Oxidized copper wire particles for copper therapy in sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Judson ◽  
TH Brown ◽  
D Gray ◽  
DW Dewey ◽  
JB Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Copper Supplementation ◽  
Copper Therapy ◽  
Higher Doses

Ninety Merino weaner sheep were assigned to one of six groups on the basis of liveweight and liver copper concentrations. Sheep in four groups each received one oral dose of oxidized copper wire particles, viz. 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 g per animal. Sheep in another group each received a subcutaneous injection of 12 mg copper as diethylamino cupro-oxyquinoline sulfonate and another group of sheep did not receive any copper supplement. Liver copper concentrations responded positively to copper oxide load. The 2.5 g dose of copper oxide wire was more efficacious than the commercial injectable product in raising copper status, but the higher doses of oxide raised liver copper concentrations to values similar to those recorded in cases of copper poisoning. Copper concentrations in blood plasma, muscle and kidney were not altered by the copper load. No clinical signs, nor biochemical or histological evidence of acute copper toxicity, were found. Liver copper values fell in all sheep from 10 weeks after copper therapy until the end of the trial at 50 weeks post-therapy. Over this period of 40 weeks, the rate of mobilization of liver copper was linear and was positively related to the initial concentration of copper in the liver. A significant proportion of the oxidized copper wire dosed to sheep was recovered in the forestomachs and abomasa of selected sheep 4 weeks after dosing. No evidence of abomasal damage due to particles could be established. It is concluded that oral dosing of oxidized copper wire is a safe and effective method of copper supplementation to sheep.

Studies on copper and cobalt therapy of cattle in central coastal Queensland

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
GI Alexander ◽  
JM Harvey ◽  
JH Lee ◽  
WC Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Copper Supplementation ◽  
Copper Therapy ◽  
Effect Of Copper

Four experiments described determined the effect of copper and cobalt therapy on the growth and productivity of cattle on the marine plains of central coastal Queensland. Copper was administered by subcutaneous injections of copper glycinate, and cobalt by dosing per os with heavy cobalt pellets. The growth of weaned cattle was significantly improved by copper, particularly from June to October when limited palatable feed on the high ground forced the animals to forage on the para grass swamps. During the same period, 2-year-old heifers also showed a growth response to copper. Their conception rate increased after 19 months of copper therapy but not after 10.5 months. The growth rate of their calves bas significantly increased by copper supplementation. Liver copper concentrations were always low in untreated cattle. Copper therapy maintained these reserves at higher levels, which varied according to the season and the rate of growth of the animals. Calves born to treated cows had higher initial liver copper reserves than those from untreated cows, but in the absence of copper therapy these reserves declined to low and comparable levels in all calves at weaning. Pasture analyses suggest that the copper deficiency revealed was due to interference with copper metabolism rather than to a low copper status in the diet; this interference did not appear to be due to molybdenum. Weaned cattle appeared to respond to cobalt during 1960 but not subsequently, while the cows and calves showed no response. The vitamin B12 status in liver and serum appeared adequate in both treated and untreated cattle.

Copper oxide particles for grazing sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Langlands ◽  
JE Bowles ◽  
GE Donald ◽  
AJ Smith ◽  
DR Paull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Oxide Particles ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Copper Storage ◽  
Rate Of Decline

In a series of experiments aimed at evaluating copper oxide as a supplement, grazing sheep were dosed with varying quantities of copper oxide particles up to 64 g, and the toxicity, the rate of particle excretion, and copper storage in the liver and other tissues were recorded. The toxicities (LD50) of copper oxide particles were 1.17 and 1.80 g/kg liveweight for two groups of grazing adult fine-wool Merino sheep. Death usually occurred 88-96 days after the oral administration of the particles; mean hepatic copper concentrations of sheep dying from copper toxicity were 4122-4308 mg/kg DM. The rate of faecal copper excretion of copper-supplemented sheep, expressed as a percentage of the dose, was less when 50 g of particles were given than when the dose was 5 or 10 g, but excretion patterns were variable. The quantity of hepatic copper stored per g of copper oxide given declined as the dose increased from 0 to 32 g, but increased again at higher doses. Hepatic copper concentration reached a maximum 2-3 months after dosing and the rate of decline was positively related to dose rate; thus, large doses of copper are unlikely to extend the period of elevated copper status. Large doses also increased whole blood copper concentrations and elevated plasma aspartate transaminase activities; this was taken to indicate copper poisoning. Tissue copper concentrations from sheep given up to 64 g particles are reported; liver was the most sensitive to copper treatment. Copper contents of the lung and kidney also responded to copper therapy, but carcass components such as leg, shoulder and muscle did not. Weaned lambs given 2 g of particles (c. 0.13 g/kg liveweight) grew significantly faster than unsupplemented lambs. This dose rate was approximately one-seventh of that predicted to cause 5% mortality, and it is concluded that, at appropriate dose rates, this method of supplementation did not increase mortality or cause excessive increases in tissue copper concentrations, and could increase growth rate.

The effect of molybdenum, sulphur and iron on the copper status of store lambs

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 88-88
Author(s):  
A.M. Mackenzie ◽  
S Evans ◽  
J.N.C. Lynn ◽  
D.V. Illingworth ◽  
R.G. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Biochemical Indicator ◽  
Copper Supplementation ◽  
The World ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Accurate Indicator

Clinical copper deficiency is the second most common mineral deficiency in the world, the main cause being high dietary levels of molybdenum, sulphur and iron. Phillippo et al, (1987) reported that clinical signs of deficiency resulted from high dietary Mo and S. However, Fe and S resulted in hypocupraemia but did not induce clinical signs of deficiency. Therefore is was concluded that clinical copper deficiency was due to a direct effect of dietary Mo and S on copper metabolism in ruminants. Mackenzie et al. (1997) reported that plasma copper levels were not an accurate indicator of copper status and unlikely to predict animals requiring copper supplementation. Caeruloplasmin is large copper enzyme and accounts for 88% of plasma copper and Mackenzie et al. (1997) proposed that a caeruloplasmin to plasma copper ratio may provide a more accurate biochemical indicator of copper status. This trial was designed to investigate the effect of dietary Mo, S and Fe on the copper status of the lambs.

scholarly journals Copper Supplementation, A Challenge in Cattle

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1890
Author(s):  
Marta López-Alonso ◽  
Marta Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Copper Supplementation ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Copper Storage

Ensuring adequate copper supplementation in ruminants is a challenging task due to the complexity of copper metabolism in these animals. The three-way interaction between copper, molybdenum and sulphur (Cu-Mo-S) in the rumen makes ruminants, particularly cattle, very susceptible to suffering from secondary copper deficiency. Paradoxically, excessive copper storage in the liver to prevent deficiency becomes a hazard when ruminants are fed copper-supplemented diets even slightly above requirements. While cattle were traditionally thought to be relatively tolerant of copper accumulation, and reports of copper poisoning were until recently somewhat rare, in recent years an increased number of episodes/outbreaks of copper toxicity in cattle, particularly in dairy cattle, have been reported worldwide. The growing number of lethal cases reported seems to indicate that copper intoxication is spreading silently in dairy herds, urging the development of strategies to monitor herd copper status and improve farmers’ awareness of copper toxicity. In fact, monitoring studies carried out on numerous samples collected from culled animals in slaughterhouses and/or diagnostic laboratories have demonstrated that large numbers of animals have hepatic copper concentrations well above adequate levels in many different countries. These trends are undoubtedly due to copper supplementation aimed at preventing copper deficiency, as dietary copper intake from pasture alone is unlikely to cause such high levels of accumulation in liver tissue. The reasons behind the copper overfeeding in cattle are related both to a poor understanding of copper metabolism and the theory of “if adding a little produces a response, then adding a lot will produce a better response”. Contrary to most trace elements, copper in ruminants has narrow margins of safety, which must also be formulated considering the concentrations of copper antagonists in the diet. This review paper aims to provide nutritionists/veterinary practitioners with the key points about copper metabolism in cattle to guarantee an adequate copper supply while preventing excessive hepatic copper loading, which requires à la carte copper supplementation for each herd.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Course of IgA and IgG Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Workers during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Germany: Interim Results from an Ongoing Observational Cohort Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Mark Reinwald ◽  
Peter Markus Deckert ◽  
Oliver Ritter ◽  
Henrike Andresen ◽  
Andreas G. Schreyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Observational Cohort Study ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Observational Cohort

(1) Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are prone to intensified exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the ongoing pandemic. We prospectively analyzed the prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in HCWs at baseline and follow up with regard to clinical signs and symptoms in two university hospitals in Brandenburg, Germany. (2) Methods: Screening for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG antibodies was offered to HCWs at baseline and follow up two months thereafter in two hospitals of Brandenburg Medical School during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany in an ongoing observational cohort study. Medical history and signs and symptoms were recorded by questionnaires and analyzed. (3) Results: Baseline seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA was 11.7% and increased to 15% at follow up, whereas IgG seropositivity was 2.1% at baseline and 2.2% at follow up. The rate of asymptomatic seropositive cases was 39.5%. Symptoms were not associated with general seropositivity for anti-SARS-CoV-2; however, class switch from IgA to IgG was associated with increased symptom burden. (4) Conclusions: The seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was low in HCWs but higher compared to population data and increased over time. Screening for antibodies detected a significant proportion of seropositive participants cases without symptoms.

Copper repletion enhances apical iron uptake and transepithelial iron transport by Caco-2 cells

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (3) ◽  
pp. G527-G533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okhee Han ◽  
Marianne Wessling-Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Iron Transport ◽  
Cell Monolayer ◽  
Transepithelial Transport ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Divalent Metal Transporter 1 ◽  
Divalent Metal Transporter ◽  
Metal Transporter ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Copper Supplementation

The influence of copper status on Caco-2 cell apical iron uptake and transepithelial transport was examined. Cells grown for 7–8 days in media supplemented with 1 μM CuCl2had 10-fold higher cellular levels of copper compared with control. Copper supplementation did not affect the integrity of differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers grown on microporous membranes. Copper-repleted cells displayed increased uptake of iron as well as increased transport of iron across the cell monolayer. Northern blot analysis revealed that expression of the apical iron transporter divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1), the basolateral transporter ferroportin-1 (Fpn1), and the putative ferroxidase hephaestin (Heph) was upregulated by copper supplementation, whereas the recently identified ferrireductase duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb) was not. These results suggest that DMT1, Fpn1, and Heph are involved in the iron uptake process modulated by copper status. Although a clear role for Dcytb was not identified, an apical surface ferrireductase was modulated by copper status, suggesting that its function also contributes to the enhanced iron uptake by copper-repleted cells. A model is proposed wherein copper promotes iron depletion of intestinal Caco-2 cells, creating a deficiency state that induces upregulation of iron transport factors.

scholarly journals AIMAR survey on COPD phenotypes

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Sandra Magnoni ◽  
Andrea Rizzi ◽  
Alberto Visconti ◽  
Claudio F. Donner
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroid ◽  
Clinical Risk ◽  
Adherence To Medication ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Long Acting

Background: COPD is characterized by considerable diversity in terms of clinical signs and symptoms, physiopathological mechanisms, response to treatment and disease progression. For this reason, the identification of different patient subgroups (or possible phenotypes) is important both for prognosis and for therapeutic objectives. Based on the foregoing, AIMAR has decided to conduct a survey on the perception of the prevalence of the different clinical COPD phenotypes/subtypes in the clinical practice of physicians who treat patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and on their therapeutic objectives. Methods: The survey consisted of 19 multiple-choice questions, compiled through a form published online. All the data and answers entered into the system were checked for consistency and completeness directly online at the time they were entered, and each respondent could only complete the questionnaire once. Results: The survey took place from May through October 2012. A total of 1,434 questionnaires (60% of the sample approached) were eligible for analysis, broken down as follows: 537 pulmonologists, 666 general practitioners (GPs), 72 internal medicine specialists, 36 allergists, 30 geriatricians, 93 other specialists. The results show that a significant proportion of GPs (33%) identified more than 50 patients in their practices with a diagnosis of COPD. Although most patients are or have been in treatment with a long-acting bronchodilator, the most common reasons for seeing a GP or a specialist were exacerbations and worsening of the symptoms, suggesting the importance of an appropriate background therapy in order to reduce the risk of disease instability. The frequent exacerbator phenotype was the most commonly found phenotype in clinical practice (by 75% of specialists and 66% of GPs); patients with a prevalent phenotype of chronic bronchitis were reported more often by GPs, while specialists reported a higher number of patients with a prevalent phenotype of emphysema. A medical history of exacerbations and the extent of deterioration of the spirometry parameters were considered to be the major indicators for COPD severity and clinical risk. In managing the frequent exacerbator phenotype, the therapeutic objectives – both for GPs and for specialists – included reducing airway inflammation, improving bronchial dilation, and reducing pulmonary hyperinflation. For this type of patients at high clinical risk, specialists selected a first-line therapeutic option based on a predetermined combination of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and a long-acting β2-agonist bronchodilator (LABA) and a second-line three-drug therapy (combination of ICS and two long-acting bronchodilators), while GPs’ choices are more diversified, without a clear-cut prevalence of one type of treatment. In patients with COPD and concomitant cardiovascular diseases, frequently observed in clinical practice by all physicians, the combination of ICS and LABA was considered the first-choice option by the highest proportion of GPs (43%) and specialists (37%), while a smaller number of specialists (35%) opted for the long acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA). Both GPs and specialists believe that therapeutic continuity is of primary importance for the achievement of clinical outcomes with all classes of drugs. Conclusions: A good knowledge of COPD has been observed in a high percentage of GPs, indicating an increased awareness of this disease in Primary Health Care. The frequent exacerbator phenotype is viewed by all physicians as the most prevalent in clinical practice, bearing a high risk of hospitalization. For specialists, therapeutic measures aimed at reducing the number and severity of exacerbations are primarily based on the combination of inhaled corticosteroid and bronchodilator, presumably because of the complementary pharmacological action of its components, whereas while GPs’ choices tend to be more diversified. Adherence to medication regimens is of the essence for the achievement of clinical outcomes.

Hepatic copper concentration of steers grazing pastures on developed wet heath land in south-eastern Queensland

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJW Gartner ◽  
JG Young ◽  
PM Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Cobalt Oxide ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Copper Therapy ◽  
Low Levels

A 2 X 2 factorial design was used to investigate the effects of copper and cobalt therapy of Hereford steers grazing Lotononis-Pangola pastures on the wet heath areas of coastal south-eastern Queensland. Copper was given as a subcutaneous injection of copper glycinate and cobalt as an intra- ruminal cobalt oxide pellet. Liver samples were obtained at three-monthly intervals for 18 months. The liver copper concentration of untreated animals decreased to low levels (<10 p.p.m.). Copper therapy increased (P<0.01) and cobalt therapy decreased (P<0.01) liver copper levels. There were, however, no significant differences in bodyweight gains.

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