scholarly journals Subsoil constraints in Vertosols: crop water use, nutrient concentration, and grain yields of bread wheat, durum wheat, barley, chickpea, and canola

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. P. Dang ◽  
R. Routley ◽  
M. McDonald ◽  
R. C. Dalal ◽  
D. K. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Subsoil Water ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Plant Available Water

Single or multiple factors implicated in subsoil constraints including salinity, sodicity, and phytotoxic concentrations of chloride (Cl) are present in many Vertosols including those occurring in Queensland, Australia. The variable distribution and the complex interactions that exist between these constraints limit the agronomic or management options available to manage the soil with these subsoil constraints. The identification of crops and cultivars adapted to these adverse subsoil conditions and/or able to exploit subsoil water may be an option to maintain productivity of these soils. We evaluated relative performance of 5 winter crop species, in terms of grain yields, nutrient concentration, and ability to extract soil water, grown on soils with various levels and combinations of subsoil constraints in 19 field experiments over 2 years. Subsoil constraints were measured by levels of soil Cl, electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECse), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Increasing levels of subsoil constraints significantly decreased maximum depth of water extraction, grain yield, and plant-available water capacity for all the 5 crops and more so for chickpea and durum wheat than bread wheat, barley, or canola. Increasing soil Cl levels had a greater restricting effect on water availability than did ECse and ESP. We developed empirical relationships between soil Cl, ECse, and ESP and crop lower limit (CLL) for estimating subsoil water extraction by 5 winter crops. However, the presence of gypsum influenced the ability to predict CLL based on the levels of ECse. Stronger relationships between apparent unused plant-available water (CLL – LL15; LL15 is lower limit at –1.5 MPa) and soil Cl concentrations than ESP or ECse suggested that the presence of high Cl in these soils most likely inhibited the subsoil water extraction by the crops. This was supported by increased sodium (Na) and Cl concentration with a corresponding decrease in calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) in young mature leaf of bread wheat, durum wheat, and chickpea with increasing levels of subsoil constraints. Of the 2 ions, Na and Cl, the latter appears to be more damaging than the former, resulting in plant dieback and reduced grain yields.

Use of genetic tolerance in grain crops to overcome subsoil constraints in alkaline cropping soils

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Nuttall ◽  
K. B. Hobson ◽  
M. Materne ◽  
D. B. Moody ◽  
R. Munns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Isogenic Line ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
B Uptake

Subsoil physicochemical constraints such as primary salinity and high boron (B) can significantly reduce grain yields across wide areas of Australia. Financially viable amelioration options are limited for cropping systems on these soils, which has raised interest in ‘genetic solutions’. Increasing the tolerance of crops to high salinity and boron that typically co-exist within alkaline soils offers the potential for substantial yield benefits. To assess the contribution that genetic variation can make to crop yield, closely related genotypes differing in B and/or Na+ tolerance of bread and durum wheat, barley, and lentil were compared by growing the different lines in intact soil cores of 2 Calcarosol profiles differing in level of subsoil constraints (‘hostile’/’benign’). The hostile profile had salinity increasing to EC1 : 5 ~1.2 dS/m and B ~18 mg/kg to 0.60 m, whereas in the benign soil EC1 : 5 did not exceed ~0.6 dS/m and B ~11 mg/kg. Grain yields were significantly less on the hostile soil than the benign soil for barley (34%), bread wheat (20%), durum wheat (31%), and lentil (38%). Accumulation of B in shoots was significantly lower on the hostile soil across all crop species, indicating high sodium within the soil was associated with inhibited uptake of B in plants. In contrast, accumulation of Na+ was greater for all cereal crops in the hostile soil compared with the benign soil. Lentil plants with reputed sodium tolerance (CIPAL415) produced a significant yield benefit on both the benign and hostile soil over the commercial line, Nugget. The lentil line with combined Na+ and B tolerance (02-355L*03Hs005) also produced an additional yield increase over CIPAL415 on the hostile soil; however, yield was equivalent on the benign soil. For durum wheat, 2 genotypes differing in Na+ tolerance, containing either the Nax1 or Nax2 genes, accumulated less sodium in the straw than the parent cv. Tamaroi within the hostile soil; however, this did not translate to a yield advantage. For barley, there was no difference in either grain yield or B uptake in either the grain or straw between the B-tolerance line 03_007D_087 and its parent cv. Buloke. Similarly, there was no difference in either grain yield or B uptake between the bread wheat Schomburgk and its B-tolerant near-isogenic line BT-Schomburgk. This study suggests that of the cereal lines tested, there was no obvious benefit in lines with potentially improved tolerance for a single, specific subsoil constraint on alkaline soils where multiple potential constraints exist. In contrast, in lentils, incorporating tolerance to Na+ and B did show promise for increased adaptation to soils with subsoil constraints.

scholarly journals Plant available water

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Nel ◽  
J. G. Annandale
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Plant Available Water

The amount of water in the soil available for plant use, as well as water use efficiency, can be largely influenced by managerial practices. Field capacity is a useful arbitrary upper limit of plant available water (PAW), but factors such as redistribution of soil water, evaporative demand and root distribution may influence it. The lower limit of PAW is often referred to as the wilting coefficient, below which soil water is unavailable to plants. Yield losses occur long before the lower limit of available water is reached. Leaf water potential, transpiration, photosynthesis and various other plant processes are drastically reduced after soil water content has reached a certain threshold level. The presence of this threshold soil water content is being questioned by some researchers. Various soil, plant and climatic factors influence PAW. Laboratory measurements of PAW have a few serious shortcomings. In situ measurements are time consuming and for this reason work is still being done on streamlining laboratory methods.

scholarly journals Measuring and Modeling the Water Balance in Low-Rainfall Cropping Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 2097-2110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M. Whitbread ◽  
Munir P. Hoffmann ◽  
C. William Davoren ◽  
Damian Mowat ◽  
Jeffrey A. Baldock
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Plant Available Water

Abstract. In low-rainfall cropping systems, understanding the water balance, and in particular the storage of soil water in the rooting zone for use by crops, is considered critical for devising risk management strategies for grain-based farming. Crop-soil modeling remains a cost-effective option for understanding the interactions between rainfall, soil, and crop growth, from which management options can be derived. The objective of this study was to assess the error in the prediction of soil water content at key decision points in the season against continuous, multi-layer soil water measurements made with frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) probes in long-term experiments in the Mallee region of South Australia and New South Wales. Field estimates of the crop lower limit or drained upper limit were found to be more reliable than laboratory-based estimates, despite the fact that plant-available water capacity (PAWC) did not substantially differ between the methods. Using the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) to simulate plant-available water over three-year rotations, predicted soil water was within 7 mm (PAWC 64 to 99 mm) of the measured data across all sowing events and rotations. Simulated (n = 46) wheat grain production resulted in a root mean square error (RMSE) of 492 kg ha-1, which is only marginally smaller than that of other field studies that derived soil water limits with less detailed methods. This study shows that using field-derived data of soil water limits and soil-specific settings for parameterization of other properties that determine soil evaporation and water redistribution enables APSIM to be widely applied for managing climate risk in low-rainfall environments. Keywords: APSIM, Climate risk management, Crop models, Decision support, Soil moisture.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits in Saharan bread and durum wheats from Algerian oases

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bellil ◽  
M. Chekara Bouziani ◽  
D. Khelifi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Glutenin Subunits ◽  
Lmw Glutenin Subunits ◽  
Genotypic Identification ◽  
Diversity Studies

Saharan wheats have been studied particularly from a botanical viewpoint. Genotypic identification, classification and genetic diversity studies to date were essentially based on the morphology of the spike and grain. For this, the allelic variation at the glutenin loci was studied in a set of Saharan bread and durum wheats from Algerian oases where this crop has been traditionally cultivated. The high molecular weight and low molecular weight glutenin subunit composition of 40 Saharan bread and 30 durum wheats was determined by SDS-PAGE. In Saharan bread wheats 32 alleles at the six glutenin loci were detected, which in combination resulted in 36 different patterns including 17 for HMW and 23 for LMW glutenin subunits. For the Saharan durum wheats, 29 different alleles were identified for the five glutenin loci studied. Altogether, 29 glutenin patterns were detected, including 13 for HMW-GS and 20 for LMW-GS. Three new alleles were found in Saharan wheats, two in durum wheat at the Glu-B1 and Glu-B3 loci, and one in bread wheat at the Glu-B1 locus. The mean indices of genetic variation at the six loci in bread wheat and at the five loci in durum wheat were 0.59 and 0.63, respectively, showing that Saharan wheats were more diverse. This information could be useful to select Saharan varieties with improved quality and also as a source of genes to develop new lines when breeding for quality.

scholarly journals Development and validation of a method for quantification of common wheat, durum wheat, rye and barley by droplet digital PCR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schulze ◽  
Anne-Catrin Geuthner ◽  
Dietrich Mäde
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Droplet Digital Pcr ◽  
Food Fraud ◽  
Single Genome ◽  
Cereal Species

AbstractFood fraud is becoming a prominent topic in the food industry. Thus, valid methods for detecting potential adulterations are necessary to identify instances of food fraud in cereal products, a significant component of human diet. In this work, primer–probe systems for real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for the detection of these cereal species: bread wheat (together with spelt), durum wheat, rye and barley for real-time PCR and ddPCR were established, optimized and validated. In addition, it was projected to validate a molecular system for differentiation of bread wheat and spelt; however, attempts for molecular differentiation between common wheat and spelt based on the gene GAG56D failed because of the genetic variability of the molecular target. Primer–probe systems were further developed and optimized on the basis of alignments of DNA sequences, as well as already developed PCR systems. The specificity of each system was demonstrated on 10 (spelt), 11 (durum wheat and rye) and 12 (bread wheat) reference samples. Specificity of the barley system was already proved in previous work. The calculated limits of detection (LOD95%) were between 2.43 and 4.07 single genome copies in real-time PCR. Based on the “three droplet rule”, the LOD95% in ddPCR was calculated to be 9.07–13.26 single genome copies. The systems were tested in mixtures of flours (rye and common wheat) and of semolina (durum and common wheat). The methods proved to be robust with regard to the tested conditions in the ddPCR. The developed primer–probe systems for ddPCR proved to be effective in quantitatively detecting the investigated cereal species rye and common wheat in mixtures by taking into account the haploid genome weight and the degree of milling of a flour. This method can correctly detect proportions of 50%, 60% and 90% wholemeal rye flour in a mixture of wholemeal common wheat flour. Quantitative results depend on the DNA content, on ploidy of cereal species and are also influenced by comminution. Hence, the proportion of less processed rye is overestimated in higher processed bread wheat and adulteration of durum wheat by common wheat by 1–5% resulted in underestimation of common wheat.

scholarly journals Pattern analysis of Australia soil profiles for plant available water capacity

Geoderma ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 391 ◽  
pp. 114977
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Gladish ◽  
Di He ◽  
Enli Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Available Water Capacity ◽  
Plant Available Water

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Management Options on Water Allocation in River Mubuku-Sebwe Sub-Catchments of Lake Edward-George Basin, Western Uganda

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2009
Author(s):  
Caroline Ednah Mwebaze ◽  
Jackson-Gilbert Mwanjalolo Majaliwa ◽  
Joshua Wanyama ◽  
Geoffrey Gabiri
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Lake Edward ◽  
Western Uganda ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources

Limited studies in East Africa and particularly in Uganda have been carried out to determine and map water use and demands. This study aimed at assessing the impact of management options on sustainable water allocation in environmentally sensitive catchments of Mubuku and Sebwe of Lake Edward-George basin in Western Uganda. We used hydro-meteorological data analysis techniques to quantify the available water. We applied Mike Hydro model to allocate water to the different ongoing developments in the catchment based on 2015 and 2040 water demand management scenarios. We used the Nile Basin Decision Support System to assess the sustainability of the different water management scenarios for sustainable water resources use. Reliability computation did not consider hydropower in this study. Results show that water available in 2015 was 60 MCM/YR and 365 MCM/YR for Sebwe and Mubuku, respectively and is projected to decrease by 15% and 11% by the year 2040 under climate scenario RCP8.5. We project water demand to rise by 64% for domestic, 44% for livestock, 400% for industry, 45% for hydro power and 66% for irrigation by 2040. Mubuku water demand is projected to increase from 5.2 MCM in 2015 to 10.7 MCM in 2040. Mubuku available water is projected to fall from 364.8 to 329.8 MCM per annum. Sebwe water demand is projected to increase from 9.7 MCM in 2015 to 22.2 MCM in 2040 and its available water is projected to fall from 60 to 52 MCM per annum by the year 2040 from 2015. Water managers ought to allocate water based on the reliable water allocation which prioritizes domestic and environmental water demands, allocates 90% of industrial demand, 70% of irrigation and 60% of livestock demand. We recommend institutionalizing this model to guide water allocation in the Mubuku-Sebwe sub catchments. Water users should employ more efficient water use techniques to achieve high reliability and sustainable water resources management.

Effect of biochar and biochar particle size on plant-available water of sand, silt loam, and clay soil

2021 ◽  
pp. 104992
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
James E. Amonette ◽  
Markus Flury
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Plant Available Water

COMPOST INCORPORATION INCREASES PLANT AVAILABLE WATER IN A DRASTICALLY DISTURBED SERPENTINE SOIL

Soil Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 170 (12) ◽  
pp. 939-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Curtis ◽  
Victor P. Claassen
Keyword(s):  
Serpentine Soil ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Plant Available Water

scholarly journals Improving preharvest sprouting resistance in durum wheat with bread wheat genes

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 466-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keita Kato ◽  
Wakako Maruyama-Funatsuki ◽  
Mikiko Yanaka ◽  
Yusuke Ban ◽  
Kanenori Takata
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Preharvest Sprouting ◽  
Sprouting Resistance ◽  
Preharvest Sprouting Resistance
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document