Use of genetic tolerance in grain crops to overcome subsoil constraints in alkaline cropping soils

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Nuttall ◽  
K. B. Hobson ◽  
M. Materne ◽  
D. B. Moody ◽  
R. Munns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Isogenic Line ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
B Uptake

Subsoil physicochemical constraints such as primary salinity and high boron (B) can significantly reduce grain yields across wide areas of Australia. Financially viable amelioration options are limited for cropping systems on these soils, which has raised interest in ‘genetic solutions’. Increasing the tolerance of crops to high salinity and boron that typically co-exist within alkaline soils offers the potential for substantial yield benefits. To assess the contribution that genetic variation can make to crop yield, closely related genotypes differing in B and/or Na+ tolerance of bread and durum wheat, barley, and lentil were compared by growing the different lines in intact soil cores of 2 Calcarosol profiles differing in level of subsoil constraints (‘hostile’/’benign’). The hostile profile had salinity increasing to EC1 : 5 ~1.2 dS/m and B ~18 mg/kg to 0.60 m, whereas in the benign soil EC1 : 5 did not exceed ~0.6 dS/m and B ~11 mg/kg. Grain yields were significantly less on the hostile soil than the benign soil for barley (34%), bread wheat (20%), durum wheat (31%), and lentil (38%). Accumulation of B in shoots was significantly lower on the hostile soil across all crop species, indicating high sodium within the soil was associated with inhibited uptake of B in plants. In contrast, accumulation of Na+ was greater for all cereal crops in the hostile soil compared with the benign soil. Lentil plants with reputed sodium tolerance (CIPAL415) produced a significant yield benefit on both the benign and hostile soil over the commercial line, Nugget. The lentil line with combined Na+ and B tolerance (02-355L*03Hs005) also produced an additional yield increase over CIPAL415 on the hostile soil; however, yield was equivalent on the benign soil. For durum wheat, 2 genotypes differing in Na+ tolerance, containing either the Nax1 or Nax2 genes, accumulated less sodium in the straw than the parent cv. Tamaroi within the hostile soil; however, this did not translate to a yield advantage. For barley, there was no difference in either grain yield or B uptake in either the grain or straw between the B-tolerance line 03_007D_087 and its parent cv. Buloke. Similarly, there was no difference in either grain yield or B uptake between the bread wheat Schomburgk and its B-tolerant near-isogenic line BT-Schomburgk. This study suggests that of the cereal lines tested, there was no obvious benefit in lines with potentially improved tolerance for a single, specific subsoil constraint on alkaline soils where multiple potential constraints exist. In contrast, in lentils, incorporating tolerance to Na+ and B did show promise for increased adaptation to soils with subsoil constraints.

scholarly journals Soil nitrate accumulation and leaching in conventional, optimized and organic cropping systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 156-163
Author(s):  
Wang Dapeng ◽  
Zheng Liang ◽  
Gu Songdong ◽  
Shi Yuefeng ◽  
Liang Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Grain Yields

Excessive nitrogen (N) and water input, which are threatening the sustainability of conventional agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP), can lead to serious leaching of nitrate-N (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N). This study evaluates grain yield, N and water consumption, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N accumulation and leaching in conventional and two optimized winter wheat-summer maize double-cropping systems and an organic alfalfa-winter wheat cropping system. The results showed that compared to the conventional cropping system, the optimized systems could reduce N, water consumption and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N leaching by 33, 35 and 67–74%, respectively, while producing nearly identical grain yields. In optimized systems, soil NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N accumulation within the root zone was about 80 kg N/ha most of the time. In the organic system, N input, water consumption and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N leaching was reduced even more (by 71, 43 and 92%, respectively, compared to the conventional system). However, grain yield also declined by 46%. In the organic system, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N accumulation within the root zone was generally less than 30 kg N/ha. The optimized systems showed a considerable potential to reduce N and water consumption and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N leaching while maintaining high grain yields, and thus should be considered for sustainable agricultural development in the NCP.  

scholarly journals Evaluation of agronomic traits and assessment of genetic variability in some popular wheat genotypes cultivated in Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soleman M. Al-Otayk
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Days To Maturity

The present study was carried out to evaluate agronomic traits and assessment of genetic variability of some wheat genotypes at Qassim region, Saudi Arabia', during 2010/11 and2011/12 seasons. Fourteen wheat genotypes including five bread wheat and nine durum wheat genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications. The genotypes were evaluated for ten different yield contributing characters viz., days to heading, days to maturity, grain filling period, grain filling rate, plant height, number of spikes m-2, kernels spike-1, 1000-kernel weight, grain yield and straw yield. The combined analysis of variance indicated the presence of significant differences between years for most characters. The genotypes exhibited significant variation for all the characters studied indicating considerable amount of variation among genotypes for each character. Maximum coefficient of variation was observed for number of spikes m-2 (17%), while minimum value was found for days to maturity. Four genotypes produced maximum grain yield and statistically similar, out of them two bread wheat genotypes (AC-3 and SD12) and the other two were durum wheat (AC-5 and BS-1). The genotypes AC-3, AC-5 and BS-1 had higher grain yield and stable in performance across seasons. The estimation of phenotypic coefficient of variation in all the traits studied was greater than those of the genotypic coefficient of variation. High heritability estimates (> 0.5) were observed for days to heading, days to maturity, and plant height, while the other characters recorded low to moderate heritability. The high GA % for plant height and days to heading (day) was accompanied by high heritability estimates, which indicated that heritability is mainly due to genetic variance. Comparatively high expected genetic advances were observed for grain yield components such as number of kernels spike-1 and 1000-kernel weight. Grain yield had the low heritability estimate with a relatively intermediate value for expected genetic advance. The results of principle component analysis (PCA) indicated that the superior durum wheat genotypes for grain yield in the two seasons (AC-5 and BS-1) are clustered in group II (Fig. 2). Also, the superior two bread wheat genotypes (AC-3 and SD12) were in group I. Therefore, it could be future breeding program to develop new high yielding genotypes in bread and durum wheat.

Long term effects of tillage practices and N fertilization in rainfed Mediterranean cropping systems: durum wheat, sunflower and maize grain yield

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 166-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Seddaiu ◽  
Ileana Iocola ◽  
Roberta Farina ◽  
Roberto Orsini ◽  
Giuseppe Iezzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
Maize Grain

Source - sink effects on grain weight of bread wheat, durum wheat, and triticale at different locations

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Calderini ◽  
M. P. Reynolds ◽  
G. A. Slafer
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Source Limitation

Source limitation during grain filling is important for both management and breeding strategies of grain crops. There is little information on the sensitivity of grain weight of temperate cereals to variations in source–sink ratios, and no studies are available on the comparative behaviour of temperate cereals growing together in the same experiment. The objective of the current study was to evaluate, under field conditions, the response of grain weight to different source–sink ratios during grain filling in high-yielding cultivars of bread wheat, durum wheat, and triticale at 2 contrasting locations. Two experiments were carried out at C. Obregon and El Batan in Mexico. In each location, 6 genotypes (2 bread wheat, 2 durum wheat, 2 triticale) were evaluated. A week after anthesis, 2 source–sink (control and halved spikes) treatments were imposed. Location and genotype significantly (P < 0.01) affected grain yield and components. Significant grain weight increases (P < 0.05) were found only in 2 cases in El Batan. The highest response of 17% was found in triticale, with less than 10% in most of the other genotypes. The effect of genotype and location is discussed.

scholarly journals Yield Loss in Cereals, Caused by Fusarium culmorum and F. pseudograminearum, Is Related to Fungal DNA in Soil Prior to Planting, Rainfall, and Cereal Type

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 977-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Hollaway ◽  
M. L. Evans ◽  
H. Wallwork ◽  
C. B. Dyson ◽  
A. C. McKay
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Yield Losses

In southeastern Australia, Fusarium crown rot, caused by Fusarium culmorum or F. pseudograminearum, is an increasingly important disease of cereals. Because in-crop control options are limited, it is important for growers to know prior to planting which fields are at risk of yield loss from crown rot. Understanding the relationships between crown rot inoculum and yield loss would assist in assessing the risk of yield loss from crown rot in fields prior to planting. Thirty-five data sets from crown rot management experiments conducted in the states of South Australia and Victoria during the years 2005 to 2010 were examined. Relationships between Fusarium spp. DNA concentrations (inoculum) in soil samples taken prior to planting and disease development and grain yield were evaluated in seasons with contrasting seasonal rainfall. F. culmorum and F. pseudograminearum DNA concentrations in soil prior to planting were found to be positively related to crown rot expression (stem browning and whiteheads) and negatively related to grain yield of durum wheat, bread wheat, and barley. Losses from crown rot were greatest when rainfall during September and October (crop maturation) was below the long-term average. Losses from crown rot were greater in durum wheat than bread wheat and least in barley. Yield losses from F. pseudograminearum were similar to yield losses from F. culmorum. Yield loss patterns were consistent across experiments and between states; therefore, it is reasonable to expect that similar relationships will occur over broad geographic areas. This suggests that quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology and soil sampling could be powerful tools for assessing crown rot inoculum concentrations prior to planting and predicting the risk of yield loss from crown rot wherever this disease is an issue.

Association of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits with dough strength in durum wheats (Triticum turgidum ssp. turgidum L. conv. durum (Desf.)) in southern Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
CY Liu ◽  
AJ Rathjen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Glutenin Subunits ◽  
Dough Strength ◽  
Hmw Glutenin Subunits ◽  
Hmw Glutenin

A large set of durum wheat lines (79 including 8 advanced Australian breeding lines) randomly collected from 11 countries and 11 bread wheat cultivars were grown in replicated trials at 2 field locations to compare yield and gluten quality. Gluten strength, as measured by the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-sedimentation (SDSS) test, varied considerably among the durum lines and was associated with the presence of specific glutenins. Unlike some previous reports, the present study showed that durum wheat cultivars having the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits coded by Glu-B1 genes such as 13 + 16 and 7 + 8 were highly correlated with improved dough strength, which was consistent with the effect of HMW glutenin subunits on dough quality in bread wheat. Cultivars having the low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin allele LMW-2 (or gliadin band r-45) generally gave stronger gluten than lines with allele LMW-1, as reported by earlier workers. The LMW pattern LMW-IIt gave the strongest glutenin. The combined better alleles at Glu-B1 (coded bands 13 + 16, 7 + 8 v. 6 + 8, 20) and Glu-3 (patterns LMW- II, LMW-IIt v. LMW-I) showed linear cumulative effects for dough strength. All the durum lines studied had lower SDSS values than the bread wheat controls (45.8 v. 76.2 mL), though durum wheats tended to possess higher grain protein concentrations (14.0 v. 11.9%) and gave lower grain yield than bread wheat. The Australian advanced lines had higher yield and better dough strength than durums from other countries except those from CIMMYT. The Australian lines also had 1-1.5% higher protein concentration and equal or better grain yield than the bread wheat, suggesting that these lines had potential for commercial use.

RESPONSE OF WHEAT–RICE AND MAIZE/MILLET SYSTEMS TO FERTILIZER AND MANURE APPLICATIONS IN THE MID-HILLS OF NEPAL

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Sherchan ◽  
C. J. Pilbeam ◽  
P. J. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Double Cropping

Farmers in the mid-hills of Nepal have a mix of rainfed land on which millet is grown in relay after maize (maize/millet), and irrigated land on which wheat is grown sequentially after rice (wheat–rice). Double cropping is the norm but the diminishing quantities of organic materials, coupled with the trend towards increased use of inorganic fertilizers, have raised questions about the long-term productivity and sustainability of the cropping systems. The aim of this work was to examine the long-term effects (eight years) on grain yield of additions of manure and fertilizer either singly or in combination. Maize/millet and wheat–rice rotations were established on a Dystochrept at Pakhribas Agricultural Centre at about 1450 m altitude. Manure and fertilizer applications were applied to the maize (eight combinations in May) and the wheat (different rates in seven combinations in November) every year with the succeeding crops (millet and rice) utilizing residual nutrients. Yields of maize, millet and rice were greater when manure rather than fertilizer was applied but yields of wheat were less. The combined application of manure and fertilizer significantly increased yields of maize and wheat compared with applications of either manure or fertilizer alone. However, for the subsequent crops (millet and rice) there was either a small residual benefit of the combined application when compared with fertilizer alone, or no benefit when compared with manure alone. Overall, the combined application increased total grain yields by about 35% in the maize/millet rotation and by 16% in the wheat–rice rotation. There was no trend in yields in response to treatment with time.

Effects of CCC on Bread Wheat in Kenya

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Seitzer
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Septoria Nodorum ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Ear Diseases ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

SUMMARYCCC applied to bread wheat, in 1967 and 1968 as a foliar spray at 1·40 and 2·28 kg./ha. a.i., prevented and/or delayed lodging to some extent. However, this effect was small and complete control of lodging seems to be unlikely, even when using large amounts. CCC increased grain yields, by 1·5 to 10·9 qu./ha., depending on the extent to which lodging was reduced. Significant depressions in yield were obtained, presumably owing to an observed increase incidence in ear diseases, particularly Septoria nodorum. The increase in grain yield was due mainly to an increase in 1000 grain weight and grains per ear, whereas the effect on tillers per unit area was slightly negative. Where no lodging occurred, there was a slight but non-significant tendency for increasing grain yields after CCC treatment.

Grain yield responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to applications of fertiliser phosphorus and zinc.

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 849 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
R. F. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Zinc Fertiliser

Seed (grain) yield responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord) to applications of fertiliser phosphorus (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 kg P/ha as triple superphosphate) and zinc (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 kg Zn/ha as zinc oxide) were measured in 3 field experiments conducted in 1997 and 1998 on neutral to alkaline soils in south-western Australia. Additions of fertiliser phosphorus significantly (P<0.001) increased grain yields by about 50 and 100% in 2 experiments, but in the third experiment differences in grain yield due to applications of fertiliser phosphorus were not significant (P>0.05). Increases in grain yields due to zinc fertiliser were small (<10%) and were only significant (P<0.05) in 1 experiment. This suggests the 3 sites chosen had adequate soil zinc for grain production of faba bean. In 1 experiment the increase in grain yield due to addition of phosphorus fertiliser was due to an increase in the number of pods per plant; numbers of seed per pod and mean seed weight were unaffected by additions of phosphorus and zinc fertiliser. Adding phosphorus and zinc fertiliser increased concentrations of both elements in grain, but had no effect on the concentrations of other nutrient elements (N, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Mn, Fe) measured in grain. These findings support results of a previous study in Western Australia indicating that phosphorus is the major nutrient element deficiency for grain production of faba bean in neutral to alkaline soils.

scholarly journals Subsoil constraints in Vertosols: crop water use, nutrient concentration, and grain yields of bread wheat, durum wheat, barley, chickpea, and canola

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. P. Dang ◽  
R. Routley ◽  
M. McDonald ◽  
R. C. Dalal ◽  
D. K. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Subsoil Water ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Plant Available Water

Single or multiple factors implicated in subsoil constraints including salinity, sodicity, and phytotoxic concentrations of chloride (Cl) are present in many Vertosols including those occurring in Queensland, Australia. The variable distribution and the complex interactions that exist between these constraints limit the agronomic or management options available to manage the soil with these subsoil constraints. The identification of crops and cultivars adapted to these adverse subsoil conditions and/or able to exploit subsoil water may be an option to maintain productivity of these soils. We evaluated relative performance of 5 winter crop species, in terms of grain yields, nutrient concentration, and ability to extract soil water, grown on soils with various levels and combinations of subsoil constraints in 19 field experiments over 2 years. Subsoil constraints were measured by levels of soil Cl, electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECse), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Increasing levels of subsoil constraints significantly decreased maximum depth of water extraction, grain yield, and plant-available water capacity for all the 5 crops and more so for chickpea and durum wheat than bread wheat, barley, or canola. Increasing soil Cl levels had a greater restricting effect on water availability than did ECse and ESP. We developed empirical relationships between soil Cl, ECse, and ESP and crop lower limit (CLL) for estimating subsoil water extraction by 5 winter crops. However, the presence of gypsum influenced the ability to predict CLL based on the levels of ECse. Stronger relationships between apparent unused plant-available water (CLL – LL15; LL15 is lower limit at –1.5 MPa) and soil Cl concentrations than ESP or ECse suggested that the presence of high Cl in these soils most likely inhibited the subsoil water extraction by the crops. This was supported by increased sodium (Na) and Cl concentration with a corresponding decrease in calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) in young mature leaf of bread wheat, durum wheat, and chickpea with increasing levels of subsoil constraints. Of the 2 ions, Na and Cl, the latter appears to be more damaging than the former, resulting in plant dieback and reduced grain yields.

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