Formaldehyde treatment of concentrate diets for sheep. II.* Effect on urea synthesis and excretion

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Treatment Changes ◽  
Urea Recycling

The synthesis of urea, its return to the gastrointestinal tract and excretion in the urine were studied in sheep given concentrate diets, untreated or treated with formaldehyde, containing four different protein levels. Rumen ammonia and plasma urea levels increased with protein level and decreased with formaldehyde treatment. Changes in urea excretion were closely related to changes in plasma urea levels. There was a relationship between urea synthesis and rumen ammonia levels, but differences in the amount of urea returned to the gastrointestinal tract did not follow a consistent pattern. When expressed as a percentage of urea synthesized, urea recycling decreased as protein level increased but tended to increase when the diets were treated. The results are consistent with an appreciable fraction of the nitrogen returned to the rumen being in forms other than urea. _________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28: 1055 (1977).

The performance of calves given concentrate diets treated with formaldehyde

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

Five groups of Friesian bull calves were given concentrate diets containing 70 % barley in which low (12 %), medium (15 %), and high (19%) protein levels were obtained by varying the amount of peanut meal included. The effects of protein level and of formaldehyde treatment of the complete diet at the low and medium protein levels were studied in terms of liveweight gain, voluntary food consumption, digestibility of the diet, ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid, and urea and a-amino nitrogen in blood plasma. Observations were begun when the calves reached 70 kg liveweight and continued until they reached 130 kg liveweight. The calves given the low protein diets grew more slowly than those given the higher protein diets. The calves given the high protein diet grew no better than those given the medium protein diets. Formaldehyde treatment was associated with an increase in the rate of liveweight gain of 9% (P = 0.11) at the low protein level but had practically no effect at the medium protein level. The treatment did not adversely affect voluntary food consumption but was associated with decreases in the digestibility of nitrogen and in rumen ammonia levels and small increases in plasma urea levels.

Formaldehyde treatment of concentrate diets for sheep. I. Partition of the digestion of organic matter and nitrogen between the stomach and intestines

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Dietary Starch ◽  
Bacterial Protein Synthesis

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of barley/soybean meal diets was studied in fistulated crossbred sheep at four protein levels. The overall digestion of organic matter was similar for all diets; the small differences in the partition of organic matter digestion in response to treatment were not significant. Dietary starch was completely digested. The partition of starch digestion was variable but was not affected by protein level or treatment. The relationship between nitrogen intake and the amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) digested in the intestines was curvilinear; NAN digested was calculated to reach a maximum when 17.4% of the dietary organic matter was crude protein. Formaldehyde treatment substantially increased the amount of NAN digested in the intestines; a treated diet in which 12.6% of the organic matter was crude protein would provide the same amount of NAN digested as the 17.4% untreated diet. The apparent digestibility of NAN in the intestines was not affected by protein level or treatment; treatment at the highest protein level appeared to cause a reduction in true digestibility to 0.75 from the mean of 0.80 obtained for the other diets. Treatment appeared to have no consistent effect on the efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis. The flows of water and of digesta from the rumen and abomasum were not affected by protein level or treatment; differences between sheep were responsible for much of the variance in these parameters. The treatment reduced rumen ammonia and volatile fatty acid levels and plasma urea levels. Neither the amount and composition of the long-chain fatty acids reaching the intestine nor their digestion there were affected by the treatment.

Digestion by sheep of concentrate diets containing formaldehyde-treated peanut meal

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of peanut meal on the digestion of barley-peanut meal diets was studied in fistulated crossbred sheep at two peanut meal and therefore dietary protein levels. There were no differences either between protein levels or due to treatment in the overall digestion of organic matter, but more of this digestion took place in the stomach when the low protein diets were given. Dietary starch was completely digested. There was no effect of protein level or of formaldehyde treatment on the partition of starch digestion between the stomach and the intestines. About 10% of the dietary nitrogen disappeared from the stomach when the high protein diet containing untreated peanut meal was given; treatment resulted in a small net gain of nitrogen in the stomach. There was a net gain of nitrogen in the stomach when the low protein diets were given, the gain tending to be greater when the peanut meal was treated. When the meal was treated, there was a small but not significant increase (c. 2%) for the low protein diet and a substantial increase (c. 31 %) for the high protein diet in the amount of crude protein digested in the intestines per unit of digestible organic matter intake. Changes observed in the composition and flow of digesta and in plasma urea and cc-amino nitrogen levels are discussed in relation to the digestion of organic matter and protein.

Formaldehyde treatment of concentrate diets for sheep. III.* Absorption of amino acids from the small intestine

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
True Protein ◽  
The Individual

The effects of formaldehyde treatment of barley/soybean meal diets on the flow of amino acids to the small intestine, their release and absorption there, and their levels in jugular plasma were studied at four protein levels in fistulated crossbred sheep. There were substantial losses of amino acids during passage through the stomach at the highest protein level which were prevented by formaldehyde treatment; the net gains of amino acids observed with the lower protein diets were enhanced by treatment. There were no statistically significant effects of treatment on the proportions of the individual amino acids apparently absorbed in the small intestine, but a tendency for the values to decrease for the highest protein diet suggested that this diet was overtreated. This was confirmed by calculation of the true digestibilities in the small intestine: the true digestibility of true protein in the small intestine was 0.74 for the treated high protein diet and 0.81 for all the other diets. Of the individual amino acids, only lysine was adversely affected by treatment; however, despite reduced intakes, the net absorption of lysine was equal to or greater than that achieved with the untreated diets at all but the lowest protein level. Formaldehyde treatment was associated with substantial increases in the concentration of ε-N-methyl-lysine in plasma. As the amount of protein absorbed from the small intestine increased to about 110 g/day, the concentrations in plasma of the amino acids normally present in protein declined to a minimum or remained steady; thereafter, except for lysine, the concentrations increased. ____________________ *Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 28: 1069 (1977).

Corrigendum - The effect of formaldehyde treatment of a casein supplement on urea excretion and on digesta composition in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Filtered Load ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

The urinary excretion of urea, the fate of an intravenous dose of urea, overall nitrogen metabolism and the composition of rurnen and abomasal samples were studied in crossbred sheep given a basal roughage diet to which supplements of starch, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein were added. Urea excretion was closely related to plasma urea level (r = 0.935) and to the filtered load of urea (r = 0.957). The amount of urea reabsorbed by the kidney increased as'the amount filtered increased; the relationship was improved when values obtained at urine flow rates less than 1 rnl/rnin were omitted. When sheep were given the starch and treated casein diets, the rate at which they cleared a small dose of urea from their plasma was greater than the renal clearance rate; only 75% of a large dose was recovered in the urine. The capacity to dispose of exogenous urea by extra-renal pathways was apparent only when rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were less than about 200 mg/l. Formaldehyde treatment reduced nitrogen digestibility but reduced urine nitrogen excretion to a greater extent so that nitrogen retention increased. Treatment was associated with reduced plasma urea levels, reduced rumen and abomasal ammonia levels, reduced total VFA levels, increased proportions of acetic acid and decreased proportions of isobutyric, isovaleric and n-valeric acids, and more protein in abomasal contents.

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of a casein supplement on urea excretion and on digesta composition in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Filtered Load ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

The urinary excretion of urea, the fate of an intravenous dose of urea, overall nitrogen metabolism and the composition of rurnen and abomasal samples were studied in crossbred sheep given a basal roughage diet to which supplements of starch, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein were added. Urea excretion was closely related to plasma urea level (r = 0.935) and to the filtered load of urea (r = 0.957). The amount of urea reabsorbed by the kidney increased as'the amount filtered increased; the relationship was improved when values obtained at urine flow rates less than 1 rnl/rnin were omitted. When sheep were given the starch and treated casein diets, the rate at which they cleared a small dose of urea from their plasma was greater than the renal clearance rate; only 75% of a large dose was recovered in the urine. The capacity to dispose of exogenous urea by extra-renal pathways was apparent only when rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were less than about 200 mg/l. Formaldehyde treatment reduced nitrogen digestibility but reduced urine nitrogen excretion to a greater extent so that nitrogen retention increased. Treatment was associated with reduced plasma urea levels, reduced rumen and abomasal ammonia levels, reduced total VFA levels, increased proportions of acetic acid and decreased proportions of isobutyric, isovaleric and n-valeric acids, and more protein in abomasal contents.

scholarly journals PROTEIN LEVELS IN GRASS SILAGE-BASED TOTAL MIXED RATIONS FOR DAIRY COWS IN MIDLACTATION

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. BURGESS ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Total mixed rations containing three levels of crude protein (10, 13 and 16%) were fed ad libitum to a total of 48 cows in midlactation in two experiments. Rations were composed of 60% wilted timothy silage and 40% concentrates on a dry matter basis. Supplemental protein was supplied as soybean meal. Daily nitrogen intake per cow averaged 263, 377 and 510 g in exp. 1, and 305, 435 and 509 g in exp. 2 for the three rations, respectively. Cows fed rations containing 10% crude protein consumed less (P < 0.05) total dry matter and lost more (P < 0.01) body weight than cows fed rations with either 13 or 16% crude protein. Milk production was not affected by protein level in exp. 1 but in exp. 2, 10% crude protein decreased (P < 0.01) actual milk and 4% fat corrected milk yields. Milk fat and protein percentages tended to increase with increasing dietary protein level. Rumen acetate tended to decline while propionate increased (P < 0.05) at higher crude protein levels. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen levels were closely related to nitrogen intake. Key words: Dairy cows, grass silage, protein, solubility

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of peanut meal in concentrate diets on the performance of calves

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Four groups of eight Friesian bull calves were given concentrate diets containing untreated or formaldehyde-treated peanut meal at two protein levels. The effect of protein level and of formaldehyde treatment was studied in terms of liveweight gain, food conversion, digestibility of the diet, and the levels of urea, glucose, and α-amino nitrogen in blood plasma. The calves were given the diets for 14 weeks from 6 weeks of age. The calves given the higher protein diets grew significantly faster and required significantly less food per unit of gain than did the calves given the lower protein diets. Formaldehyde treatment of the peanut meal in the higher protein diet had no effect on these variables. Small improvements in these variables in response to treatment of the meal in the lower protein diet were not statistically significant. Treatment was associated with reductions in nitrogen digestibility and plasma urea levels. The digestibility of dry matter and of organic matter and plasma levels of glucose and α-amino nitrogen were not affected by the treatment.

Nitrogen transactions in the rumen of sheep given a barley straw diet supplemented with untreated or formaldehyde-treated sunflower seed meal

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
H Tagari ◽  
E Teleki ◽  
RC Boston
Keyword(s):  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Close Relationship

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of the sunflower seed meal in a barley straw based diet on rumen N transactions was studied in two fistulated crossbred sheep using 15N-ammonia and 15N- and 14C-urea. Treatment decreased organic matter and N digestibility to a small extent, but substantially decreased urine N excretion so that N retention increased. Treatment resulted in decreases in ammonia and urea synthesis which were reflected in reduced rumen ammonia and plasma urea levels; the net flow of N from the rumen ammonia pool to the plasma urea pool was reduced by 50%. 56-65% of the bacterial N was derived from ammonia. The contribution of bacterial N to N in the protozoal fraction decreased from 45 to 40% in the first sheep, but increased from 35 to 39% in the second; as a consequence, there was a very close relationship (r2 = 0.95) between this parameter and rumen ammonia recycling. Treatment decreased protozoal turnover time in the first sheep, but increased it in the second sheep; this effect may have been due to an increase in lysis of protozoa in the first sheep and a decrease in lysis in the second. Solutes mixed throughout the rumen in from half to one hour.

scholarly journals Effect of undegradable intake protein supplementation on urea kinetics and microbial use of recycled urea in steers consuming low-quality forage

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tryon A. Wickersham ◽  
Evan C. Titgemeyer ◽  
Robert C. Cochran ◽  
Erin E. Wickersham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Urea Kinetics ◽  
Undegradable Intake Protein ◽  
Urea Recycling ◽  
Microbial N

We evaluated the effect of undegradable intake protein (UIP) on urea kinetics and microbial incorporation of urea-N in ruminally and duodenally fistulated steers (n4; 319 kg) providedad libitumaccess to grass hay in a 4 × 4 Latin square. Casein was continuously infused abomasally in amounts of 0, 62, 124 and 186 mg N/kg body weight per d to simulate provision of UIP. Periods were 13 d long with 7 d for adaptation and 6 d for collection. Jugular infusion of [15N15N]urea followed by determination of urinary enrichment of [15N15N]urea and [14N15N]urea was used to measure urea kinetics. Forage and N intake increased (quadratic,P < 0·02) with increasing UIP. Urea synthesis was 27·1, 49·9, 82·2 and 85·8 g urea-N/d for 0, 62, 124 and 186 diets, respectively (linear,P < 0·01). The proportion of urea synthesis that entered the gastrointestinal tract was 0·96 for steers receiving no UIP and decreased linearly (P = 0·05) to a low of 0·89 for steers receiving 186. The amount of urea entering the gastrointestinal tract was least for 0 (26·3) and increased (linear,P < 0·01) to 48·7, 77·2 and 76·6 g urea-N/d for 62, 124 and 186 diets, respectively. Microbial incorporation of recycled urea-N increased quadratically (P = 0·04) from 13·9 for 0 to 47·7 g N/d for 124. The proportion of microbial N derived from recycled urea increased (quadratic,P = 0·05) from 0·31 to 0·58 between 0 and 124 and dropped to 0·44 for 186 mg N/kg body weight per d. UIP increased intake of hay and provided a N source for ruminal microbes via urea recycling.

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