scholarly journals An Overview of Pakistan Rock Salt Resources and Their Chemical Characterization

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Syed Asim Hussain ◽  
Han Feng-Qing ◽  
Ma Yunqi ◽  
Hawas Khan ◽  
Yang Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Salt Range ◽  
Salt Deposits

Rock salt is of importance for both humans and industries. In this study, we discussed the main salt deposits in Pakistan by evaluating the total reserves as well as the rock salt annual production and by characterizing their chemical composition (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, B+, K+, Li+, Cl-, SO42-, Br- and NO3-). Our objectives were to document their impurity, water-insoluble matter and moisture contents to ultimately discuss whether the halite in Pakistan, in its natural form, is safe for human consumption. Pakistan rock salt deposits are located in two distinct regions: the Salt Range area in the Potwar sub-basin with huge Precambrian salt deposits and the Eocene Bahadurkhel/Kohat salts in the Kohat sub-basin. Total reserves are estimated over tens of billion tons with an annual production of about 3,534,075 metric tons in 2017-Results show that the halite of the salt range area is purer than the Bahadurkhel/Kohat salts with purity levels (expressed as NaCl) of 99 and 95 wt. %, respectively. Gypsum represents one of the main impurities in halite for both regions, while potash salts (>9 wt. %) are observed in the Salt Range area, K contents are very low in the Kohat salts. Although the halite moisture content is similar for both regions, impurities contents are higher (>5%) for the Kohat salts, arising the need for their purification prior to eventual human consumption.    

Moisture relations of hay species

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

Moisture relations of four species used for making hay—white clover (Trifolium repens L.), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)—have been investigated. Shapes and positions of equilibrium moisture content-relative humidity curves differed between species; and in general, moisture contents were lower for fast-cured than for slow-cured material and lower for over-mature than for less mature material. Sorption hysteresis effects were observed. Under the experimental conditions employed, equilibrium moisture contents were lower for material subjected to conditioning atmospheres immediately after mowing than for material cured prior to conditioning. Variations in the shape and position of equilibrium curves were frequently in accordance with known variations in chemical composition.

scholarly journals Chemical characterization of Brazilian hulless barley varieties, flour fractionation, and protein concentration

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Vieira Helm ◽  
Alicia de Francisco
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Hulless Barley

Even though hulless barley is widely known due to its nutritional potential, in Brazil it is only grown at a few agricultural experimental stations. There is no published data about the chemical composition of Brazilian hulless barley varieties; however, research laboratories have studied their agronomical characteristics. The objectives of this study were to present the chemical characterization and effect of flour fractionation on protein concentration of six Brazilian hulless barley varieties, namely IAC IBON 214/82, IAC 8612/421, IAC 8501/31, IAC 8501/12, IAPAR 39-Acumaí, and IAC 8501/22. The analyses included: ash, ether extract, total protein, starch, total insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, and beta-glucans. Flour fractionation was carried out by sieving. The flour fractions were evaluated for crude protein, protein, and protein and non-protein nitrogen. Chemical composition varied (P < 0.05) among all the varieties. IAC 8501/22, IAC 8501/31, and IAC 8501/12 showed the highest protein content (15.69, 15.25, and 14.94% respectively). Differences (P < 0.05) among the protein of the fractionated flours were detected, and might be attributed primarily to genetic background since all varieties were grown under the same environmental conditions. Fractionating the flour increased the total protein content, in some fractions, by up to 2%. These results may be useful in the food industry for the selection of hulless barley varieties for human consumption and to produce substantially protein-enriched flour fractions.

scholarly journals The Influence of Cigarette Moisture to the Chemistry of Particulate Phase Smoke of a Common Commercial Cigarette

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
Q Zha ◽  
SC Moldoveanu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Molecular Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Lower Molecular Mass

AbstractThis study presents the results on the influence of cigarette moisture content to the chemical composition of particulate phase smoke. Seventy-five selected compounds were monitored for the comparison of particulate phase smoke of a commercial full-flavored (FF) cigarette with three different moisture contents at 7.8%, 14.5% and 20.4%, respectively. It was demonstrated that the smoke of a dry cigarette is richer in lower molecular mass compounds than a regular cigarette. On the other hand, the smoke of a moist cigarette is richer in higher molecular mass compounds than a regular cigarette. To maximize the influence of cigarette moisture to the chemical composition, a separate set of measurements were done using only the first three puffs of smoke. The accumulation of moisture in the tobacco column of a burning cigarette may influence the smoke composition, as generated during burning. The differences between dry, regular and moist cigarettes were more obvious for the first three puffs.

scholarly journals Proximal chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of Persea americana leaves cv Hass, Fuerte y Criollo

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Janette FRAUSTO-MOLINA ◽  
Xochitl TOVAR-JIMÉNEZ ◽  
Rocío ÁLVAREZ-GARCÍA ◽  
Alejandro TÉLLEZ-JURADO
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Sampling Area ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this work was to determine the proximal chemical composition of leaves and infusion Persea americana cv Hass, Fuerte and Criollo, as well as, their antioxidant activity by standardized analytical methods. To carry this out, P. americana leaves were analyzed according to moisture content (fresh and dehydrated), only in the sampling area from Criollo variety was found that produced green and purple fruits, therefore, the leaves of these trees were also evaluated, in order to determine if the proximal composition and antioxidant activity depends on these factors. The results indicated that there is a statistically significant difference in the proximal composition between P. americana leaves of the three varieties evaluated, as well as, their antioxidant activity, with dry leaves infusion of the Criollo variety with green fruit showing the highest activity antioxidant (70 % Inhibition ABTS).

scholarly journals Chemical Characterisation of Unrefined Rock Salt Deposits of Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Abrar ul Hassan ◽  
Sakhawat Ali ◽  
Ayesha Mohy Udd Din ◽  
Salman Muhsen
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Salt Mines ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Salt Deposits

Different salt samples from mining sites of Bahadur Khel, Warcha and Jatta salt mines were collected during a survey to evaluate their parameters of purity like water insoluble matter, calcium, magnesium, sulphate and potassium contents.Trace elements such as iron, zinc, copper, mangansese,chromium, lead and cadmium were determined by using Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer.Obtained results have shown that of all the three salt deposits, Bahadur Khel salt deposits have a of low purity of 97% set by codex alimentarius commission.Trace element contents of all the salt deposits were within the legal limits of human consumption and RDA specification.

scholarly journals Comparisons between two economically valuable forest species (Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus taeda) in relation to seed behaviour under controlled deterioration

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Jussara Bertho Fantinatti ◽  
Roberto Usberti
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Aluminium Foil ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Controlled Deterioration ◽  
Seed Storability

The objectives of this work were to analyze seed behaviour under controlled deterioration and estimate viability equations for forest species Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus taeda. Desired moisture content levels were achieved from initial values after either rehydration over water or drying over silica gel, both at 25 ºC. Seed sub samples with 8 moisture contents each for E. grandis (1.2 to 18.1%, initial value of 11.3%) and P. taeda (1.5 to 19.5%, initial value of 12.9%) were sealed in laminate aluminium-foil packets and stored in incubators maintained at 40, 50 and 65 ºC. The seeds from these species exhibited true orthodox and sub-orthodox storage behaviour, respectively, however E. grandis showed higher seed storability, probably due to a different seed chemical composition. Lowest moisture content limits estimated for application of the viability equations at 65 ºC were 4.9 and 4.1 mc for E. grandis and P. taeda, on equilibrium with ±20% RH. The viability equation estimated quantified the response of seed longevity to storage environment well with K E = 9.661 and 8.838; C W = 6.467 and 5.981; C H = 0.03498 and 0.10340; C Q = 0.0002330 and 0.0005476, for E. grandis and P. taeda, respectively.

The Smoulder Stream of Cigarettes / Zur Kenntnis des Glimmstromes von Cigaretten

1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Seehofer ◽  
W. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Cigarette Paper ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe phenomenon of the smoulder stream flowing through the cigarette during smouldering and during the puff intervals is demonstrated for the first time and its dependence upon physical conditions is examined. The volume of the smoulder stream can amount up to 180 ml per cigarette. Increasing draw resistance of the cigarette and augmenting moisture content of the tobacco as well as perforation of the cigarette paper have a decreasing effect on volume and velocity of the smoulder stream. The porosity of the cigarette paper has no perceptible influence. The spatial position of the cigarette affects volume and velocity of the smoulder stream. The influence exercised by the smoulder stream on the yields of total condensate, nicotine, phenols, aldehydes, and acroleine when the cigarette tip is open during the puff intervals is determined. When the moisture contents of the tobacco were extremely high, yield decreases reaching 50 % could be observed.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Characterization of a Non-Polar Extract of Saffron Stamens in Food Matrix

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Severino Zara ◽  
Giacomo L. Petretto ◽  
Alberto Mannu ◽  
Giacomo Zara ◽  
Marilena Budroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Matrix ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
By Products

The production of saffron spice generates large quantities of plant by-products: over 90% of the plant material collected is discarded, and a consideration fraction of this waste is plant stamens. This work investigated the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activities of the non-polar fraction extracted from four different saffron flower stamens. The chemical composition of ethereal extracts of the saffron stamens was qualitatively assessed by means of gas–chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. These analyses revealed ethereal extracts to possess a high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. In vitro antibacterial activity of stamen extracts showed no large differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in terms of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). In food matrix microbial analysis of the bacterial strains belonging to the main foodborne pathogen species, including Staphylococcus aureus DSM 20231, Escherichia coli DSM 30083, and Listeria monocytogenes DSM 20600, using low-fat UHT milk, revealed a statistically significant reduction in the number of cells (particularly for E. coli and S. aureus with a complete elimination of the population of the two target bacteria following incubation in diethyl ether extracts of saffron stamen (DES) at high concentrations tested, both at 37 °C and 6 °C (for 48 h and 7 days, respectively). A synergic effect was observed when the pathogens were incubated at 6 °C with DES. This work shows these by-products to be excellent sources of bioactive compounds, which could be exploited in high-added-value products, such as food, cosmetics, and drugs.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology in Roman Opaque Red Glass from the 2nd Century AD. Archaeometric Investigation in Red Sectilia from the Decoration of the Lucius Verus Villa in Rome

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2597-2611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Bandiera ◽  
Patrice Lehuédé ◽  
Marco Verità ◽  
Luis Alves ◽  
Isabelle Biron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Colorimetric Measurements ◽  
Shed Light

This work aims to characterise the chemical composition of Roman opaque red glass sectilia dated to the 2nd century A.D and to shed light on Roman glassmaking production of different shades of red, from red to reddish-brown. Due to the lack of technical historical sources for this period many questions about technological aspects still remain. In this project a multi-disciplinary approach is in progress to investigate the red glass sectilia with several red hues from the Imperial Villa of Lucius Verus (161–169 A.D.) in Rome. First, colorimetric measurements were taken to identify the various red hues. The second step was chemical characterization of the samples and the identification of crystalline colouring phases. Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) analysis was used to investigate the chemical composition of these glass samples, while the crystalline phases were identified by Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electrons Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Using SEM-EDS nanoparticles were detected as a colouring agent, the chemical composition and the morphology of which has been studied in depth. This information has been compared with the colorimetric analysis to establish any correlation with the different colour hues.

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