Sowing date and varietal effects on the N2 fixation of field pea and implications for improvement of soil nitrogen

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
GE O'Connor ◽  
J Evans ◽  
NA Fettell ◽  
I Bamforth ◽  
J Stuchberry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Biomass N ◽  
Varietal Variation

Dry matter, biomass N, N2 fixation (determined by the 15N isotope dilution method), grain yield and grain N, were determined for five pea cultivars grown with three sowing times at six sites in south-eastern Australia. Earlier sowing (late April to early May) increased N2 fixation (by as much as 96 kg N/ha compared to sowing in late June to early July). Early sowing improved the probability of peas contributing to soil total N. The potential increment in soil N from the pea stubbles left after harvesting grain, averaged over the varieties, was as high as 98 kg N/ha with early sowing, and as low as -38 kg N/ha with late sowing. The benefits from earlier sowing were due to larger dry matter production with a higher N concentration and a greater proportion of plant N from N2 fixation. Varietal variation in fixed N and potential for augmenting soil total N, was generally smaller than the variation in these parameters due to different sowing dates.

N2 fixation and its value to soil N increase in lupin, field pea and other legumes in south-eastern Australia

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Evans ◽  
GE O'Connor ◽  
GL Turner ◽  
DR Coventry ◽  
N Fettell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Eastern Australia

N2 fixation and its potential contribution to increasing soil total N were estimated in field-grown crops of lupin and pea in 21 trials at 10 locations in New South Wales and Victoria, during 1984 to 1987. Chickpea, faba bean and annual medic were included at some sites. Across experiments there were differences in annual rainfall (267 to 646 mm), soil N (0.02 to 0.20%), soil pH (CaCl2,4.3 to 8.0) and sowing date (24 April to 16 June). Most experiments were conducted on acidic (pH < 4.8) red-earth, the others on grey-cracking clay or sandy soil, both of higher pH The differing sites, seasons, and sowing time contributed to variation in legume biomass (2.02 to 14.33 t/ha) and total N (45 to 297 kg N/ha), and the amount of N harvested with grain (8 to 153 kg N/ha), which were related.Lupin fixed an average of 65% of total crop N, and pea 61%, but there was considerable variation about these averages (20 to 97%). Significant differences in % N2 fixation between legumes within sites were few. The amount of N2 fixed averaged 98.5 kg N/ha by lupin and 80.5 kg N/ha by pea, varying 26 to 288 kg N/ha and 16 to 177 kg N/ha, respectively. Variation in proportional and total N2 fixation was associated with biomass, soil mineral N, and sowing date. N2 fixation increased with more biomass and declined with higher soil mineral N, and later sowing (lupin). Each additional tonne of dry matter increased fixed N by c. 20 kg N/ha. Differences in amounts of fixed N between legumes within sites were due primarily to biomass differences.N2fixed by lupin contributed an average of 38.2 kg N/ha to soil N, and by pea, 17.9 kg N/ha. The contribution was variable, -41 to 135 kg N/ha (lupin) and -32 to 96 kg N/ha (pea), and correlated with proportional and total N2 fixation. Positive increase to soil total N occurred when lupin fixed at least 50% of its crop N, and pea 65%. This occurred in most crops. Legumes frequently used less of the available soil N than cereals.

Application of physiological understanding in soybean improvement. I. Understanding phenological constraints to adaptation and yield potential

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Lawn ◽  
A. T. James
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Eastern Australia

The purpose of this paper and its companion1 is to describe how, in eastern Australia, soybean improvement, in terms of both breeding and agronomy, has been informed and influenced over the past four decades by physiological understanding of the environmental control of phenology. This first paper describes how initial attempts to grow soybean in eastern Australia, using varieties and production practices from the southern USA, met with limited success due to large variety × environment interaction effects on seed yield. In particular, there were large variety × location, variety × sowing date, and variety × sowing date × density effects. These various interaction effects were ultimately explained in terms of the effects of photo-thermal environment on the phenology of different varieties, and the consequences for radiation interception, dry matter production, harvest index, and seed yield. This knowledge enabled the formulation of agronomic practices to optimise sowing date and planting arrangement to suit particular varieties, and underpinned the establishment of commercial production in south-eastern Queensland in the early 1970s. It also influenced the establishment and operation over the next three decades of several separate breeding programs, each targeting phenological adaptation to specific latitudinal regions of eastern Australia. This paper also describes how physiological developments internationally, particularly the discovery of the long juvenile trait and to a lesser extent the semi-dwarf ideotype, subsequently enabled an approach to be conceived for broadening the phenological adaptation of soybeans across latitudes and sowing dates. The application of this approach, and its outcomes in terms of varietal improvement, agronomic management, and the structure of the breeding program, are described in the companion paper.

A comparative analysis of the growth of sweet and forage sorghum crops. II. Accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and nitrogen

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ferraris ◽  
DA Charles-Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Forage Sorghum ◽  
Density Effects ◽  
Sowing Dates

Well-watered crops of sweet sorghum (cv. Wray) and forage sorghum (cv. Silk) were grown in south-eastern Queensland. Treatments consisted of four sowing dates, two intra-row spacings and harvests taken at six physiological growth stages from the third ligule to 3 weeks after grain maturity. Plant density effects on the concentration of sugars and nitrogen were slight, and changes in yields of these components were a function of density effects on dry matter yields. At any growth stage, the concentration of sugars in both cultivars was decreased with delay in sowing date. The delay in sowing date led to an increased nitrogen concentration in cv. Wray, but in cv. Silk the nitrogen concentration was highest in early and late sowings. At maturity, the concentration of sugars in cv. Wray averaged 40'70, 10 times the level in cv. Silk. In both cultivars, accumulation was a near linear function of either time or radiation sum. The partitioning of carbohydrate differed little between cultivars but altered with their ontogeny. The efficiency of light use for sugars production was greater in cv. Wray and altered with ontogeny. In contrast, concentration of nitrogen was similar for both cultivars and decreased curvilinearly with time or degree days. The partitioning of nitrogen altered with ontogeny and the amount partitioned to leaf material was greater in cv. Silk pre-anthesis but was less post-anthesis. Yield of stem sugars in cv. Wray exceeded 10 t ha-1 when the crops were sown early in the season, but was only 3 t ha-1 with late-sown crops.

Sowing date affects yield components of canarygrass seed

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Bodega ◽  
M. A. De Dios ◽  
M. M. Pereyra Iraola
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Canarygrass (Phalaris canariensis L.) crops are sown from June to mid-September in the southeastern area of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Sowing dates in this range result in different growing temperatures and photoperiods that affect the duration of developmental stages, biomass production, and seed yield and its components. For Argentina, there are no reported studies that address these effects. This study on the effects of sowing date was conducted during four growing seasons (1996–1999) at the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologí a Agropecuaria (INTA) Experimental Station at Balcarce, Argentina, using a population provided by Dr. Jaime Lloveras, University of Leyda, Spain. Different seeding dates were chosen from June to mid-September. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four blocks. When the sowing date was delayed, total dry matter (DM) decreased. For early sowing dates seed yield was constant, but after 10 August it was reduced by 1.5% for each day of delay. Earlier sowing increased the duration of pre-anthesis development with greater uniformity in panicle size and the number of seeds. Seed yield was related lin early to the number of seeds and plant dry matter yield (DMY). The rate of progress from emergence to anthesis (1/days from emergence to anthesis) was proportional to the mean photoperiod. Under the environmental conditions in Balcarce, the accumulated required thermal units for anthesis was reduced when sowing was delayed from June to September. This reduction was related to the photoperiod and was estimated as –189.3 growing degree-days per hour of photoperiod increment. Key words: Canarygrass, seed yield, sowing date, yield components

scholarly journals Influence of Sowing Dates on the Phenological Development, Growth and Yield Of White Maize Genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
S Akhtar ◽  
MJ Ullah ◽  
A Hamid ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
MKU Ahamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Sowing Dates

The experiment was conducted at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (90o22 E, 23o 41 N), Dhaka, Bangladesh in  Rabi (winter) season of 2017-2018 to study the effects of sowing date on  growth and  yield of four white maize genotypes, viz.  PSC-121, Yangnuo-7, Yungnuo-30 and Changnuo-6. Sowing dates were November 26, December 11, and December 26. Data were collected on different phenological growth stages, dry matter, physiological attributes, yield, and yield attributes. A delay in sowing date delayed the time required for seedling emergence, to reach the 6-leaf collar, maturity stage, and also reduced yield. The planting of PSC-121 in November 26 gave the highest dry matter plant-1, the number of grains cob-1, and 100- grain weight that resulted in the highest grain yield (11.65 t/ha) of the genotype. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2021, 24(1): 57-70

Nitrogen fixation characteristics of Rhizobium surviving in soils 'equilibrated' with sewage biosolids

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellie J. Munn ◽  
Jeffrey Evans ◽  
Phillip M. Chalk
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Symbiotic Effectiveness ◽  
Amended Soils

To determine the effects of urban sewage biosolids on the symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and N2 fixation, glasshouse and laboratory studies were carried out with several soils, biosolids, and biosolid application levels. Symbiotic effectiveness of R. l. trifolii was estimated as the dry weight or N content of seedlings of subterranean clover grown with only N2 fixation and seed N as the available nitrogen sources. The N fixed by legumes in unamended and biosolid-amended soils was determined using the 15N isotope dilution method. Six soils were represented in the experiments. Each of these was equilibrated over a period of 12 months with dried, finely ground biosolids (DWS) from the Malabar sewage treatment plant, at biosolids levels ranging from the equivalent of 60 to 240 t DWS/ha. One of the soils was also equilibrated with each of 4 other biosolids. The maximal concentration of heavy metals in soil amended with biosolids was 1026 mg/kg. The effect of biosolids on symbiotic effectiveness depended on the soil type and biosolid applications level. Thus, biosolids reduced the symbiotic effectiveness of R. l. trifolii in 2 of the 6 soils, although at different levels of biosolid. In most soil treatments N2 fixation was detected in subterranean clover, confirming the persistence of symbiotically effective rhizobia in most biosolids-amended soils. In addition, in strongly acidic soils plant N and N2 fixation increased significantly with biosolids addition, probably in response to higher soil pH, exchangeable Ca, and available P. In the treatments in which the symbiotic effectiveness of R. l. trifolii was reduced by biosolids, this was reflected in poor N2 fixation. However, symbiotic effectiveness did not correlate well with N2 fixation, probably because increases in soil nitrate at higher biosolids levels inhibited N2 fixation. Nevertheless, there were instances at 240 t DWS/ha where this was unlikely to explain the decrease in N2 fixation. It was concluded that adverse effects of biosolids on symbiotic effectiveness depend first on soil type, and then on biosolid type and application level; and the response in symbiotic effectiveness to adding biosolids to soil needs to be determined for each distinctively different site of biosolids reuse.

scholarly journals Dry matter accumulation and remobilization in winter barley as affected by genotype and sowing date

Genetika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 751-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Mirosavljevic ◽  
Novo Przulj ◽  
Vojislava Momcilovic ◽  
Nikola Hristov ◽  
Ivana Maksimovic
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Knowledge about the effect of genotypic variation and sowing date on dry matter accumulation, remobilization and partitioning in winter barley is important for crop management. Therefore, in field studies, six winter barley genotypes of various origin and maturity groups were studied across four sowing dates. In general, grain yield and dry matter content decreased with delayed sowing, after mid-October, and average grain yield in late October and November sowing was lower 14.2% and 16.9%, respectively, compared to the yield in the optimal sowing date. Among the tested genotypes, high grain yield and dry matter content was obtained from late and medium early barley genotypes. Delayed sowing dates, on average, reduced dry matter remobilization and contribution of vegetative dry matter to grain yield. In years characterized by high spring precipitation, late September and early October sowing of medium early and late barley genotypes enable increased accumulation and remobilization of dry matter and obtainment of high grain yield.

Simplified methods for assessing quantities of N2 fixed by Lupinus angustifolius L. and its benefits to soil nitrogen status

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Evans ◽  
D. P. Heenan
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
A Site

Procedures for assessing the quantity of symbiotically fixed nitrogen (kg N/ha) in standing crops of lupin and for estimating variation of N2 fixation by lupins in different years were determined empirically and described. In standing crops, N2 fixation was estimated from crop height, plant population density, and a bioassay of soil mineral nitrogen (cereal crop N; kg N/ha). In addition it was also estimated from rainfall, sowing date, and cereal N, which consequently enabled prediction of seasonal variation in fixed N using historical rainfall data. Procedures for estimating the potential contribution of N2 fixation to soil N, and the effects of lupin and cereal N budgets on soil N balance based on differences in fixed N and grain N (grain yield×estimated grain N concentration) are also given. The collective procedures are applied to a site in south-eastern Australia and the predicted crop effects on soil N balance compared with actual field data. Perceived limitations of the procedures are discussed.

Comparison of the effects of autumn and spring sowing date on growth and yield of combining peas (Pisum sativutn L.)

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Silim ◽  
P. D. Hebblethwaite ◽  
M. C. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Spring Sowing

SummaryExperiments were conducted between 1978 and 1981 to investigate the effect of autumn and spring sowing on emergence, winter survival, growth and yield of combining peas (varieties ‘Frimas’, ‘Filby’ and ‘Vedette’). Effects of growth regulator PP 333 (Paclobutrazol, ICI pic) application and defoliation on winter survival of Filby were also investigated. Field emergence of autumn-sown Frimas (winter hardy) was less than Vedette or Filby but percentage winter survival was greater. PP 333 application, but not defoliation, increased percentage winter survival of Filby sown in September. Total dry-matter production and photosynthetic area of autumn- compared with spring-sown crops varied considerably between seasons. Yield data indicated that autumn-sown crops produce similar seed yields to spring sowings when winter survival is adequate. November sowings matured 2–4 weeks before March-sown crops, depending on variety and season. Optimum sowing dates were mid-November and early March. Large seed-yield reductions occurred when sowing was delayed until mid-April.

Effects of Sowing Date on Forage and Seed Production of 14 Varieties of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Akinola ◽  
J. H. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Yield Prediction ◽  
Sowing Dates

SUMMARYFourteen varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) were compared for yields of forage and seed from two sowing dates, using various agronomic parameters. Yields ranged from 1048 to 5044, 185 to 920 and 864 to 3321 kg/ha for dry matter, crude protein and seed respectively, with advantages from spreading as against semi-erect types, and early rather than late July sowing. IVu 1283-1 and IVu 1283-2 effectively combined vegetative and seed yield, and appeared most suitable for fodder and seed production. A simple forage yield index (FYI), useful in yield prediction, was evolved.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document