Identification of research to improve the efficiency of breeding strategies for white clover in Australia - a review

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Z. Z. Jahufer ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
R. A. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Conventional Breeding

A major challenge faced by today’s white clover breeder is how to manage resources within a breeding program. It is essential to utilise these resources with sufficient flexibility to build on past progress from conventional breeding strategies, but also take advantage of emerging opportunities from molecular breeding tools such as molecular markers and transformation. It is timely to review white clover breeding strategies. This background can then be used as a foundation for considering how to continue conventional plant improvement activities and complement them with molecular breeding opportunities. In this review, conventional white clover breeding strategies relevant to the Australian dryland target population environments are considered. Attention is given to: (i) availability of genetic variation, (ii) characterisation of germplasm collections, (iii) quantitative models for estimation of heritability, (iv) the role of multi-environment trials to accommodate genotype-by-environment interactions, (v) interdisciplinary research to understand adaptation to dryland environments, (vi) breeding and selection strategies, and (vii) cultivar structure. Current achievements in biotechnology with specific reference to white clover breeding in Australia are considered, and computer modelling of breeding programs is discussed as a useful integrative tool for the joint evaluation of conventional and molecular breeding strategies and optimisation of resource use in breeding programs. Four areas are identified as future research priorities: (i) capturing the potential genetic diversity among introduced accessions and ecotypes that are adapted to key constraints such as summer moisture stress and the use of molecular markers to assess the genetic diversity, (ii) understanding the underlying physiological/morphological root and shoot mechanisms involved in water use efficiency of white clover, with the objective of identifying appropriate selection criteria, (iii) estimation of quantitative genetic parameters of important morphological/physiological attributes to enable prediction of response to selection in target environments, and (iv) modelling white clover breeding strategies to evaluate the opportunities for integration of molecular breeding strategies with conventional breeding programs.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Algerian chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes: use of agro-morphological traits and molecular markers linked or not linked to the gene or QTL of interest

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Djihad Bellemou ◽  
Teresa Millàn ◽  
Juan Gil ◽  
Aissa Abdelguerfi ◽  
Meriem Laouar
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Conservation Of Genetic Resources ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Assessment of genetic diversity among chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm at the morphological and molecular levels is fundamental for chickpea breeding and conservation of genetic resources. Genetic variability of 46 chickpea genotypes including 42 Algerian genotypes and four control varieties was evaluated by using 15 agro-morphological traits. Eleven molecular markers including nine simple sequence repeats, one sequence characterised amplified region (SCY17) and one gene-specific (CaETR4) were used to characterise the 46 genotypes and eight references varieties added for disease resistance or susceptibility. Genotypes resistant to ascochyta blight were identified by the markers SCY17 and CaETR4 present together. High diversity was observed for all measured morphological traits between genotypes. Yield components, plant height, phenological traits and growth habit were the traits most involved in variation among genotypes and were partitioned into four groups by using principal component analysis. All molecular markers were polymorphic. In total, 91 alleles were obtained ranging from 2 to 21 per locus with average of 8.27 alleles per marker. Polymorphism information content ranged from 0.58 to 0.99 with an average value of 0.87. UPGMA clustering and Bayesian-based model structure analysis grouped genotypes into two clusters, but the distribution of the genotypes by cluster was not the same for the two analyses. According to the presence of markers indicating resistance to ascochyta blight (SCY17 and CaETR4), three resistant genotypes (FLIP 82-C92, ILC 6909, ILC 7241) were selected and should be tested in controlled conditions for confirmation. Considering the narrow diversity of cultivated chickpea, the Algerian genotypes can be considered as interesting for future breeding programs.

scholarly journals Breeding potential and genetic diversity of "Híbrido do Timor" coffee evaluated by molecular markers

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfahun Alemu Setotaw ◽  
Eveline Teixeira Caixeta ◽  
Guilherme Ferreira Pena ◽  
Eunize Maciel Zambolim ◽  
Antonio Alves Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Information Index ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽  
Potential Use

AFLP, RAPD and SSR molecular markers were used to study the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the Híbrido de Timor germplasm. The principal coordinate analysis, UPGMA cluster analysis based on genetic dissimilarity of Jaccard, Bayesian model-based cluster analysis, percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon's information index and Nei gene diversity were employed to assess the genetic diversity. The analyses demonstrated a high genetic diversity among Híbrido de Timor accessions. UPGMA and Bayesian cluster analyses grouped the accessions into three clusters. The genetic structure of Híbrido de Timor is reported. The management of Híbrido de Timor germplasm variability and its potential use in breeding programs are discussed.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis of 23 accessions of Indonesian banana cultivars based on Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Karlia Meitha ◽  
Intan Fatmawati ◽  
Fenny Martha Dwivany ◽  
Agus Sutanto ◽  
Sigit Nur Pratama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
B Genome ◽  
A Genome

Pisang Kepok (Musa spp. [ABB ’Saba’ subgroup]) has several unique characteristics, such as tolerance to drought and Fusarium Foc (TR4) disease. Currently, the genetic diversity of Pisang Kepok in Indonesia is not well identified, although it is widely cultivated. Information on genetic diversity is essential for developing breeding strategies to achieve efficient cultivar improvement in the future. Aims of this research were to analyze the genetic variation of Pisang Kepok from some islands in Indonesia and to determine the genetic relationship between Pisang Kepok and other accessions banana cultivars based on ITS2 region, as a basis for future research in improving banana quality through molecular breeding. We have conducted the multiple sequence alignment and built the phylogenetic tree analysis using the Bayesian Inference Phylogeny method of one million generations (ngen = 1,000,000). The ITS2 region showed two clade ingroups: first clade consists of banana with B genome (balbisiana), while the second clade consists of banana with only A genome (acuminata). In general, all accessions of Pisang Kepok cultivars were clustered in the B genome of bananas cultivars. In addition, the ITS2 sequences and secondary structures among Pisang Kepok from various regions are identical, suggesting that there was no genetic variation in the ITS2 region of Pisang Kepok from multiple areas in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Italian Beef Breeds as a Tool for Planning Conservation and Selection Strategies

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chiara Fabbri ◽  
Marcos Paulo Gonçalves de Rezende ◽  
Christos Dadousis ◽  
Stefano Biffani ◽  
Riccardo Negrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Conservation Measures

The aim was to investigate the population structure of eight beef breeds: three local Tuscan breeds under extinction, Calvana (CAL), Mucca Pisana (MUP), and Pontremolese (PON); three local unselected breeds reared in Sardinia, Sarda (SAR), Sardo Bruna (SAB), and Sardo Modicana (SAM); and two cosmopolitan breeds, Charolais (CHA) and Limousine (LIM), reared in the same regions. An effective population size ranges between 14.62 (PON) to 39.79 (SAM) in local breeds, 90.29 for CHA, and 135.65 for LIM. The average inbreeding coefficients were higher in Tuscan breeds (7.25%, 5.10%, and 3.64% for MUP, CAL, and PON, respectively) compared to the Sardinian breeds (1.23%, 1.66%, and 1.90% in SAB, SAM, and SAR, respectively), while for CHA and LIM they were <1%. The highest rates of mating between half-siblings were observed for CAL and MUP (~9% and 6.5%, respectively), while the highest rate of parent–offspring mating was ~8% for MUP. Our findings describe the urgent situation of the three Tuscan breeds and support the application of conservation measures and/or the development of breeding programs. Development of breeding strategies is suggested for the Sardinian breeds.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity Analysis Using Resistance Gene Analog-Based Markers to Support Morphological Characterization of Shallots

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Lina Herlina ◽  
Reflinur Reflinur ◽  
Kristianto Nugroho ◽  
Rerenstradika T. Terryana ◽  
Sobir Sobir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Resistance Gene Analog ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Conserved Domain

<p>Shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in Indonesia. The limited knowledge available on the genetic diversity and the threat of plant disease have been major problems to maintain high shallot production in Indonesia. Development of molecular markers linked to disease resistance is required for molecular breeding activity in this crop. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity at conserved domain of resistance gene analog (RGA) in a set of 36 Indonesian shallot genotypes to complement morphological characterization. Twelve morphological and fifteen molecular markers traits were investigated in an attempt to characterize and to discriminate the Indonesian shallots genotypes. Characterization at orphological level indicated that phenotypic variance was highest for total bulb weight (TWB, cv = 99.39%) and the least for the plant height (PH, cv = 28.16%). The correlation analysis between traits showed that TWB and number of bulb (NB), TWB and bulb weight per plant (WB), NB and WB, and WB and PH were positively correlated. Molecular analysis revealed a total of 1,512 alleles with an average of 1.946 alleles per locus. The Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values ranged from 0.253 to 0.676 and six out of 15 RGA markers were highly informative with PIC values ≥0.50. Based on cluster analysis, the 36 Indonesian shallot genotypes were clearly discriminated into six major groups. These results revealed that the RGA-based markers could support the morphological characterization in evaluating the genetic diversity of shallots. </p>

scholarly journals Characterization of pepper accessions using molecular markers linked to pungency and SSR

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-160
Author(s):  
Rafaela de Jesus ◽  
Gabriel do N Santos ◽  
Andressa S Piccin ◽  
Thiago WA Balsalobre ◽  
Fernando C Sala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Population Structure Analysis ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Genus Capsicum

ABSTRACT Peppers of the genus Capsicum are of great socioeconomic importance, being pungency trait their main attraction. Pungency characterization, genetic distance estimates and population structure analysis of the accessions belonging to germplasm banks are important for parent selection which allows to obtain superior progenies. Therefore, the aims of this study were: i) evaluate 81 accessions of the Capsicum spp. Germplasm Bank of Universidade Federal de São Carlos (BGC-UFSCar) with molecular markers linked to pungency; ii) estimate the genetic diversity among accessions of the BGC-UFSCar using microsatellite markers (SSR); and iii) evaluate the efficiency of these markers in the distinction among species of Capsicum spp. We noticed that pun11 and SNP molecular markers were efficient in predicting the pungent phenotype of BGC-UFSCar accessions in 84.85% and 95.59%, respectively. From a total of 13 amplified microsatellite markers, seven were polymorphic and efficient to discriminate species of Capsicum genus, both through genetic diversity analysis and population structure analysis, which showed three subpopulations. The molecular markers used in this study are useful tools for breeding programs since they were able to characterize and discriminate Capsicum spp. species at DNA level. Information obtained with molecular markers can assist in the selection of contrasting parents for future breeding programs.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Hordeum vulgare Genomic Profile: Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
Zeina S. M. Al-Hadeithi ◽  
Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Hordeum Spontaneum ◽  
Genetic Fingerprinting ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Dna Library ◽  
Long Time

This review represent plants genetic diversity (PDG) generally in crop plant and especially in Barley  (Hordeum vulgare), can be studied (PDG) and stored as a (PGR) plant genetic resources as gene bank , DNA library for saved genetic material at long time and crops improvement can be utilized in breeding programs strategies in future. In this  study observed the significance of plant genetic diversity (PGD) and (PGR) especially on agriculturally important crops , analysis of plant genomic using molecular markers. Barley is a well important studies crops using as a model for study genetic plant, cultivated barley Hordeum vulgare easily hybridization by genetic fingerprinting with wiled barley Hordeum spontaneum. The molecular markers showed their relation with locus of geographic factors and imposed stresses. Here, discussed barley genomic through relationship between genotype and phenotype traits using molecular markers useful for genetic physiological maps construction.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity analysis of the medicinal plant Heracleum persicum desf. ex fischer

Genetika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 757-768
Author(s):  
Faegheh Behzadifar ◽  
Sayeh Marandi ◽  
Ahmad Majd ◽  
Fahimeh Salimpour ◽  
Sedigheh Arbabian
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Genetic Conservation ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Good Level ◽  
Heracleum Persicum ◽  
Geographical Populations

Persian hogweed (Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fischer) is native to Iran but was introduced to Europe as an invasive plant. It has medicinal and edible values. Its fruits have been used to relieve flatulence, stomach aches as well as a flavoring as a digestive and an antiseptic. This medicinal plant forms many geographical populations in the country, particularly in mountainous regions; however, we have no data on the genetic structure and genetic diversity of this plant species. Such information can be used in gene pool identification and future genetic conservation and breeding programs. Therefore, the present study was performed with the following aims: 1- Provide data on genetic diversity of geographical populations, 2- Identify the potential gene pools for future genetic conservation and breeding programs. We used both Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and the Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) molecular markers as these are suitable molecular markers for genetic diversity investigations. There are highly polymorphic, reproducible, and relatively low cost markers. The present study revealed that both ISSR and SCoT markers produce data on the genetic variability and genetic affinity of the local populations. Both molecular markers revealed a good level of genetic variability within and among Heracleum persicum populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) produced a significant differences between geographical populations for both markers. We could identify few ISSR as well as SCoT bands which can differentiate the studied populations. The moderate to a good level of genetic diversity we observed within each H. persicum may be due to cross pollination. In conclusion, we suggest using combination of ISSR and SCoT molecular markers to study population genetic variability in H. persicum geographical populations for future genetic conservation and germplasm collection of this medicinal plant.

scholarly journals Using SSR Markers For Assessment Genetic Diversity And Detection Drought Escape Candidate Genes In Barley Lines (Hordeum Vulgare L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahideh Gougerdchi ◽  
Sara Dezhsetan ◽  
Mohammad Ali Ebrahimi ◽  
Behzad Sadeghzadeh ◽  
Sona Savari
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Marker Assisted Breeding ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Mapping Analysis

Abstract Assessment of genetic diversity using molecular markers is one of the primary and important steps in breeding programs. In this study, genetic diversity of 52 barley lines evaluated using 68 SSR primer pairs and 47 primer pairs produced clear and polymorphic banding pattern. In general, 153 polymorphic alleles detected. The number of observed polymorphic alleles varied from 2 to 9, with an average of 3.26 alleles per locus. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) ranged from 0.07 to 0.81, with an average of 0.45. In this research, SSR markers differentiated the studied lines efficiently. Using cluster analysis, studied barley lines divided into two groups. Genetic diversity was relatively corresponding with geographical origins, because the lines related to a country somewhat diverged from each other. Two-rowed Iranian and Chinese barleys classified in one subgroup. Also, most six-rowed barleys classified in one subgroup. Association mapping analysis was used to identify candidate genes for drought escape in barley lines and 16 informative markers were identified after which confirmation in other tests could be suitable for marker assisted breeding drought escape.

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