthesis were assessed in a MET consisting of ten environments across Texas and Kansas over two years. Genotype plus Genotype-by-block-of-environment biplot (GGB) assessed ME, while the "mean-vs-stability" view of the biplot and the Bayesian Finlay-Wilkinson regression evaluated hybrid adaptability and stability. A genomic prediction model including the GxE effect was applied within ME to assess prediction accuracy. Results suggest that grain sorghum hybrid combinations involving lines adapted to different target regions can produce superior hybrids. GGB confirmed distinct regions of sorghum adaption in the U.S. Further, genomic predictions within ME reported inconsistent results, suggesting that additional effects rather than the correlations between environments are influencing genomic prediction of grain sorghum hybrids.

Long Term Effects of Tillage and Nitrogen Source, Rate, and Placement on Grain Sorghum Production

jpa ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Matowo ◽  
G. M. Pierzynski ◽  
D. A. Whitney ◽  
R. E. Lamond
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Source Rate ◽  
Sorghum Production

Effect of tillage practice on grain sorghum production in northern New South Wales

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Holland ◽  
WL Felton
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Moisture Storage ◽  
Sorghum Production ◽  
Method Of Production

Grain sorghum was sown at 5 sites in northern New South Wales to examine the response of this crop to no-tillage compared with cultivated fallows. The sites were at Duri and Tamworth in 1980-81, and Warialda, Croppa Creek and Burren Junction in 1982-83. Other treatments investigated were: rates of atrazine applied in the fallow at 4 sites, the gypsum x tillage interaction at 2 sites, and effect of stubble burning during the cultivated fallow at 2 sites. An average of 31 mm more water was stored in the soil with a no-tillage fallow, and this was associated with a consistent grain yield advantage averaging 0.45 t/ha compared with cultivated, stubble retained fallows over all sites. At Warialda and Croppa Creek the stubble on the cultivated treatments from the 1981 wheat crop was either retained or burnt. Moisture accumulation and yield were substantially reduced in the stubble burnt treatment, particularly at Warialda. There was a yield advantage of the no-tillage treatment over the stubble burnt cultivated treatment of about 1.8 t/ha at Warialda, and 0.7 t/ha at Croppa Creek. At Burren Junction, gypsum increased grain sorghum yield by 0.57 t/ha in both the cultivated and no-tillage treatments, indicating that it was not necessary to incorporate the gypsum to improve soil structure. The results of this study indicate that no-tillage sorghum, using atrazine as the primary method of weed control, is an efficient method of production. Potential yield advantages of about 0.5 t/ha over cultivated fallows with stubble retained, and greater yield advantages in comparison with cultivated fallows with burnt stubble, are associated with improved moisture storage.

Modelling of Moisture Movement in Wood during Outdoor Storage

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baronas ◽  
F. Ivanauskas ◽  
I. Juodeikienė ◽  
A. Kajalavičius
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Finite Difference ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Moisture Movement ◽  
Finite Difference Technique ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Space Formulation ◽  
Term Storage

A model of moisture movement in wood is presented in this paper in a two-dimensional-in-space formulation. The finite-difference technique has been used in order to obtain the solution of the problem. The model was applied to predict the moisture content in sawn boards from pine during long term storage under outdoor climatic conditions. The satisfactory agreement between the numerical solution and experimental data was obtained.

DROUGHT OCCURRENCE UNDER LITHUANIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laima TAPARAUSKIENĖ ◽  
Veronika LUKŠEVIČIŪTĖ
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Precipitation Record ◽  
Calculation Step ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
The Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
June July

This study provides the analysis of drought conditions of vegetation period in 1982-2014 year in two Lithuanian regions: Kaunas and Telšiai. To identify drought conditions the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was applied. SPI was calculated using the long-term precipitation record of 1982–2014 with in-situ meteorological data. Calculation step of SPI was taken 1 month considering only vegetation period (May, June, July, August, September). The purpose of investigation was to evaluate the humidity/aridity of vegetation period and find out the probability of droughts occurrence under Lithuanian climatic conditions. It was found out that according SPI results droughts occurred in 14.5 % of all months in Kaunas region and in 15.8 % in Telšiai region. Wet periods in Kaunas region occurred in 15.8 %, and in Telšiai region occurrence of wet periods was – 18.8 % from all evaluated months. According SPI evaluation near normal were 69.7 % of total months during period of investigation in Kaunas and respectively – 65.5 % in Telšiai. The probability for extremely dry period under Lithuania climatic conditions are pretty low – 3.0 % in middle Lithuania and 2.4 % in western part of Lithuania.

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