Moisture relations of hay species

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

Moisture relations of four species used for making hay—white clover (Trifolium repens L.), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)—have been investigated. Shapes and positions of equilibrium moisture content-relative humidity curves differed between species; and in general, moisture contents were lower for fast-cured than for slow-cured material and lower for over-mature than for less mature material. Sorption hysteresis effects were observed. Under the experimental conditions employed, equilibrium moisture contents were lower for material subjected to conditioning atmospheres immediately after mowing than for material cured prior to conditioning. Variations in the shape and position of equilibrium curves were frequently in accordance with known variations in chemical composition.

The susceptibility of hay species to mechanical damage. I. Effects of growing and curing conditions

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 788 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

A laboratory method was developed for determining the susceptibi1ity of hay species to mechanical damage and the nature of mechanical losses likely to be encountered during field curing. Three legume species were considered: lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and subterranean clover (T. subterraneurn L.). Twelve of the 17 growing and curing conditions investigated, e.g. maturity, drought, shading, and crushing, significantly affected fragility. Moisture content was particularly important and losses from carrying out field operations at unsuitable moisture contents could outweigh those from all other factors. Many types of damage contributed to the mechanical losses. Breaking up of individual leaflets, and fracture at the leaflet-petiole and petiole-stem junctions, were important but with the clovers the greatest losses resulted from fracture of petioles near the leaf-petiole junctions.

The susceptibility of hay species to mechanical damage. II. Effects of moisture content and variety

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Side Branch ◽  
Mechanical Loss ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Stem Fracture ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
And Storage

Separate effects of leaf and petiole or stem moisture contents on the susceptibility of hay species to mechanical damage during field curing and storage have been investigated. Three legume species were considered: lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). Several types of damage contributed to mechanical loss. The most important over the hay moisture content ranges normally encountered during field curing and storage were the breaking up of individual leaflets, fracture at leaflet–petiole junctions, fracture of petioles, and, with lucerne, fracture of side branch stems. Leaf, petiole, and stem moistures: either separately or jointly, affected the amount of each type. Most serious losses were from the leaf portion, but under some conditions up to 25% of the shattered material petiole and stem. The amount of leaf loss was determined largely by the leaf moisture content, but under some conditions more than half the leaf loss resulted from petiole or stem fracture, which was virtually independent of leaf moisture content. Individual plants within varieties and varieties within species differed in susceptibility to the various types of damage. Differences appeared to be inherent properties of the plants or varieties, and may be considered as potentially available for incorporation into standard varieties of hay species by selection or breeding. Overall reductions in susceptibility thus available were large, e.g. at least 46% with lucerne.

EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON VIABILITY AND INFESTATION OF HULLESS TERRA OATS IN STORAGE

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. SINHA ◽  
N. D. G. WHITE ◽  
H. A. H. WALLACE ◽  
R. I. H. McKENZIE
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mite Infestation ◽  
Tyrophagus Putrescentiae ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Effect Of Moisture

The effects of various seed moisture contents in hulless (cv. Terra) and hulled oats (cv. Random) on susceptibility to mite infestation and on mycofloral growth and germination loss were studied at weekly intervals. Fat acidity values were determined for Terra oats only after 4 wk of storage. Moisture content-relative humidity adsorption and desorption curves were determined for Terra at 22 °C and at relative humidities of 35–100%. Terra oats, which had a higher level of Penicillium infection at 90–100% RH than Random oats, lost viability more rapidly than Random. Fat acidity values of Terra increased rapidly from 35 mg KOH/100 g of seed to 87–118 mg KOH/100 g of seed, only when seeds were stored at 90–100% RH. Terra offered a more favorable substrate for the multiplication of the mites Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Acarus farris, and Lepidoglyphus destructor than did Random. With the exception of susceptibility to mite infestation, safe storage criteria are similar for hulled and hulless oats at usual moisture contents.

Studies of intervarietal hybridization in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
EM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Artificial Hybridization ◽  
Improved Technique

Subterranean clover pollen germinates freely on an agar medium at relative humidities above 95 per cent. and at temperatures between 20 and 25°C. Temperature was not as critical as relative humidity, since pollen germinated freely a t 4°C. Based on these findings an improved technique for the artificial hybridization of subterranean clover varieties was developed. With this technique 35.3 per cent. of the emasculated and cross-pollinated florets set seed in 18 different intervarietal crosses. Varying degrees of compatibility exist between different varieties. The percentage of emasculated florets in Tallarook which set seed from pollinations with different male parents varied from 75 per cent. for Dwalganup to 6.5 per cent. for Wenigup. The characteristics of a number of the F1 hybrids are described. The extent to which different parental characters were dominant in the hybrids is indicated.

Nitrogen fixation by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) growing in pure culture and in mixtures with varying densities of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) or phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.)

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
P. S. Cocks ◽  
A. D. Swan ◽  
A. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

The proportions of biologically fixed (Pfix) plant nitrogen (N) and the total amounts of N2 fixed by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) growing in pure culture and in mixtures with different densities (5, 10, 20, or 40plants/m2) of newly sown phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) or lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) were followed over 3 years in a field study using the 15N natural abundance technique. The amount of fixed N in subterranean clover was linearly related to shoot biomass. Over the 3-year period, subterranean clover fixed 23–34 kg N/t shoot biomass compared with 17–29 kg N/t shoot biomass in lucerne. Based on above-ground biomass, pure subterranean clover fixed 314 kg N/ha over the 3 years compared with 420–510 kg N/ha by lucerne–clover mixtures and 143–177 kg N/ha by phalaris–clover mixtures. The superior N2 fixation by the lucerneŒsubterranean clover mixtures was due to the N fixed by the lucerne and the presence of a higher subterranean clover biomass relative to that occurring in the adjacent phalaris plots. In the first year, 92% of subterranean clover shoot N was derived from fixation compared with only 59% of lucerne. The reliance of clover upon fixed N2 remained high (73–95%) throughout the 3 years in all swards, except in pure subterranean clover and lucerne in August 1996 (56 and 64%, respectively). Subterranean clover usually fixed a higher proportion of its N when grown in mixtures with phalaris than with lucerne. The calculated Pfix values for lucerne (47–61% in 1995 and 39–52% in 1996) were consistently lower than in subterranean clover and tended to increase with lucerne density. Although lucerne derived a lower proportion of its N from fixation than subterranean clover, its tissue N concentration was consistently higher, indicating it was effective at scavenging soil mineral N. It was concluded that including lucerne in wheat-belt pastures will increase inputs of fixed N. Although lucerne decreased subterranean clover biomass, it maintained or raised Pfix values compared with pure subterranean clover swards. The presence of phalaris maintained a high dependence on N2 fixation by subterranean clover, but overall these swards fixed less N due to the lower clover herbage yields. Perennial and annual legumes appear compatible if sown in a mix and can contribute more N2 to the system than where the annual is sown alone or with a perennial grass. These findings suggest that increases in the amount of N2 fixed can be achieved through different legume combinations without interfering greatly with the N fixation process. Different combinations may also result in more efficient use of fixed N2 through reduced leaching. Further work looking at combinations of annuals possibly with different maturity times, different annual and perennial legume combinations, and pure combinations of perennial (e.g. lucerne) could be investigated with the aim of maximising N2 fixation and use. Grazing management to encourage clover production in mixtures with phalaris will be necessary before the potential of subterranean clover to contribute fixed N2 in these swards is fully realised.

A Method for obtaining Samples of the Population of Collembola (Symphypleona) in Pastures

1933 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Davidson ◽  
D. C. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Factors Affecting

In our investigations on Smynthurus viridis, L., a study has been made of the population of this species, in an area of lucerne, at intervals of three and four days throughout the season.The density of the population of the species in a favourable pasture is markedly affected by the relative abundance of certain food-plants, especially leguminous species and particularly clovers such as subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and lucerne (Medicago sativa).The activity of the insect is intimately associated with the moisture of its environment, and the moisture content of the surface soil is one of the most important factors affecting the environmental conditions.Considering the habits of the insect, it was felt that the sweeping method would not give a reliable record of the total population in a given area of pasture. A sample obtained by sweeping with a net does not include individuals on or near to the surface of the soil. The relative proportion of individuals situated on or near the soil surface and those situated further up the plants varies considerably from time to time, according to the meteorological conditions, the growth of the herbage and the moisture content of the surface soil. It was necessary therefore to devise a simple method by means of which a more accurate record of the total population in a given area could be obtained.

Tactical versus continuous stocking for persistence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in pastures grazed by sheep in south-western Victoria

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Waller ◽  
P. E. Quigley ◽  
G. R. Saul ◽  
G. A. Kearney ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Tiller Density

The survival of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants was studied in sheep pastures in south-western Victoria during the dry summer of 1996–97. Recruitment of perennial ryegrass seedlings into the pasture sward was also monitored in the autumn–winter periods in 1997 and 1998. The objective was to investigate whether a tactical stocking strategy, consisting of variable length summer, autumn and winter rotations and continuous stocking in spring, might increase perennial ryegrass tiller survival and seedling recruitment in the autumn, compared with continuous stocking all year. The grazing strategies were compared on 2 contrasting pastures: an upgraded pasture [sown with newer cultivars of perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) with 26 kg phosphorus/ha.year as applied fertiliser] and a naturalised perennial ryegrass pasture receiving 6 kg P/ha.year. Paddocks were grazed by Border Leicester × Merino ewes, mated to a terminal sire so as to lamb in September. Perennial ryegrass tiller density was higher on the upgraded pasture with a mean density of 7750 tillers/m2 in early summer which declined to zero live tillers by mid summer. Live tillers began to reappear before the opening rains and then increased after the rain. Mean tiller density in the upgraded pasture declined over the 2 summers, with only 2050 tillers/m2 being present 2 months after the opening rains in 1998. There were no effects (P>0.05) of pasture type or grazing strategy on the number of tagged tillers that survived the summer period. Only 12% of the vegetative tillers, randomly tagged in December 1996, survived to May 1997. More than half of the tillers (56%) that produced a seedhead produced daughter tillers which survived the dry summer–autumn period. A significant (P<0.05) interaction between grazing strategy and pasture type occurred with the number of perennial ryegrass seedlings that had established 4 weeks after the opening rains in 1997. There was a 5–11-fold increase in seedling numbers which regenerated in the tactically stocked, upgraded pasture compared with the other treatments. Seedling recruitment was considerably lower in the autumn of 1998, due presumably to an overall decline in perennial ryegrass density relative to annual grasses in 1997. A second experiment investigated the effect of excluding sheep from grazing at anthesis until seedhead maturation or until the opening rains, together with a mechanical seed dislodgment treatment at seed maturity. All exclusion treatments increased seedling recruitment 4–7-fold, compared with continuous stocking. The results suggest a possible mechanism by which perennial ryegrass density can be increased without expensive reseeding.

scholarly journals An Overview of Pakistan Rock Salt Resources and Their Chemical Characterization

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Syed Asim Hussain ◽  
Han Feng-Qing ◽  
Ma Yunqi ◽  
Hawas Khan ◽  
Yang Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Salt Range ◽  
Salt Deposits

Rock salt is of importance for both humans and industries. In this study, we discussed the main salt deposits in Pakistan by evaluating the total reserves as well as the rock salt annual production and by characterizing their chemical composition (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, B+, K+, Li+, Cl-, SO42-, Br- and NO3-). Our objectives were to document their impurity, water-insoluble matter and moisture contents to ultimately discuss whether the halite in Pakistan, in its natural form, is safe for human consumption. Pakistan rock salt deposits are located in two distinct regions: the Salt Range area in the Potwar sub-basin with huge Precambrian salt deposits and the Eocene Bahadurkhel/Kohat salts in the Kohat sub-basin. Total reserves are estimated over tens of billion tons with an annual production of about 3,534,075 metric tons in 2017-Results show that the halite of the salt range area is purer than the Bahadurkhel/Kohat salts with purity levels (expressed as NaCl) of 99 and 95 wt. %, respectively. Gypsum represents one of the main impurities in halite for both regions, while potash salts (>9 wt. %) are observed in the Salt Range area, K contents are very low in the Kohat salts. Although the halite moisture content is similar for both regions, impurities contents are higher (>5%) for the Kohat salts, arising the need for their purification prior to eventual human consumption.    

The effect of autotetraploidy in five varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Induced autotetraploidy in the Dwalganup variety of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) resulted in total dry weight increases of 60 and 65.5 per cent. at flowering and maturity respectively. In the other four varieties the tetraploids had decreased yields of dry matter compared with the diploids, although the decreases for leaf weights at flowering were nonsignificant in Mount Barker and Tallarook, as was the total dry weight reduction in Tallarook at maturity. There were no significant differences between the diploids and tetraploids in percentage moisture content. When early development was stimulated by growth in a glass-house, the tetraploids of all varieties showed a significant increase in yield of green matter. The level of increased growth was maintained only in Dwalganup, and decreased in other varieties during flowering. An analysis was made of the way in which the different plant parts mere changed by tetraploidy. Where decreased growth occurred, the leaves and stems were coarser. In all varieties a reduced seed-setting followed autotetraploidy, although in Dwalganup the yield of seed per plant was not affected.

Copper and zinc bioavailabilities to ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown in biosolid treated Chilean soils

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 2665-2671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inés Ahumada ◽  
Orianne Gudenschwager ◽  
M. Adriana Carrasco ◽  
Gabriela Castillo ◽  
Loreto Ascar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Copper And Zinc
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