The effect of sucrose supplementation on kinetics of nitrogen, ruminal propionate and plasma glucose in sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sutoh ◽  
Y. Obara ◽  
S. Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration ◽  
Kinetics Of

SUMMARYThe effects of dietary sucrose on the metabolic rate of plasma glucose and ruminal propionate as well as the change in nitrogen kinetics were examined in four mature wethers fitted with rumen fistulas in Tsukuba, Japan in 1990. Wethers were fed at 12 equal intervals daily on crushed lucerne hay cubes (1233 g DM/day), with or without 204 g/day of sucrose. Plasma urea and glucose kinetics were determined following a single intravenous injection of [I5N]urea and [U-13C]glucose respectively; and the kinetics of ruminal ammonia and propionate were determined following a single intraruminal injection of [15N]ammonium chloride and [2–13c]sodium propionate respectively. Following supplementation of sucrose to the diet, nitrogen retention was increased (P< 0·05) with a decrease in plasma urea concentration (P< 0·05) and urinary urea excretion (P< 0·05). Sucrose supplementation decreased (P< 005) the concentration and irreversible loss rate of ruminal ammonia. Urinary allantoin excretion did not change with sucrose treatment, but the flow rate of non-ammonia-nitrogen from the rumen was increasedP< 0·05). The transfer rate of ruminal ammonia to plasma urea was also decreased (P< 0·01), whilst the transfer rate of plasma urea to ruminal ammonia was increased (P< 0·05) by dietary sucrose. Sucrose supplementation resulted in a higher concentration of propionate and butyrate (P< 0·05) in the rumen with no significant change in acetate or pH. The concentration of plasma glucose did not change with sucrose treatment, but the concentration of insulin, pool size (P< 0·05) and the irreversible loss rate of glucose (P< 0·01) were increased, reflecting the increase in the production rate of ruminal propionate (P< 0·05). It was concluded that the supplementation of sucrose affected the metabolism of urea and glucose in plasma via a change in ruminal production rate of ammonia and propionate, respectively.

Effects of Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda) on the nutrition and metabolism of sheep. II.* Metabolism of urea

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
FB Roseby ◽  
RA Leng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration

The effect of infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis on the rates of production, excrehon and recycling of urea was studied in 24 Merino lambs. The production rate of urea was estimated as the irreversible loss rate of [14C]urea given as a single injection. The feed intake of all sheep was maintained at 540 g/day throughout the experiment. Parasitized sheep had a higher plasma urea concentration than their paired controls 15–35 days after they were infected. This was associated with an increase in the rate of irreversible loss and the rate of urinary excretion of urea. The additional urea lost in urine is apparently produced from ammonia released from amino acids in the tissues or in the digestive tract. ______________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 947 (1973).

Effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, sucrose or urea plus sucrose on plasma urea and glucose kinetics in sheep fed chopped lucerne hay

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Obara ◽  
D. W. Dellow
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Glucose Kinetics ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Urea Kinetics ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration

SUMMARYThe effect of rumen fermentation on the relationship between urea and glucose kinetics was examined in sheep fed chopped lucerne hay with intraruminal infusions of water, urea, sucrose, or urea plus sucrose at Palmerston North, New Zealand in 1986. Sheep were fed hourly and infused intraruminally with water (1200 m1/day), or a similar volume containing either urea alone (13·7g/day), sucrose alone (178·2 g/day) or urea (14·6 g/day) plus sucrose (175·0 g/day). The added sucrose resulted in a lower rumen ammonia concentration (P< 0·05), lower plasma urea concentration (P< 0·05) and reduced urinary urea excretion (P< 0·05). Urea recycled to the gut tended to increase with the sucrose, urea or sucrose plus urea treatments compared with the water treatment. The fermentation of sucrose in the rumen resulted in decreases in ruminal pH (P< 0·05) and in the ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) (P< 0·05). The infusion of sucrose also increased the concentration of propionate in rumen fluid (P< 0·05), tended to increase the plasma glucose level and increased plasma glucose irreversible loss (P< 0·05). The infusion of urea resulted in an increase in the plasma urea level (P< 0·05), urea pool size (P< 0·05) and urea irreversible loss (P< 0·01). However, urea infusion did not affect glucose metabolism or volatile fatty acid (VFA) fermentation. The effects of sucrose infusion on glucose and urea kinetics were broadly similar when given alone or with urea, apart from changes in the urea degradation rate. It was concluded that the additional fermentative activity resulting from sucrose increased propionate production which, in turn, was available for glucose production, thus ‘sparing’ amino acids for tissue protein utilization and reducing urea excretion.

scholarly journals Nitrogen digestion in sheep given poor-quality indigenous hill herbages

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
J. A. Milne ◽  
S. Wilson ◽  
Angela M. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Plasma Urea

1. In two experiments, the sites of digestion of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) and the amounts of urea N recycled to the rumen were measured in mature wether sheep given diets of indigenous hill herbage (Agrostis–Festucaand heather).2. Duodenal and ileal flow values were obtained using103Ru-phenanthroline and51Cr-EDTA markers in animals prepared with simple (T-shaped) cannuals. Amounts of urea N recycled to the rumen were estimated from measurements of the transfer of plasma urea carbon into rumen bicarbonate and the production rate of rumen bicarbonate using14C-labelled urea and bicarbonate respectively.3. The flows of NAN at the duodenum and ileum were linearly related to the intake of herbage (P< 0.001). There was a net gain of non-ammonia N anterior to the duodenum on both diets (at an intake of 460 g organic matter (OM)/d, 3.7 g NAN/d onAgrostis–Festucaand 3.3 g NAN/d on heather).4. Net digestibility of NAN entering the small intestine was within a normal range on theAgrostis–Festuca(0.58 at 460 g OM intake) diet but low on the heather diet (0.043 at 460 g OM intake).5. It was calculated that at 460 g OM intake only 0.9 and 1.1 g/d respectively of the duodenal NAN on theAgrostis-Festucaand heather diets could have been derived from urea-N recycled to the rumen. Thus 2.8 g and 2.2 g/d had to be accounted for as non-urea endogenous NAN.

Nitrogen metabolism and plasma urea concentrations in fleeceweight-selected and control Romney rams

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
SN McCutcheon ◽  
DDS Mackenzie ◽  
HT Blair
Keyword(s):  
Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration ◽  
And Control ◽  
Daily Period

Nitrogen retention and plasma urea concentrations were examined in 2-year-old Romney rams from fleeceweight-selection and control lines. In four experimental periods rams were fed chaffed lucerne hay (110% of maintenance energy requirements) three times daily (Period I), twelve times daily (Period II), twice daily (Period IV), or were fasted (Period 111). Nitrogen balance was measured in Period I, while plasma concentrations, urinary excretions and clearances of urea and creatinine were examined in Periods II-IV. Water intake and urine output were measured in all periods. Plasma urea concentrations were also measured in the same rams at grazing. Differences between the lines in water intake, urine output, faecal and urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention were not significant. Control rams maintained significantly higher plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine than fleeceweight-selected rams but only under controlled feeding conditions (particularly twelve times daily feeding). Differences between the lines in plasma urea concentration could be accounted for by the (non-significantly) greater urinary urea excretion, and lower creatinine clearance rate, of control rams. Measurement of plasma urea concentration in sheep may provide a useful predictor of genetic merit for fleeceweight. However, it will be necessary to measure plasma urea concentration under controlled feeding conditions to accurately rank animals. Concurrent measurement of creatinine clearance rate and urinary urea excretion should also enhance the accuracy of prediction of genetic merit.

Corrigendum - The effect of formaldehyde treatment of a casein supplement on urea excretion and on digesta composition in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Filtered Load ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

The urinary excretion of urea, the fate of an intravenous dose of urea, overall nitrogen metabolism and the composition of rurnen and abomasal samples were studied in crossbred sheep given a basal roughage diet to which supplements of starch, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein were added. Urea excretion was closely related to plasma urea level (r = 0.935) and to the filtered load of urea (r = 0.957). The amount of urea reabsorbed by the kidney increased as'the amount filtered increased; the relationship was improved when values obtained at urine flow rates less than 1 rnl/rnin were omitted. When sheep were given the starch and treated casein diets, the rate at which they cleared a small dose of urea from their plasma was greater than the renal clearance rate; only 75% of a large dose was recovered in the urine. The capacity to dispose of exogenous urea by extra-renal pathways was apparent only when rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were less than about 200 mg/l. Formaldehyde treatment reduced nitrogen digestibility but reduced urine nitrogen excretion to a greater extent so that nitrogen retention increased. Treatment was associated with reduced plasma urea levels, reduced rumen and abomasal ammonia levels, reduced total VFA levels, increased proportions of acetic acid and decreased proportions of isobutyric, isovaleric and n-valeric acids, and more protein in abomasal contents.

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of a casein supplement on urea excretion and on digesta composition in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Filtered Load ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

The urinary excretion of urea, the fate of an intravenous dose of urea, overall nitrogen metabolism and the composition of rurnen and abomasal samples were studied in crossbred sheep given a basal roughage diet to which supplements of starch, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein were added. Urea excretion was closely related to plasma urea level (r = 0.935) and to the filtered load of urea (r = 0.957). The amount of urea reabsorbed by the kidney increased as'the amount filtered increased; the relationship was improved when values obtained at urine flow rates less than 1 rnl/rnin were omitted. When sheep were given the starch and treated casein diets, the rate at which they cleared a small dose of urea from their plasma was greater than the renal clearance rate; only 75% of a large dose was recovered in the urine. The capacity to dispose of exogenous urea by extra-renal pathways was apparent only when rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were less than about 200 mg/l. Formaldehyde treatment reduced nitrogen digestibility but reduced urine nitrogen excretion to a greater extent so that nitrogen retention increased. Treatment was associated with reduced plasma urea levels, reduced rumen and abomasal ammonia levels, reduced total VFA levels, increased proportions of acetic acid and decreased proportions of isobutyric, isovaleric and n-valeric acids, and more protein in abomasal contents.

Digestive and metabolic effects of altering feeding frequency in athletic horses

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Jansson ◽  
A Sandin ◽  
JE Lindberg
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Intensive Exercise ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding frequency on total tract digestibility and plasma glucose, insulin, urea, gastrin and cortisol concentrations at rest and following exercise in seven Standardbred horses in race training. The horses were fed every 12 h (twice a day, 2TD) and every 4 h (six times a day, 6TD) for 25 days, in a cross-over design. The diet (64% grass hay, 36% concentrates on weight basis) was fed at twice the maintenance energy requirement. Blood samples were taken every hour for 24 h on day 17, total collection of urine and faeces was made on days 19–21 and an intensive exercise test was performed on day 25. Altering feeding frequency caused small variations in diurnal plasma glucose, urea, gastrin and cortisol concentrations and did not affect total tract nutrient digestibility. There was an increase in the mean diurnal plasma urea concentration on the 2TD regime and low levels of plasma insulin were observed 7 h after feeding 2TD. The response to intensive exercise on heart rate, plasma lactate and plasma glucose was similar on both treatments but the plasma insulin concentration was higher following exercise in the 2TD regime, indicating that post-exercise glucose metabolism was altered. In conclusion, this study shows that feeding athletic horses only 2TD caused metabolic signs resembling those observed during feed deprivation (low levels of plasma insulin and an increased diurnal plasma urea concentration) and an altered post-exercise glucose metabolism, but did not affect the digestive response.

Mechanism of arginine protection against ammonia intoxication in the rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (3) ◽  
pp. G290-G295 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Goodman ◽  
L. Zieve ◽  
F. N. Konstantinides ◽  
F. B. Cerra
Keyword(s):  
Orotic Acid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase ◽  
Blood Ammonia ◽  
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Carbamoyl Phosphate ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Content ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration

To examine the beneficial effect of arginine on ammonia intoxication, rats were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of NH4Cl (6.75 mmol/kg) with and without arginine (5.0 mmol/kg) or ornithine (5.0 mmol/kg). Arginine or ornithine reduced the blood ammonia nitrogen at 30 min after NH4Cl injection from 3,288 +/- 800 micrograms/dl (mean +/- SE) to 538 +/- 90 and 575 +/- 34 micrograms/dl, respectively. In rats administered this dose of NH4Cl, arginine or ornithine did not increase further the hepatic carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.16) activation by N-acetylglutamate beyond the effect of NH4Cl. However, arginine or ornithine did increase the hepatic citrulline and urea content as well as the plasma urea concentration in these NH4Cl-injected rats. In rats injected with four doses of NH4Cl (2.5 mmol/kg), arginine or ornithine pretreatment increased the urea excretion and normalized the orotic acid excretion. These results indicate that arginine mitigates ammonia intoxication in the rat by increasing ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity through increased ornithine availability and not via activation of N-acetylglutamate synthetase. By increasing ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity, ornithine enhances the conversion of ammonia to citrulline and urea.

Glucose metabolism in lactating reindeer

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. White ◽  
J. R. Luick
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Glucose Transfer ◽  
Glucose Synthesis ◽  
Lactation Cycle

Changes in glucose synthesis during the lactation cycle were estimated in pen-fed and grazing reindeer. The pool size, space, transfer rate, and irreversible loss of glucose were determined using simultaneous injections of [2-3H]glucose and primed infusions of [U-14C]glucose in reindeer lactating for 1–2, 4–5, 8–9, and 12–16 weeks. Glucose transfer rate and irreversible loss were higher during early to midlactation than at other times of the year; maximum estimates were at 8–9 weeks postpartum (July), and a decline was noted at 12–16 weeks (August). During the first 1–2 weeks in pen-fed and 4–5 weeks in grazing reindeer, glucose transfer rate and irreversible loss were almost twice the values reported for reindeer at maintenance. No difference in the irreversible loss of glucose was noted between lactating and non-lactating reindeer at 18–20 weeks postpartum (September), and there is evidence that this may occur as early as 12–16 weeks postpartum. No significant trend was noted in the glucose space throughout lactation; however, a significant increase in plasma glucose concentration and pool size was noted when glucose synthesis was highest (8–9 weeks postpartum). Glucose turnover time was consistently faster (78–88 min) in lactating than in non-lactating reindeer (107–140 min). Reindeer used a smaller proportion of plasma glucose-C for lactose synthesis than did other domestic species. This probably results from the low lactose content of reindeer milk and the relatively low rate of milk secretion.

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