Anatomical structure and nutritive value of lupin seed coats

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. H. Miao ◽  
J. A. Fortune ◽  
J. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Anatomical Analysis ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Seed Coats

Selection and breeding for yield and adaptation to environmental conditions often changes a number of characteristics of crops, and may influence the value of seed for animals. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effect of breeding and growing conditions on the structure and degradability of lupin seed coats. Breeding has had significant influences on both seed size and seed coat structure of lupins. For instance, cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius released in 1987 and 1988 tended to have smaller seeds with a thicker seed coat than those released in 1971 (P < 0.05). Selection for soft seeds has resulted in a reduction of seed coat thickness in L. angustifolius. Hardseeded and roughseeded lines of L. cosentinii had thicker coats (P < 0.05) than softseeded and smoothseeded, respectively. The main contributor to the thick seed coat of hardseeded lines was a layer of cells known as the hourglass layer, which is located between the outer palisade and inner parenchyma. Anatomical analysis revealed that the soft seed coat tended to have short and round cells, whereas the hard seed tended to have long cells in the palisade layer. Smooth seeds had round cells in the subpalisade, but rough seeds had long cells in this layer. Although the seed coats of lupins contained about 80% crude fibre, with L. cosentinii and L. pilosus having more fibre than L. angustifolius, the fibre in lupin seed coats was highly digestible by sheep.

scholarly journals Emergence of `Genesis' Triploid Watermelon following Mechanical Scarification

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Duval ◽  
D. Scott NeSmith
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Triploid Watermelon ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Hard Seed Coat

Production of triploid watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] transplants is hindered by poor, inconsistent emergence, and frequent seed coat adherence to cotyledons. Seed coat adherence leads to weakened and slow growing plants. High seed costs, coupled with stand establishment problems, discourages transplant producers from growing this crop. Improvement of triploid watermelon emergence will lessen financial risks to growers and transplant producers and will provide a more reliable production system. Mechanical scarification was evaluated as a means to overcome inconsistent emergence and seed coat adherence. Seeds of `Genesis' triploid watermelon were placed in a cylinder with 100 g of very coarse sand (1.0 to 2.0 mm diameter) and rotated at 60 rpm for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours in a series of experiments. Number of emerged seed was recorded daily, to obtain emergence dynamics. No significant differences were observed in seed coat adherence among treatments. The longest duration of scarification However, enhanced emergence as compared to the control in three of four experiments. These data support earlier suggestions that a thick or hard seed coat is a factor contributing to poor germination and emergence of triploid watermelons.

scholarly journals Ecophysiology of Mimosa pudica L. at Biratnagar, Eastern Nepal

Our Nature ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Niroula ◽  
D. Parajuli ◽  
S. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Mature Seeds ◽  
Hard Seed Coat

All the freshly collected mature seeds of M. pudica were greenish in colour, whereas 7 year old stored seeds were a mixture of greenish and brownish seeds. The greenish seeds had hard seed coat and acid treated as well as sand rubbing for 6-10 min greatly enhanced their germination percentage. The brownish seeds were simply the deteriorated form of greenish seeds. Leaves and pods had higher contribution to total plant dry weight in ungrazed field and in pot-cultured plants clipped a month before flowering. The young shoots of the plant had 18.9% crude protein, 0.46% phosphorus and 25.4% crude fibre on dry weight basis.Key words: Hard seed coat, Mimosa pudica, scarification, dry matter productionDOI: 10.3126/on.v7i1.2568Our Nature (2009) 7:177-181  

scholarly journals The crypsis hypothesis explained: a reply to Jayasuriya et al. (2015)

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjørn R. Paulsen ◽  
Louise Colville ◽  
Matthew I. Daws ◽  
Sigrunn Eliassen ◽  
Göran Högstedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Dormancy Release ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection ◽  
Hard Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
By Products

AbstractIn imbibing seeds, resumption of metabolism leads to the unavoidable release of volatile by-products that are perceived as cues by rodent seed predators. The crypsis hypothesis proposes that the primary function of a water-impermeable, hard seed coat is to reduce rodent seed predation by rendering seeds olfactorily cryptic. In an opinion paper, Jayasuriya et al. (2015) find the crypsis hypothesis unscientific and ‘not consistent with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection’. It is unfortunate that Jayasuriya et al. (2015) did not appreciate that the crypsis hypothesis offers an alternative explanation for the evolution of water-impermeable seeds: released seed volatiles are cues used by rodents to locate seeds, and variation in seed-coat permeability leading to differences in seed volatile release represents the variable under selection. Furthermore, the sealing of water-impermeable seed coats imposes a cost of increased generation time and, therefore, dormancy-release mechanisms are expected to subsequently evolve in response to local environmental conditions. We also disagree with most other claims by Jayasuriya et al. (2015), who failed to appreciate how species with dimorphic seeds – one morph with permeable and the other with impermeable seed coats – benefit from rodent caching behaviour and population dynamics. We welcome this opportunity to clarify and elaborate on key features and the evolution of water-impermeable seed coats according to the crypsis hypothesis.

Seed-coat thickness data clarify seed size–seed-bank persistence trade-offs inAbutilon theophrasti(Malvaceae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Schutte ◽  
Adam S. Davis ◽  
Stephen A. Peinado ◽  
Jamshid Ashigh
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Size Data

AbstractTheoretical models predict that seed size and seed-bank persistence evolve interdependently, such that strong selection for one trait corresponds with weak selection for the other. This framework has been supported and rejected by empirical data, and thus, conclusive evidence is lacking. We expanded the seed size–persistence framework to include seed-coat thickness, a defence trait previously correlated with seed survival in soil. To do this, we usedAbutilon theophrastiaccessions with varied evolutionary histories and we quantified associations among seed traits including morphology, size, coat thickness, dormancy (percentage of viable seeds that fail to germinate under optimum conditions) and seed-bank persistence (percentage of viable seeds remaining after 1 year of burial). Statistical models were developed to test the hypothesis that combined measurements of seed-coat thickness and seed size better explain variability in seed-bank persistence than seed-size data alone. Results indicated that measurements of seed size (length, width, mass) were negatively correlated with coat:width ratio (coat thickness relative to seed width) and coat:mass ratio (coat thickness relative to seed mass). Accessions characterized by smaller seeds with proportionally thicker seed coats were more dormant and more persistent in soil than accessions characterized by larger seeds with proportionally thinner seed coats. Seed-coat thickness data improved the explanatory power of logistic regression models for seed-size effects on both seed-bank persistence and dormancy. These results indicate that supplementing seed-size data with seed-defence data may clarify previously reported contradictory results regarding trade-offs between seed size and seed-bank persistence.

Mechanisms regulating germination in seeds of Stylosanthes

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Gardener
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Germination Inhibitors ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Embryo Dormancy ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Seed coat impermeability, embryo dormancy, decline in embryo vigour and the effect of adhering pods on germination were measured monthly on 15 lines of Stylosanthes which had weathered on the soil surface. The effect of pod and seed coat on imbibition was investigated in S. humilis over a range of soil water contents. The level of impermeability of newly harvested seed was initially high for all lines, but the rates of loss varied both between and within species, which indicated the possibility of screening for residual hard seed. The lines also differed in their ability to maintain impermeability over a 14-day germination period. The initial level of embryo dormancy varied between species but the protection afforded against germination was short lived. Decline in embryo vigour appeared to be partly caused by the testa restricting the radicle mechanically. The presence of pods enclosing the seed reduced germination by a mean of 15.4%, but this ranged from 1% in a line of S. guyanensis with thin papery pods to 42% in a line of S. viscosa with thick strong pods. There was no evidence of germination inhibitors in either pods or seed coats, but both restricted the entry of water into the seed. Imbibed seed could be dehydrated without damage provided the radicle had not emerged from the seed coat. This occurred when the water content of the seed reached 90%.

scholarly journals Seed dispersal in Neuwiedia singapureana: novel evidence for avian endozoochory in the earliest diverging clade in Orchidaceae

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Li ◽  
Miaomiao Wang ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
Fanqiang Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Fleshy Fruits ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Avian Seed Dispersal ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
New Habitats

Abstract Background Seed dispersal allows plants to colonize new habitats that has an significant influence on plant distribution and population dynamics. Orchids produce numerous tiny seeds without endosperm, which are considered to be mainly wind-dispersed. Here, we report avian seed dispersal for an early diverging orchid species, Neuwiedia singapureana, which produces fleshy fruits with hard seed coats in the understory of tropical forests. Results Neuwiedia singapureana produced fleshy fruits that turned red in autumn, and birds were confirmed to be the primary seed dispersers. As compared to its sister species, N. veratrifolia with dehiscent capsular fruits, embryos of N. singapureana were larger and enclosed by thickened and lignified seed coats. After passing through the digestive tracts of birds, the seeds still stayed alive, and the walls of seed coat contained several cracks. The germination percentage increased significantly for digested seeds as compared with seeds from intact fruits. Conclusion The thickened and lignified seed coat may protect seeds as they passed through the digestive tracts of birds. Taken together with a recent report of insect-mediated seed dispersal system in the subfamily Apostasioideae, the animal-mediated seed dispersal may be an adaptive mechanism promoting the success of colonization in dark understory habitats.

scholarly journals An Untargeted Metabolomics Approach for Correlating Pulse Crop Seed Coat Polyphenol Profiles with Antioxidant Capacity and Iron Chelation Ability

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3833
Author(s):  
Fatma M. Elessawy ◽  
Albert Vandenberg ◽  
Anas El-Aneed ◽  
Randy W. Purves
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Iron Chelation ◽  
Iron Bioavailability ◽  
Untargeted Metabolomics ◽  
Black Bean ◽  
Pulse Crops ◽  
Pulse Crop ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Crop Seed

Pulse crop seed coats are a sustainable source of antioxidant polyphenols, but are typically treated as low-value products, partly because some polyphenols reduce iron bioavailability in humans. This study correlates antioxidant/iron chelation capabilities of diverse seed coat types from five major pulse crops (common bean, lentil, pea, chickpea and faba bean) with polyphenol composition using mass spectrometry. Untargeted metabolomics was used to identify key differences and a hierarchical analysis revealed that common beans had the most diverse polyphenol profiles among these pulse crops. The highest antioxidant capacities were found in seed coats of black bean and all tannin lentils, followed by maple pea, however, tannin lentils showed much lower iron chelation among these seed coats. Thus, tannin lentils are more desirable sources as natural antioxidants in food applications, whereas black bean and maple pea are more suitable sources for industrial applications. Regardless of pulse crop, proanthocyanidins were primary contributors to antioxidant capacity, and to a lesser extent, anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols, whereas glycosylated flavonols contributed minimally. Higher iron chelation was primarily attributed to proanthocyanidin composition, and also myricetin 3-O-glucoside in black bean. Seed coats having proanthocyanidins that are primarily prodelphinidins show higher iron chelation compared with those containing procyanidins and/or propelargonidins.

Developmental morphology and anatomy of the reproductive structures in sunflower (Helianthus annuus): a unified temporal scale

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.I. Lindström ◽  
L.F. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Growing Conditions

In sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), there has been an intense genetic selection for achenes with agronomic value, such as greater mass, oil content, and disease resistance. However, the information regarding the anatomical events that control their growth and maturation is surprisingly scarce. The aim of the present work was to study sunflower male and female sporogenesis and gametogenesis, as well as cell division and enlargement and tissue differentiation in the ovary and the embryo, linking the timing of these events to two frequently used phenological scales and a thermal time scale. In addition, we propose an ontogenetic scale that integrates the results of the present work to that of previous studies on sunflower reproductive development. The unified scales presented here provide a framework for others to investigate the relationships uncovered in this study in different genetic backgrounds and under different growing conditions.

The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYThe results of 80 calorimetric experiments with sheep and cattle, mostly conducted in Scotland, were analysed using a generalization of the Mitscherlich equation R = B(l–exp(–pG))–l, where R is daily energy retention and G daily gross energy intake, both scaled by dividing by the fasting metabolism. The relations between gross energy and metabolizable energy were also examined. Methods of fitting the Mitscherlich equation and the errors associated with it are presented.It is shown that the gross energy of the organic matter of feed can be estimated from proximate principles with an error of ±2·3% (coefficient of variation) and that provided different classes of feed are distinguished, the metabolizable energy of organic matter can be estimated from gross energy and crude fibre content with an error of ±6·9%. Parameters of the primary equation made with cattle agreed with those made with sheep and there was no evidence of non-proportionality of responses on substitution of feeds in mixtures.The efficiency of utilization of gross energy for maintenance and for body gain of energy was related to the metabolizability of gross energy and, in addition, to fibre or to protein content. Prediction equations are presented which describe these relationships.It is shown that the primary equation can be manipulated to express a number of biological concepts and that its two parameters B and p can be simply derived from estimates of the two efficiency terms for maintenance and production.The results are discussed in relation to the design of feeding systems for ruminant animals and to the derivation of optima in their feeding.

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