Estimating the long-term residual value of zinc oxide for growing wheat in a sandy duplex soil

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
The Relationship

A long-term (17-year duration) field experiment was started on newly cleared zinc (Zn)-deficient sandy duplex soil (sand with lateritic ironstone gravel over clay) in south-western Australia that had never been fertilised to measure the residual value of Zn oxide for growing spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). When wheat was grown in the field experiment different amounts of Zn were applied once only to plots in 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1996, 1997, and 2000. When the field experiment was terminated, we collected soil samples from the top 0.10 m of the field plots to do a glasshouse experiment reported here. In the pot experiment 5 amounts of Zn were applied to subsamples of soil collected from each plot of the field experiment. When a yield increase (response) to the freshly applied Zn was obtained in the pot study the maximum yield plateau for the relationship between yield of 54-day-old dried wheat shoots and the amount of Zn freshly applied was similar regardless of when and how much Zn was applied in the field. The amount of Zn freshly applied to soil in the pots required to produce 90% of the maximum yield of dried wheat shoots was determined for soil previously treated with no Zn or different amounts of Zn in different years in the field to provide DM90 values. The DM90 values were largest when no Zn was applied in the field, decreased as more Zn was applied in the field and, for each amount of Zn applied in the field, increased as the number of years from application of Zn increased. For soil treated with 0.5 and 1.0 kg Zn/ha in the field the relationship between DM90 values and the number of years since Zn was applied in the field was approximately linear. The projected number of years taken for soil previously treated with Zn in the field to require the same DM90 values as soil samples collected from the nil-Zn treatments in the field was 23 and 40 years for the 0.5 and 1.0 kg Zn/ha treatments, respectively. In the pot experiment the Zn concentration in plant parts that was related to 90% of the total yield of dried wheat shoots (critical Zn concentration) was ~12 mg/kg for youngest mature growth (YMG) and 22 mg/kg for rest of shoots (ROS). The relationship between yield of dried wheat shoots and DTPA soil test Zn before sowing was similar for all the Zn treatments applied in both the field and pot studies, and the critical value was ~0.17 mg Zn/kg soil.

Residual values of soil-applied zinc fertiliser for early vegetative growth of six crop species

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Zinc Fertiliser ◽  
Extractable Zn

Zinc (Zn) oxide is the most widely used fertiliser for the predominantly acidic to neutral soils of south-western Australia. For these soils, the residual value of Zn oxide has been determined for wheat and lupin, but not for barley, oats, canola and triticale, which are also grown in the region. Just after termination of a long-term (17 year) field experiment that measured the residual value of Zn oxide for wheat, soil samples were collected from selected plots to use in 2 glasshouse experiments. The field experiment was on previously unfertilised, newly cleared duplex soil (sand with much lateritic ironstone gravel over clay) and before the experiment started DTPA extractable Zn for the top 10 cm of soil was <0.2 mg Zn/kg. In the first glasshouse experiment, soil samples from the nil-Zn treatment of the field experiment were used to measure the critical Zn concentration in young mature growth of 6 crop species (wheat, barley, oats, lupin, canola and triticale) when 7 levels of Zn (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 and 600 mg Zn/kg soil) were applied to the soil. In the field experiment, 0.5 and 1.0 kg Zn/ha, as Zn oxide, had been applied once only in each of the following years to previously nil-Zn plots: 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1996 and 2000. Soil samples were collected from these plots to use in the second glasshouse experiment. This experiment estimated how long the Zn treatments applied in the field remained effective, as estimated using shoot yields and critical Zn concentrations in young mature growth of the same 6 crop species used in experiment 1. Critical Zn concentration in young mature growth was about 14 mg/kg for wheat, barley and lupin, 15 mg/kg for triticale, and 18 mg/kg for oats and canola. The residual value of Zn varied with crop species. As estimated from shoot yields, the 0.5 kg Zn/ha treatment was effective for ≤10 years for wheat, barley and oats, ≤14 years for lupin and canola, and >17 years for triticale. The 1.0 kg Zn/ha treatment remained fully effective for all crop species. As determined from projected estimates of the data, the time taken for Zn concentrations in young mature growth to reach critical values, the residual value of the 0.5 and 1.0 kg Zn/ha treatments were least for wheat, barley and oats, were greater for lupin and canola, and greatest for triticale. There were a total of 7 wheat crops and 10 pasture years during the 17 years of the field experiment. For the 0.5 and 1.0 kg Zn/ha treatment applied in the field in 1983, 30–34% of the applied Zn was removed in grain of the 7 wheat crops grown before soil samples were collected to do the glasshouse experiments. The pasture was grazed by sheep and it was estimated that 16–24% of the Zn applied in 1983 may have been removed in wool and meat. Removal of Zn in grain and animal products therefore decreased the residual value of the Zn oxide fertiliser.

scholarly journals Long-term complications after stent assist coiling dependent on clopidogrel response

BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Shoda ◽  
Yukiko Enomoto ◽  
Yusuke Egashira ◽  
Takamasa Kinoshita ◽  
Daisuke Mizutani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Platelet Reactivity ◽  
Unruptured Aneurysms ◽  
Hemorrhagic Events ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Verifynow Assay ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Delayed Phase

Abstract Background Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is necessary for stent assisted coiling. However, long term use of DAPT has a potential risk of hemorrhagic events. We aimed to examine the relationship between clopidogrel reactivity and complications. Methods Patients who underwent stent assisted coiling for unruptured aneurysms or previously treated aneurysms and received periprocedural DAPT in our institution between August 2011 to March 2020 were included. Platelet reactivity for clopidogrel was measured by VerifyNow assay system, and we defined the cut off value of P2Y12 Reaction Units (PRU) at 208 and classified patients as hypo-responders (PRU≧208) or responders (PRU<208). The rates of hemorrhagic and thrombotic events within 30 days (acute phase) and 30 days after the procedure (delayed phase) were compared between the two groups. Furthermore, changes in hemoglobin levels were measured before and after the procedure and at chronic stages (1 to 6 months thereafter). Results From 61 patients included in this study, 36 patients were hypo-responders and 25 patients were responders. Hemorrhagic events occurred 8.0% only in responders in the acute phase (p = 0.16), and 2.78% in hypo-responders and 20.0% in responders in the delayed phase (p = 0.037). Changes in hemoglobin levels before and after the procedure were 1.22 g/dl in hypo-responders and 1.74 g/dl in responders (p = 0.032) while before the procedure and chronic stages they were 0.39 g/dl in hypo-responders and 1.39 g/dl in responders (p <  0.01). Thrombotic events were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion Long term use of DAPT after stent assisted coiling is related to hemorrhagic events in the delayed phase. Preventing for hemorrhagic events, the duration of DAPT should be carefully considered in clopidogrel responders.

Response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover and yellow serradella to superphosphate applications

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of superphosphate applications (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg P/ha to the soil surface) on the dry matter (DM) herbage production of dense swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Junee) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus cv. Tauro) was measured in a field experiment on deep, sandy soil in south-western Australia. The swards were defoliated with a reel mower at weekly intervals from 88 to 158 days after sowing, to a height of 2 cm for the first 9 cuts, 4 cm for the tenth cut and 5 cm for the eleventh cut. Yellow serradella was more productive than subterranean clover. Consequently, for the relationship between yield and the level of phosphorus (P) applied, yellow serradella supported larger maximum yields and required less P than subterranean clover, to produce the same DM herbage yield. Maximum yields of yellow serradella were 12-40% larger. To produce 70% of the maximum yield for yellow serradella at each harvest, yellow serradella required about 50% less P than subterranean clover. However, when yields were expressed as a percentage of the maximum yield measured for each species at each harvest, the relationship between yield and the level of P applied was similar for both species, and they had similar P requirements.

Effects of long-term prescribed burning on the activity of select soil enzymes in an oak–hickory forest

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1799-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Eivazi ◽  
M.R. Bayan
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
The Relationship

In low-input or unmanaged ecosystems, the relationship between soil enzyme activity and plant biomass is expected and may be used as an early and sensitive indicator of soil productivity. This study was designed to (1) examine the long-term effects of burning on the activities of arylsulfatase, acid phosphatase, α- and β-glucosidase, and urease; (2) determine the relationship between microbial biomass C and enzyme activities as affected by long-term prescribed burning; and (3) study the seasonal variations in activities of the above-mentioned enzymes. Soil samples (Typic Fragiudalf) were collected from southeastern Missouri where a long-term burning experiment was established in 1949. Treatments consisted of (1) annual burning; (2) periodic burning, every 4 years; and (3) control, unburned. Soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected before and after annual and periodic burning during 1992 and seasonally in 1993. Long-term burning treatments significantly reduced the activities of enzymes studied but did not affect the pH and organic C. The microbial biomass C, total N, available P, and available S content of soil samples from both annual and periodic burning plots were significantly reduced. A significant positive correlation between soil enzyme activities and the microbial biomass was established. The treatment effects were apparent over the background seasonal variability, with reduced enzyme activity for the annual and periodic burning plots as compared with the unburned plots.

scholarly journals Bunch and ratoon management for profitable production of high quality bananas (Musa acuminata, AAA)

1969 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Héber Irizarry ◽  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
José A. Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Musa Acuminata ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Selection Of

Two long-term banana experiments were conducted to determine the effect of bunch bagging, removal of lower hands, and sucker management on fruit and bunch characteristics and total yield. Bunches covered with either Dursban-treated or untreated perforated polyethylene bags yielded 10,539 kg/ha more than the uncovered ones during a 40-month production period. Considering the price that quality bananas demand at the farm gate and the cost of bagging (materials and labor), this practice represents a net profit of $3,329.25/ha. The removal of the three lower hands from the immature racemes significantly reduced bunch mean weight and total yield. However, both removal of lower hands and bunch bagging increased size of individual fruits in the distal hand, thus up-grading fruit quality. In addition, these practices also reduced the number of days required from bunch-shooting to harvest. The selection of a vigorous "sword" sucker soon after planting, combined with repeated pruning of other competing suckers produced the maximum yield of 183,744 kg/ha during a 40-month period.

A soil sulfur test for pastures and crops

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Blair ◽  
N Chinoim ◽  
RDB Lefroy ◽  
GC Anderson ◽  
GJ Crocker
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Soil Sulfur ◽  
Test Level ◽  
Similar Soil

Soil testing for S has generally been unsuccessful when using extractants that remove only sulfate from the soil. An assessment of a range of extractants to predict S status was undertaken on soil samples taken from 18 field trials in northern N.S.W. The extractants were water, 0.01M monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and 0.5M NaHCO3, 0.25 M KCl heated for 3 h at 100, 80, 40, or 25�C. The highest correlation between soil S test level and % maximum yield was found in the 40�C KCl extractant (r2 = 0.73). This compares with an r2 value of 0.47 for the widely used MCP extractant. A study using a soil from a pot experiment where rice was grown showed that the KCl extract removed more S from the HI reducible (ester sulfate) fraction than did MCP. This S fraction is believed to be important in supplying S to plants. A comparison of the specific radioactivity of soil extractants and rice plants confirmed that the KCl 40�C extract removes S from similar soil pools as do plants. The procedure is recommended for wider evaluation.

scholarly journals Effect of fertilization on the potentially mineralize N forms of soil of long term field experiment was set in an acidic sandy soil

2007 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Péter Tamás Nagy ◽  
János Lazányi ◽  
Jakab Loch ◽  
Ida Kincses ◽  
Andrea Balláné Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Biological Interpretation ◽  
Mineralization Processes ◽  
Potentially Mineralizable N ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Term Field

The aim of this paper was to provide further information about the nitrogen mineralization processes of soil. A modified incubation technique was applied to establish the amount of easily soluble mineral and organic N forms during the incubation period. An acidic sandy soil was used for incubation, which was sampled from the „Westsik” long-term field experiment. The incubation was carried out on fifteen selected soil samples which were received different treatments since the experiment was set up. From the obtained results, the amount of potentially mineralizable N and the mineralization rate constant were determined. Results of chemical analysis and biological interpretation of results are discussed.

Residual value of superphosphate and Queensland rock phosphate for serradella and clover on very sandy soils as assessed by plant growth and bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
RJ Gilkes ◽  
DG Allen ◽  
MF D'Antuono
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Spline Functions ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Separate Calibration

Superphosphate (0-0.4 t/ha P) and Queensland rock phosphate (0-20 t/ha P) were incorporated into the top 10 cm of very sandy soil near Esperance, W.A. The effectiveness of the fertilisers for pastures was calculated from dry herbage yields of yellow serradella, slender serradella and subterranean clover. Soil samples were collected just after fertiliser application and at intervals up to 2.5 years for measurement of bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (soil test), which was related to plant yield. Results for all 3 species were very similar in response to superphosphate. The effectiveness of superphosphate decreased by about 50% between years 1 and 2, and by a further 25% between years 2 and 3. The effectiveness of Queensland rock phosphate was about 7% that offreshly applied superphosphate in the year of application for all 3 species and for the next 2 years, its effectiveness relative to freshly applied superphosphate remained about constant for yellow serradella and approximately doubled for slender serradella and clover. For superphosphate 2.5 years after application, the amount of phosphorus extracted by the soil test compared with freshly applied superphosphate decreased by about 80%. The soil test extracted a very small proportion of the phosphorus applied as Queensland rock phosphate and the amount extracted decreased by about 50% during 2.5 years. Although the plants responded strongly to increasing levels of applied phosphorus, soil test values remained low until yields of about half the maximum yield were attained. Separate calibration curves were required for each fertiliser and species and each calibration curve was best described by 2 component linear spline functions.

Long-term residual value of copper fertiliser for production of wheat grain

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
First Time

A long-term field experiment on acutely copper deficient soil commenced in 1967 in south-western Western Australia to measure the residual value of fertiliser copper for grain production of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Before sowing the first wheat crop, 6 amounts of copper [0, 0.69, 1.38, 2.07, 2.75 and 4.75 kg copper/ha as copper sulfate (25% copper)] were applied to large main plots when the fertiliser was placed (drilled) with the seed during sowing. Thereafter, wheat was grown every fourth year in rotation with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)-based pasture. When each wheat crop was sown in subsequent years, 4 amounts of copper were drilled with the sown seed in subplots within each of the 6 main plots, using new suplots for each wheat crop that were not previously treated with copper since the initial application in 1967. The effectiveness for producing wheat grain from the 6 original amounts of copper was calculated relative to freshly-applied copper by estimating the amount of original copper and freshly-applied copper required to produce the same grain yield. Results for the first 12 years have been published (Gartrell 1980); results for years 16–32 are presented in this paper. For the first 12 years large wheat grain yield increases were only obtained to freshly-applied copper in the original nil-copper main plots. For the first time, in the 16th year, copper responses also occurred to freshly-applied copper in the original 0.69 kg copper/ha main plots. The recommended amount of copper applied to wheat, for the soil type used, was 1.38 kg copper/ha and this supplied sufficient copper for grain production for 28 years. At this stage, grain yield responses to freshly-applied copper occurred for the first time in these main plots. The copper removal in grain of each wheat crop only accounted for about 2–3% of the original 1.38 kg copper/kg treatment. Otherwise, all freshly-applied copper treatments were on the maximum yield plateau because wheat roots accessed enough copper for grain production from soil treated with the original copper treatments. In years 4–16, the original copper treatments were more effective than freshly-applied copper because cultivating soil to sow wheat mixed the original treatments through soil increasingly improving interception of the original copper treatments in soil by plant roots. However, in years 24–32, freshly-applied copper was more effective as the residual value of the original copper treatments continued to decrease due to continued slow reaction of the original copper treatments with soil. For wheat at the flag leaf stage, the concentrations of copper in the youngest expanded wheat leaf blades that were related to 90% of the maximum grain yield (prognostic value) was about 1.4 mg/kg.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document