The susceptibility of hay species to mechanical damage. II. Effects of moisture content and variety

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Side Branch ◽  
Mechanical Loss ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Stem Fracture ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
And Storage

Separate effects of leaf and petiole or stem moisture contents on the susceptibility of hay species to mechanical damage during field curing and storage have been investigated. Three legume species were considered: lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). Several types of damage contributed to mechanical loss. The most important over the hay moisture content ranges normally encountered during field curing and storage were the breaking up of individual leaflets, fracture at leaflet–petiole junctions, fracture of petioles, and, with lucerne, fracture of side branch stems. Leaf, petiole, and stem moistures: either separately or jointly, affected the amount of each type. Most serious losses were from the leaf portion, but under some conditions up to 25% of the shattered material petiole and stem. The amount of leaf loss was determined largely by the leaf moisture content, but under some conditions more than half the leaf loss resulted from petiole or stem fracture, which was virtually independent of leaf moisture content. Individual plants within varieties and varieties within species differed in susceptibility to the various types of damage. Differences appeared to be inherent properties of the plants or varieties, and may be considered as potentially available for incorporation into standard varieties of hay species by selection or breeding. Overall reductions in susceptibility thus available were large, e.g. at least 46% with lucerne.

The susceptibility of hay species to mechanical damage. I. Effects of growing and curing conditions

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 788 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

A laboratory method was developed for determining the susceptibi1ity of hay species to mechanical damage and the nature of mechanical losses likely to be encountered during field curing. Three legume species were considered: lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and subterranean clover (T. subterraneurn L.). Twelve of the 17 growing and curing conditions investigated, e.g. maturity, drought, shading, and crushing, significantly affected fragility. Moisture content was particularly important and losses from carrying out field operations at unsuitable moisture contents could outweigh those from all other factors. Many types of damage contributed to the mechanical losses. Breaking up of individual leaflets, and fracture at the leaflet-petiole and petiole-stem junctions, were important but with the clovers the greatest losses resulted from fracture of petioles near the leaf-petiole junctions.

Moisture relations of hay species

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

Moisture relations of four species used for making hay—white clover (Trifolium repens L.), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)—have been investigated. Shapes and positions of equilibrium moisture content-relative humidity curves differed between species; and in general, moisture contents were lower for fast-cured than for slow-cured material and lower for over-mature than for less mature material. Sorption hysteresis effects were observed. Under the experimental conditions employed, equilibrium moisture contents were lower for material subjected to conditioning atmospheres immediately after mowing than for material cured prior to conditioning. Variations in the shape and position of equilibrium curves were frequently in accordance with known variations in chemical composition.

Barley seed storage under controlled conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Zadorozhna ◽  
T. P. Shyianova ◽  
M.Yu. Skorokhodov
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage

Seed longevity of 76 spring barley gene pool samples (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon, convar. distichon: 56 nutans Schubl., two deficience (Steud.) Koern., two erectum Rode ex Shuebl., two medicum Koern.; convar. nudum (L.) A.Trof.: one nudum L. та subsp. vulgare: convar. vulgare: nine pallidum Ser., three rikotense Regel.; convar. coeleste (L.) A.Trof.: one coeleste (L.) A.Trof.) from 26 countries, 11 years and four places of reproduction was analyzed. Seeds with 5–8% moisture content were stored in chamber with unregulated and 4oC temperature. The possibility of seed storage under these conditions for at least 10 years without significant changes in germination has been established. The importance of meteorological conditions in the formation and ripening of seeds for their longevity is confirmed. The relationship between the decrease of barley seeds longevity and storage conditions, amount of rainfall, temperature regime during the growing season of plants is discussed.

scholarly journals Wheat Grinding Process with Low Moisture Content: A New Approach for Wholemeal Flour Production

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Waleed H. Hassoon ◽  
Dariusz Dziki ◽  
Antoni Miś ◽  
Beata Biernacka
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Mixing Properties ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Flour Production ◽  
And Storage

The objective of this study was to determine the grinding characteristics of wheat with a low moisture content. Two kinds of wheat—soft spelt wheat and hard Khorasan wheat—were dried at 45 °C to reduce the moisture content from 12% to 5% (wet basis). Air drying at 45 °C and storage in a climatic chamber (45 °C, 10% relative humidity) were the methods used for grain dehydration. The grinding process was carried out using a knife mill. After grinding, the particle size distribution, average particle size and grinding energy indices were determined. In addition, the dough mixing properties of wholemeal flour dough were studied using a farinograph. It was observed that decreasing the moisture content in wheat grains from 12% to 5% made the grinding process more effective. As a result, the average particle size of the ground material was decreased. This effect was found in both soft and hard wheat. Importantly, lowering the grain moisture led to about a twofold decrease in the required grinding energy. Moreover, the flour obtained from the dried grains showed higher water absorption and higher dough stability during mixing. However, the method of grain dehydration had little or no effect on the results of the grinding process or dough properties.

Replacing synthetic N with clovers or alfalfa in bermudagrass pastures. 1. Herbage mass and pasture carrying capacity

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Beck ◽  
T. Hess ◽  
D. Hubbell ◽  
M. S. Gadberry ◽  
J. Jennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Fertilisation Rate ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including alfalfa (ALF, Medicago sativa L.) or a combination of white (Trifolium repens L.) and red (Trifolium pretense L.) clovers (CLVR) inter-seeded into bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) on herbage nutritive value compared with monocultures of bermudagrass fertilised with 0 (0N), 56 (56N), or 112 (112N) kg nitrogen (N)/ha over four grazing seasons. In autumn, at the end of the fourth year and in the spring before the fifth grazing season, alfalfa and clover plants were killed and the carryover N benefit of CLVR or ALF was compared with N fertilisation rates during the fifth year. Across years, N fertilisation rate increased herbage mass and carrying capacity linearly; whereas herbage production from CLVR and ALF swards was equivalent to 56N, were greater than 0N and less than 112N. Herbage mass in CLVR and ALF swards was greater than fertilised bermudagrass swards in the spring and did not differ from fertilised bermudagrass in the early summer. In late summer herbage accumulation of CLVR and ALF swards appeared to decrease, limiting the herbage mass in the legume pastures compared with 56N and 112N. Carrying capacity of CLVR and ALF swards was greater than fertilised bermudagrass in the spring and early summer, but did not differ from fertilised swards in the late summer. The N benefit of including legumes in bermudagrass swards can alleviate the reliance on synthetic N fertilisation with little overall effect on pasture carrying capacity.

scholarly journals Crushing Susceptibility of Vetch Seeds Under Impact Loading

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
F. Shahbazi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Impact Loading ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Mathematical Relationships ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMechanical damage of seeds due to harvest, handling and other process is an important factor that affects the quality and quaintly of seeds. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of moisture content and the impact energy on the breakage susceptibility of vetch seeds. The experiments were conducted at moisture contents of 7.57 to 25% (wet basis) and at the impact energies of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 J, using an impact damage assessment device. The results showed that impact energy, moisture content, and the interaction effects of these two variables significantly influenced the percentage breakage in vetch seeds (p<0.01). Increasing the impact energy from 0.1 to 0.3 J caused a significant increase in the mean values of seeds breakage from 41.69 to 78.67%. It was found that the relation between vetch seeds moisture content and seeds breakage was non-linear, and the extent of damaged seeds decreased significantlyas a polynomial (from 92.47 to 33.56%) with increasing moisture (from 7.57 to 17.5%) and reached a minimum at moisture level of about 17.5%. Further increase in seed moisture, however, caused an increase in the amount of seeds breakage. Mathematical relationships composed of seed moisture content and impact energy, were developed for accurately description the percentage breakage of vetch seeds under impact loading. It was found that the models have provided satisfactory results over the whole set of values for the dependent variable.

scholarly journals Physiological quality of pink pepper seeds (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi.) as a function of storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-157
Author(s):  
Thaísa De Oliveira Silveira ◽  
Madelon Rodrigues Braz ◽  
Gilmara Pires de Moura Palermo ◽  
Tiago Böer Breier
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
And Storage

Seeds of native forest species for food and seedling production have a growing demand that impacts the need for studies involving seed storage in order to maintain good levels of germination quality. Thus, scientific analyzes that explore the physiological potential of the seeds of these species are necessary, especially for the pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi.), a species used as an alternative source of income for traditional communities and which has been arousing interest due to the consumption of its fruits as a condiment in the national and international market. This work aimed to assess the physiological quality of pink pepper seeds according to the storage period and seed size. The seeds came from a rural settlement, a pioneer in the extraction of pink pepper, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The seeds were evaluated for moisture content, germination, first count, length and dry weight of the germinated seedlings, during the period of time that they remained stored and the size of the seeds. The results allowed to conclude that: i) the germinative percentage of the stored pink pepper seeds decreased over the months; ii) the moisture content of the seeds decreased over the months evaluated iii) the different sizes of seeds did not show differences in germination and storage time and iv) values of length and dry weight of the seedlings did not differ according to the period of storage.

PERFORMANCE OF FOUR IRRIGATED PASTURE MIXTURES UNDER GRAZING BY SHEEP

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Wilson ◽  
R. D. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Canary Grass ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Moderate Yield

Four herbage mixtures with two levels of fertilizer application were compared for 6 consecutive years under grazing by sheep. The most satisfactory mixture with respect to yield, persistence, and stability was one of orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L., smooth bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leys., creeping red fescue, Festuca rubra L., and ladino clover, Trifolium repens L. The same mixture of grasses without clover was lower yielding even with annual applications of 78 pounds of nitrogen and 48 pounds of P2O5 per acre. A mixture of orchardgrass, tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea L., and alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. yielded well, and combated weed encroachment but the alfalfa did not persist beyond the third year. Tall fescue was very aggressive in this mixture. A mixture of orchardgrass and ladino clover yielded well for a few years but became badly infested with weeds as the orchardgrass was reduced through winter killing. Moderate yield increases were obtained from phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer applications on all mixtures.

scholarly journals The outer quality loss during grain post-harvest treatment and handling

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 91-102
Author(s):  
P. Kroupa
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Quality Loss ◽  
Partial Knowledge ◽  
Counter Flow ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Grain Crushing ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Treatment Objective ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
And Storage

In the paper are presented results of grain outer quality loss investigation during its post-harvest treatment. Objective was to determine the grain damage during its transport by bucket elevators of type &ldquo;SANFON&rdquo; at bucket peripheral velocity 2.0 m/s and 2.8 m/sof capacity 40 t/hand 80 t/h, respectively. The damage was investigated at counter-flow and parallel-flow bucket filling. From the measured results resulted the conclusion, that the bucket elevators tend rather to grain crushing, i.e. fraction creation than to smaller damage. On basis of partial knowledge chain elevators have no significant tendency to fraction generation, but incline considerably to the transported grain total mechanical damage at performance significantly lower than is the nominal one. In that case total mechanical damage ranged from 1.78 to 1.98%. Auger conveyers tend rather to total mechanical damage of transported grain than to the fraction creation. This is caused mainly by the friction between the transported grain and transporting &ldquo;trough&rdquo;. Total mechanical damage is in range from 1.36 to 1.73%. Belt elevators are friendly to transported grain and therefore are evitable for grain horizontal transport in lines for reception, treatment and storage of food grain crops.

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