Epidemiology of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici on wheat in southern New South Wales

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Ellison ◽  
GM Murray
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Booting Stage ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Development of stripe rust was observed on wheat cultivars that differed in reaction to the disease at the post booting stage of growth over 4 years (1984-1987) at Yanco and Wagga Wagga in southern New South Wales. In 1984, the epidemic began in August and the disease affected up to 20% of leaf area by the booting stage. The disease then ceased to develop in cultivars with moderately resistant or resistant adult plant reaction (APR) to stripe rust, but in susceptible wheats up to 82% of leaf area was affected by early milk stage of growth. The early onset in 1984 was associated with the highest rain in the previous summer-autumn (January-April) of the 4 years. In the other 3 years, the epidemics began laer. Stripe rust did not develop on cultivars with resistant APR, but it affected up to 97% of leaf area of the highly susceptible cultivar Avocet by early milk. The disease was more severe on later sown than early sown Avocet. The apparent rates of infection both before and after booting ranged from 0.02-0.41 per day. In each experiment, the rate was less on wheats with higher levels of APR while in 1984 the rate on all cultivars decreased from the pre-booting to the post-booting stage of crop growth. After booting, the apparent rates of infection on susceptible and moderately susceptible cultivars were postively correlated with the mean temperature during the period over which the rate was calculated, for the range 12.9-16.2�C. Over this range, the apparent rate of infection of susceptible wheats increased at 0.095 per day per �C while that of moderately susceptible wheats increased at 0.045 per day per �C. From 16.2-203�C the rate of susceptible wheats was negatively correlated with the mean temperature, and declined at 0.043 per day per �C. There was no significant relationship between apparent rate of infection and temperature for moderately resistant wheats after booting, or for rates before booting in 1984. Development of wheat, measured on the Zadoks scale, was linear from first appearance of the flag leaf (GS 37) to mid milk (GS 75) at both sites over the four years.

The breeding behaviour of the endangered regent honeyeater, Xanthomyza phrygia, near Armidale, New South Wales

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damon L. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Nest Construction ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Breeding Behaviour ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breeding Seasons

The regent honeyea ter, Xanthomyza phrygia, is an endangered woodland bird whose range and population size have decreased in the last thirty years. Suggested reasons for this decline include abnormal breeding behaviour, poor reproductive output, and excessive inter- and intra-specific aggression. This study investigated the breeding behaviour and aggressive interactions of regent honeyeaters during the nest construction, incubation, nestling, and fledgling stages in two consecutive breeding seasons in the Bundarra–Barraba region near Armidale, New South Wales. The female was entirely responsible for nest construction and incubation, which is typical of many honeyeaters. Both parents fed the nestlings, and at a similar rate, although only the female brooded chicks on the nest. Both parents fed the fledglings. The mean frequency at which nestlings (23 times per hour) and fledglings (29 times per hour) were fed is the highest published rate of any non-cooperative honeyeater. Breeding males were involved in significantly more aggressive interactions with conspecifics and other nectarivores than were females, although the overall percentage of day-time spent in aggression for both sexes was low (2.5%). It appears that abnormal breeding behaviour, poor reproductive effort, or excessive aggression are not experienced by this species in northern New South Wales, and that other factors are likely to be responsible for its current low population level.

Characterisation of naturalised strains of Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare in northern New South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Median Number ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Floral Characters ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Burrs were collected from paddocks on 3 properties in northern New South Wales where the age of the Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare swards varied from 19 to 28 years. At 1 site burrs were also sampled from swards sown 2 and 10 years previously. Twenty seedlings from these burrs and 20 plants of certified cv. Clare were grown as spaced plants in a nursery. These were assessed for vegetative and floral characters, flowering time, number of seeds per burr, seed weight, and percentage hardseed after storage at 25/25�C for 6 months and 25/45�C for a further 6 months. For most plants the mean number of days from sowing to first flower was similar to that of Clare. Compared with the naturalised strains, Clare had the lowest (P<0.05) mean number of seeds per burr: about 25% below the mean of the strains (2.7 seeds per burr). While the lowest mean seed weights of the strains were not significantly different from those of Clare, the seed weights of plants from 3 sites were higher (P<0.05) than those of Clare. After storage for either 6 or 12 months, hardseed levels were also lowest (P<0.05) for Clare. Plants from the 2-year-old sward had the same median number of seeds per burr (2.0) as Clare. As sward age increased, the median number of seeds per burr increased to 2.8. Hardseed percentages were lowest for plants of Clare and for those from the 2-year-old sward after 6 months, and for Clare after 12 months. These studies indicated the presence of divergent strains in old swards of Clare in a summer rainfall environment. Natural selection among variability within Clare is the most likely reason for the development of these strains in an environment marginal for the long-term persistence of this softseeded cultivar. Although strains had the same vegetative and floral markings as Clare, differences in ecologically important characters such as number of seeds per burr, seed weight, and hardseededness may result in plants that are better adapted to the environment in which they evolved. From these studies 23 plants of T. subterraneum var. brachycalycinum were selected for further evaluation.

Effect of prolonged undernutrition on the recovery and reproductive performance of maiden Merino ewes

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (24) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
P McInnes ◽  
TJ Grainger ◽  
MD Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
The Mean

Data are presented on the recovery and reproductive performance of 2 1/2-year-old maiden Merino ewes after a prolonged period of undernutrition. The 217 sheep had been hand-fed on a submaintenance ration in pen feeding trials at Glenfield, New South Wales. During the seven months of the trials they had lost 6 kg (28 to 22 kg) body weight. They were transported to Condobolin in south-western New South Wales, divided into two treatment groups and run on good quality pastures. One group was joined immediately (May 1959) and again ten months later, and the other group was mated after six months at Condobolin (in October 1959) and again 12 months later. The ewes recovered rapidly. The mean weight of both groups had reached 30 kg within six weeks and 40 kg within six months. In the first year 73 of the 100 May-mated ewes bore lambs, but only 38 of these lambs were weaned. Ewes bearing lambs had a higher body weight at the start of joining and gained more during joining than the barren ewes. At the other three joinings (October 1959, May 1960, October 1960) lambing percentage was from 86-89 and weaning percentage from 62-69-both normal for the district. The proportion of twin lambs (3-6 per cent) was low. Wool weight in 1959 was not affected by time of mating or by pregnancy.

Survey of paddock size and stock water supplies in the Western Riverina District of New South Wales.

1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
VR Squires
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Temporary Waters ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
The Mean

In order to assess the current level of stock watering facilities on pastoral properties within the western Riverina district of New South Wales and to relate this information to paddock size and vegetation type, large of areas of land (785,000 ha) within the region were surveyed. Paddock boundaries and the location of watering points were plotted. Watering points were classified as to type. Three broad vegetation types were represented: chenopod shrublands (Atriplex and Maireana spp.) degraded grasslands (Stipal Danthonia spp.), and mallee woodlands (Eucalyptus socinlis F. Meull., E, oleosa, F. Meull.) Size of paddocks was related to the dominant vegetation type. On the degraded grasslands in the eastern part of the study area the mean paddock size was 746 ha; on the chenopod shrublands it was 780 ha, and in the Malleedominated areas it was 1,553 ha. The number of permanent watering points per paddock varied from one to four. Less than half the paddocks (43%) had fresh water available as well as saline waters from sub-artesian bores. Almost half the paddocks (47%) were so large, or the watering points so positioned, that the sheep would need to walk more than 3 km to reach the most remote parts of the paddock when temporary waters had dried up. Overall 18% of the land in the non- mallee areas was more than 3 km from permanent water. Therefore the majority of the land could be used in all seasons. Generally the central and northern Riverina district is adequately watered. It would be uneconomic to supply permanent water in the mallee woodlands. In some paddocks in the chenopod dominated area extra watering points may be justified.

The effects of grazing and season on the stability of Chloris Spp. (Windmill grasses) in natural pasture at Trangie, New South Wales.

1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Michalk ◽  
PK Herbert
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Stocking Rates

A study of the density and basal diameter of Chloris acicularis Lindl. (syn. Enteropogon acicularis (LindlJLazar. - curly windmill grass) and C. truncata R. Br. (windmill grass) was made at two stocking rates over a period of eight years. The propor- tion of ground covered by these Chloris species varied widely with season, and to a lesser extent with grazing pressure. The density of both species increased in good seasons, while the mean diameter decreased because of the number of new seedlings. Although C. truncata seedlings were more numerous in good seasons, they did not survive as well as did C. acicularis seedlings during prolonged dry periods.

Geographic variation in the snail Velacumantus (Gastropoda : Potamididae)

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
WH Ewers
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Swan River ◽  
Morph Frequency ◽  
Lake Illawarra

A morph-frequency cline and a size cline are described for the snail Velacumantus australis. The frequency of a white-banded form decreases clinally with latitude South. Living populations from Queensland and northern New South Wales have frequencies between 7 and 18% whereas all populations from southern New South Wales and eastern Victoria, except those from Lake Illawarra, have frequencies between 2 and 5%. The frequency in Port Phillip Bay is less than 0.1%. The frequency in a sample from Swan River, Western Australia, was 9.1% about the same as in samples from localities of the same latitude on the eastern coast of Australia. The frequency in most fossil samples was similar to that in nearby living populations. The mean length of populations from the eastern states increases clinally with increase in latitude South, although there are some irregular fluctuations between adjacent populations which are probably influenced by population density.

Spatial variation in soil organic carbon and nitrogen at two field sites under crop and pasture rotations in southern New South Wales, Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Conyers ◽  
Beverley Orchard ◽  
Susan Orgill ◽  
Albert Oates ◽  
Graeme Poile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
The Mean

Estimating the likely variance in soil organic carbon (OC) at the scale of farm fields or smaller monitoring areas is necessary for developing sampling protocols that allow temporal change to be detected. Given the relatively low anticipated soil OC sequestration rates (&lt;0.5 Mg/ha.0.30 m/year) for dryland agriculture it is important that sampling strategies are designed to reduce any cumulative errors associated with measuring soil OC. The first purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial variation in soil OC and nitrogen (N), in soil layers to 1.50 m depth at two monitoring sites (Wagga Wagga and Yerong Creek, 0.5 ha each) in southern New South Wales, Australia, where crop and pasture rotations are practiced. Four variogram models were tested (linear, spherical, Gaussian and exponential); however, no single model dominated across sites or depths for OC or N. At both sites, the range was smallest in surface soil, and on a scale suggesting that sowing rows (stubble) may dominate the pattern of spatial dependence, whereas the longer ranges appeared to be associated with horizon boundaries. The second purpose of the study was to obtain an estimate of the population mean with 1%, 5% and 10% levels of precision using the calculated variance. The number of soil cores required for a 1% precision in estimation of the mean soil OC or N was impractical at most depths (&gt;500 per ha). About 30 soil cores per composite sample to 1.50 m depth, each core being at least 10 m apart, would ensure at least an average of 10% precision in the estimation of the mean soil OC at these two sites, which represent the agriculture of the region.

Sheep production on the north coast of New South Wales. 2. A feasibility study of prime lamb production

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (102) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
RDH Cohen
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sheep Production

Lamb production was studied in an experiment that ran for four years, 1968 to 1972, at Grafton, New South Wales, in a region where no commercial sheep are grown. Merino and Dorset Horn x Merino ewes stocked at 15 ewes ha-1 were mated in spring to Border Leicester rams and the lambs sold for slaughter in October. The mean number of lambs born per 100 ewes mated was 81.7 for crossbred ewes and 48.4 for Merino ewes (P< 0.05) and the mean carcase weights of the lambs were 14.8 kg and 12.7 kg, respectively (P< 0.01). The mean weight of fleeces cut from Merino ewes (3.24 kg) was greater (P< 0.01) than that from crossbred ewes (2.58 kg). The ewes were treated with anthelmintics either every four weeks or according to climatic conditions. There were no significant differences between the anthelmintic treatments for lamb liveweights at birth, weaning or slaughter; carcase weight; ewe fleece weight; or mortality rate. Treatment every four weeks increased ewe live weight during only one short period from August 1971 to February 1972 (P< 0.05). Data from this experiment compared favourably with survey data for the high rainfall zone in Australia and it was concluded that prime lamb production on the north coast of New South Wales is biologically feasible.

Growth, yield and nitrogen requirements of winter sown cereals grown after cotton or summer fallow in the lower Namoi Valley, New South Wales

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
GK McDonald ◽  
BG Sutton ◽  
FW Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Three winter cereals (wheat varieties Songlen and WW 15, triticale variety Satu) were grown after cotton or summer fallow under three levels of applied nitrogen (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha) at Narrabri, New South Wales. The cereals were sown on August 7, 1980 and growing season rainfall was supplemented by a single irrigation. Leaf area, total shoot dry matter production and ears per square metre were lower after cotton than after summer fallow, while grain yields of cereals sown immediately after cotton were 33% lower than those sown after fallow. Adding nitrogen increased leaf area, dry matter and grain yields of crops grown after cotton and fallow, but significant increases were not obtained with more than 100 kg/ha of applied nitrogen. Crops grown after cotton required an application of 100 kg N/ha for leaf and dry matter production at anthesis to equal that of crops grown after fallow with no additional nitrogen. The corresponding cost to grain yield of growing cotton was equivalent to 200 kg N/ha. The low grain yield responses measured in this experiment (1 8 and 10% increase to 100 kg N/ha after cotton and fallow, respectively) were attributed to the combined effects of late sowing, low levels of soil moisture and loss, by denitrification, of some of the applied nitrogen. The triticale, Satu, yielded significantly less than the two wheats (1 99 g/m2 for Satu c.f. 255 and 286 g/m2 for Songlen and WW 15, respectively), and did not appear to be a viable alternative to wheat in a cotton rotation.

Mercury concentrations in edible tissues of Elasmobranchs, teleosts, crustaceans and molluscs from south-eastern Australian waters

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
TI Walker
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Edible Tissues ◽  
The Mean

Mean concentrations of total mercury in the axial muscle tissues from 4 species of elasmobranchs (1.33-3.15 �g g-1) and 14 species of teleosts (0.14-0.73�g g-1) from waters deeper than 75 m were generally higher than the mean concentrations in 23 different species of elasmobranchs (0.13- 1.70 �g g-1) and 30 different species of teleosts (0.01-0.29�g g-1) from shallower waters outside Port Phillip Bay. In 5 of the 11 species of teleosts from Port Phillip Bay, which is shallow, almost landlocked and drains a largely urbanized catchment, mean concentrations were 0.39-0.63�g g-; in the remaining 6 species, they were 0.04-0.27�g g-1. Differences in the diets and the longevity of the species are discussed as possible explanations of the variations in the mercury concentrations. Most of the results were similar to those from other studies undertaken on the same species collected from waters off Tasmania and New South Wales, but tended to be higher than the results for the same species collected from New Zealand waters. Mean concentrations of mercury in various soft tissues from eight species of molluscs were 0.01-0.11�g g-1 and in abdominal and thoracic muscle tissues from three species of crustaceans were 0.03-0.13�g g-1..

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