Corrigendum - The effect of formaldehyde treatment of a casein supplement on urea excretion and on digesta composition in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Filtered Load ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

The urinary excretion of urea, the fate of an intravenous dose of urea, overall nitrogen metabolism and the composition of rurnen and abomasal samples were studied in crossbred sheep given a basal roughage diet to which supplements of starch, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein were added. Urea excretion was closely related to plasma urea level (r = 0.935) and to the filtered load of urea (r = 0.957). The amount of urea reabsorbed by the kidney increased as'the amount filtered increased; the relationship was improved when values obtained at urine flow rates less than 1 rnl/rnin were omitted. When sheep were given the starch and treated casein diets, the rate at which they cleared a small dose of urea from their plasma was greater than the renal clearance rate; only 75% of a large dose was recovered in the urine. The capacity to dispose of exogenous urea by extra-renal pathways was apparent only when rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were less than about 200 mg/l. Formaldehyde treatment reduced nitrogen digestibility but reduced urine nitrogen excretion to a greater extent so that nitrogen retention increased. Treatment was associated with reduced plasma urea levels, reduced rumen and abomasal ammonia levels, reduced total VFA levels, increased proportions of acetic acid and decreased proportions of isobutyric, isovaleric and n-valeric acids, and more protein in abomasal contents.

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of a casein supplement on urea excretion and on digesta composition in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Filtered Load ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

The urinary excretion of urea, the fate of an intravenous dose of urea, overall nitrogen metabolism and the composition of rurnen and abomasal samples were studied in crossbred sheep given a basal roughage diet to which supplements of starch, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein were added. Urea excretion was closely related to plasma urea level (r = 0.935) and to the filtered load of urea (r = 0.957). The amount of urea reabsorbed by the kidney increased as'the amount filtered increased; the relationship was improved when values obtained at urine flow rates less than 1 rnl/rnin were omitted. When sheep were given the starch and treated casein diets, the rate at which they cleared a small dose of urea from their plasma was greater than the renal clearance rate; only 75% of a large dose was recovered in the urine. The capacity to dispose of exogenous urea by extra-renal pathways was apparent only when rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were less than about 200 mg/l. Formaldehyde treatment reduced nitrogen digestibility but reduced urine nitrogen excretion to a greater extent so that nitrogen retention increased. Treatment was associated with reduced plasma urea levels, reduced rumen and abomasal ammonia levels, reduced total VFA levels, increased proportions of acetic acid and decreased proportions of isobutyric, isovaleric and n-valeric acids, and more protein in abomasal contents.

Urea Excretion in the Camel

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
T. R. Houpt ◽  
S. A. Jarnum
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Urea Clearance ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration

The nitrogen excretion was studied in the one-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius. When a growing camel was maintained on a low N intake (dates and hay) the amount of N excreted in the form of urea, NH3 and creatinine decreased to 2–3 gm/day. This decrease was caused by a drop in urea excretion from 13 gm to 0.2–0.5 gm/day. Urea given intravenously during low N intake was not excreted but was retained. (The camel like other ruminants can utilize urea for microbial synthesis of protein.) The renal mechanism for urea excretion was investigated by measuring urea clearance and glomerular filtration rate during a period of 7 months. During normal N intake about 40% of the urea filtered in the glomeruli were excreted in the urine while during low N intake only 1–2% were excreted. The variations in urea clearance were independent of the plasma urea concentration and of glomerular filtration rate, but were related to N intake and rate of growth. No evidence of active tubular reabsorption of urea was found since the urine urea concentration at all times remained higher than the simultaneous plasma urea concentration. The findings are not in agreement with the current concept for the mechanism of urea excretion in mammals. It is concluded that the renal tubules must either vary their permeability to urea in a highly selective manner or secrete urea actively.

Effects of benzoic acid and inulin on ammonia–nitrogen excretion, plasma urea levels, and the pH in faeces and urine of weaner pigs

2010 ◽  
Vol 134 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 243-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danka Halas ◽  
Christian Fink Hansen ◽  
David J. Hampson ◽  
Jae-Cheol Kim ◽  
Bruce P. Mullan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Weaner Pigs

Factors affecting the urinary excretion of urea nitrogen in cattle. II. The plasma urea nitrogen concentration

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Urea Clearance ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration ◽  
Filtered Load

The relationships between the plasma urea concentration and clearance variables associated with urinary urea excretion were investigated in urea-supplemented cattle. The plasma urea concentration was related to the urinary urea output, and thus to the urea clearance and the fraction of filtered urea excreted. It is suggested that the urine flow rate was influenced by urinary urea excretion, which in turn was influenced by the plasma urea concentration and therefore by the filtered load of urea. The probable influence of the recycling of urea to the rumen on the excretion of urinary urea is discussed.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance of starting barrow pigs fed on increasing lysine levels

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Moreira ◽  
Alessandro Luis Fraga ◽  
Diovani Paiano ◽  
Gisele Cristina de Oliveira ◽  
Cláudio Scapinello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Net Protein

The effects of increasing lysine levels on nitrogen balance of pigs fed on low protein diets were evaluated. Four treatments (diets) containing lysine levels (0.8, 1.0 1.2 and 1.4%) were applied to 12 starting (20.0 ± 1.8 kg) barrow pigs. Methionine, threonine and tryptophan were kept constant to the lysine ratio in all diets. Feces and urine were collected during a 5-day period. Nitrogen output in urine (NOU), total nitrogen output (TNO), nitrogen retention (NR), net protein utilization (NPU), biological value or feed protein (BVFP), urine urea nitrogen (UUN), and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) were determined. PUN showed high negative correlations with BVFP (-0.84), NPU (-0.76), and NR (-0.78) and a positive correlation (0.79) to NOU. Lowest nitrogen excretion and the best use of diet protein were obtained with 1.1% total lysine level. PUN is efficient to indicate amino acid for pigs.

The effect of diethylstilbestrol on nitrogen excretion in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 573-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Huber
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Arginase Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Conservation ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Administration of 2 mg of diethylstilbestrol (DES) daily to lambs reduced total urinary nitrogen excretion, urea excretion, plasma urea concentrations, and liver arginase activity. The percent of filtered urea reabsorbed was greater in untreated lambs, thus suggesting that the increased nitrogen conservation observed following DES administration to ruminants is not the result of a direct effect of DES on tubular reabsorption of urea but on nitrogen metabolism.

Factors affecting the urinary excretion of urea nitrogen in cattle. III.* High plasma urea nitrogen concentrations

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 727 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Thornton ◽  
BW Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
51Cr Edta ◽  
Filtered Load

The relationship between urinary urea nitrogen excretion, the filtered load of urea nitrogen, and the plasma urea nitrogen concentration were studied in cows intravenously infused with 0.5–10 g urea nitrogen per hour. These levels of infusion resulted in ranges of plasma urea nitrogen concentration of 12–63 mg/100 ml, of filtered urea nitrogen of 3–19 g/hr, and of urinary urea nitrogen excretion of 2.5–12.7 g/hr. There were linear relationships between the filtered load of urea nitrogen and the plasma urea nitrogen concentration (r = 0.91), between urinary urea nitrogen excretion and the filtered load of urea nitrogen (r = 0.92), and between urinary urea nitrogen excretion and the plasma urea nitrogen concentration (r = 0.97). It was concluded that the amount of urea excreted in the urine was regulated more by the plasma urea concentration than by renal processes such as glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the concentrating ability of the kidneys, or urine flow rate. The capacity of the bovine kidneys to excrete urea and mechanisms involved in the renal excretion of urea are discussed. The successful use of 51Cr-EDTA for the estimation of GFR in cattle is reported in an appendix. __________________ *Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 21: 145 (1970).

The effect of sucrose supplementation on kinetics of nitrogen, ruminal propionate and plasma glucose in sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sutoh ◽  
Y. Obara ◽  
S. Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration ◽  
Kinetics Of

SUMMARYThe effects of dietary sucrose on the metabolic rate of plasma glucose and ruminal propionate as well as the change in nitrogen kinetics were examined in four mature wethers fitted with rumen fistulas in Tsukuba, Japan in 1990. Wethers were fed at 12 equal intervals daily on crushed lucerne hay cubes (1233 g DM/day), with or without 204 g/day of sucrose. Plasma urea and glucose kinetics were determined following a single intravenous injection of [I5N]urea and [U-13C]glucose respectively; and the kinetics of ruminal ammonia and propionate were determined following a single intraruminal injection of [15N]ammonium chloride and [2–13c]sodium propionate respectively. Following supplementation of sucrose to the diet, nitrogen retention was increased (P< 0·05) with a decrease in plasma urea concentration (P< 0·05) and urinary urea excretion (P< 0·05). Sucrose supplementation decreased (P< 005) the concentration and irreversible loss rate of ruminal ammonia. Urinary allantoin excretion did not change with sucrose treatment, but the flow rate of non-ammonia-nitrogen from the rumen was increasedP< 0·05). The transfer rate of ruminal ammonia to plasma urea was also decreased (P< 0·01), whilst the transfer rate of plasma urea to ruminal ammonia was increased (P< 0·05) by dietary sucrose. Sucrose supplementation resulted in a higher concentration of propionate and butyrate (P< 0·05) in the rumen with no significant change in acetate or pH. The concentration of plasma glucose did not change with sucrose treatment, but the concentration of insulin, pool size (P< 0·05) and the irreversible loss rate of glucose (P< 0·01) were increased, reflecting the increase in the production rate of ruminal propionate (P< 0·05). It was concluded that the supplementation of sucrose affected the metabolism of urea and glucose in plasma via a change in ruminal production rate of ammonia and propionate, respectively.

Formaldehyde treatment of concentrate diets for sheep. II.* Effect on urea synthesis and excretion

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Treatment Changes ◽  
Urea Recycling

The synthesis of urea, its return to the gastrointestinal tract and excretion in the urine were studied in sheep given concentrate diets, untreated or treated with formaldehyde, containing four different protein levels. Rumen ammonia and plasma urea levels increased with protein level and decreased with formaldehyde treatment. Changes in urea excretion were closely related to changes in plasma urea levels. There was a relationship between urea synthesis and rumen ammonia levels, but differences in the amount of urea returned to the gastrointestinal tract did not follow a consistent pattern. When expressed as a percentage of urea synthesized, urea recycling decreased as protein level increased but tended to increase when the diets were treated. The results are consistent with an appreciable fraction of the nitrogen returned to the rumen being in forms other than urea. _________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28: 1055 (1977).

The nutrition of ruminants grazing native and improved pastures. II.* Responses of grazing cattle to molasses and urea supplementation

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 875 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Langlands ◽  
GE Donald
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

Hereford heifers grazing native and fertilized phalaris pastures were supplemented with ureamolasses mixtures for 2 years. The liveweight of heifers grazing phalaris pastures did not respond to supplementation, but the liveweight gain of heifers grazing native pasture increased significantly by 6 g/day/g nitrogen consumed as urea during July, August and September and by 0.16 g/day/g digestible organic matter consumed as molasses at other times of year. Supplement consumption varied between animals, with a coefficient of variation of ±37%. Urea–molasses supplementation increased the rumen ammonia nitrogen levels of cattle grazing native pasture from 6.7 to 16.1 mg/100 ml. The application of superphosphate and introduction of white clover increased rumen ammonia nitrogen to 15.7 mg/100 ml. The effects of supplementation on liveweight gain were small relative to the changes which could be induced by pasture improvement. There was a curvilinear relationship between the digestibility of the diet and liveweight gain when pasture availability was not limiting intake. It was calculated from this relationship that the annual liveweight gains of cattle grazing native pasture, native pasture dressed with superphosphate and oversown with white clover, and two phalaris pastures were 223 498, 726 and 763 g/day respectively when forage was available ad libitum. ____________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 863 (1978).

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