The animal: options for managing intake

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
RA Dynes
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Hunger Drive ◽  
Feeding Systems

Managing voluntary feed intake of grazing animals is essential to maximise returns and to meet market specifications. Restricting nutrient intake is successfully achieved by controlled grazing management techniques and with feed additive use in intensive feeding systems. Increasing feed intake in the long-term will be a greater challenge to research. There is considerable potential with existing genotypes of sheep to increase intake, because intake appears to be limited by a lack of hunger drive rather than by limitations due to tissue energy transactions or gut load. Increasing voluntary feed intake will be successful if we can increase the hunger drive within the brain. Increasing the hunger drive may be achieved by decreasing the metabolic satiety signal arising from tissue transactions, by reducing the magnitude of the satiety signals arising from the gastrointestinal tract or by modifying neurotransmitters within the brain to enhance the hunger drive.

Effects of Protein and Roughage Sources in Total Mixed Ration on Voluntary Feed Intake, Nutrient Intake and Blood Metabolites in Black Bengal Goats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Polviset ◽  
N. Danopas
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake

Background: Agricultural productivity in Southeast Asian countries are important to produce food for human, thus the first priority to improve agricultural productivity is feed and feeding in livestock, especially in ruminants when rice straw and Napier grass are used as the roughage sources; in addition, cassava leaves and Leucaena leaves can be used as the protein sources. Interestingly, the strategy to improve feed in ruminant is through the use of total mixed rations (TMR) which are produced by combination of roughages, concentrates, minerals, vitamins and additives. Methods: During the period 2020-2021 a study with 2 × 2 factorial, in 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21 days per period tested the following TMR’s T1- 5% urea treated rice straw with dried Leucaena leaves, T2- 5% urea treated rice with dried cassava leaves, T3- fermented napier grass with dried Leucaena leaves and the T4- fermented napier grass with dried cassava leaves on voluntary feed intake, nutrient intake and blood metabolites in Black Bengal goats. Result: All treatments did not affect voluntary feed intake (kgDM/head/day and % BW) (P greater than 0.05), but feeding with 5% urea treated rice with dried cassava leaves, it was non significantly higher (0.71 kgDM/day). Furthermore, nutrient intake of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and rumination were not affected among all the four treatments (P greater than 0.05). Additionally, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen and triglyceride concentrations in plasma were not influenced due to treatments (P greater than 0.05). Nevertheless, Feed cost (USD/kg) was reduced T3 and T4. In conclusion, feeding Black Bengal goat with fermented napier grass with dried Leucaena leaves and fermented napier grass with dried cassava leaves in the TMR were suitable because of the lowest price (0.13 USD/kg) when compared to the other treatments.

Wolf plant effects on water relations, growth and productivity in crested wheatgrass

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Romo
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Effects ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Grazing Capacity

When improperly managed in pastures, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Schultes) develops wolf plants because of the long-term persistence of inflorescences. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the wolf plants have no effect on the growth and water relations of grazed or subordinate plants in crested wheatgrass. Treatments applied to wolf plants included killing with glyphosate, mowing to a 10-cm stubble, killing with glyphosate + mowing to a 10-cm stubble, and a control. Rates of vegetative and reproductive development, tiller and whole plant weights, tiller replacement and xylem water potentials of leaves were determined for subordinate plants for 2–3 yr following treatment. The presence of wolf plants had no consistent effect on the water relations or on growth of subordinate plants of crested wheatgrass. Because they play no apparent beneficial role in the water status and productivity of crested wheatgrass, management techniques should be implemented to exploit the forage produced by wolf plants. Accessing this forage can substantially increase the grazing capacity of crested wheatgrass pastures. Key words:Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Schultes, grazing management, pasture improvement, plant water relations

Voluntary feed intake in growing-finishing pigs: A review of the main determining factors and potential approaches for accurate predictions

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Nyachoti ◽  
R. T. Zijlstra ◽  
C. F. M. de Lange ◽  
J. F. Patience
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
The Individual

The ability of pigs to consume sufficient nutrients for optimal performance is an important consideration in commercial pork production. Nutrient intake levels are directly related to voluntary feed intake. Voluntary feed intake in pigs is influenced by several factors including environmental conditions (e.g. thermal and social conditions), animal status (e.g., age and physiological status), and feed and feeding conditions (e.g. bulkiness of the feed and feed form). Although the individual effects of many of these factors on voluntary feed intake have been investigated and quantified, little has been done to characterize their interactive effects. Under commercial conditions, voluntary feed intake is clearly influenced by multiple factors at any one time. Thus, there is a need for a means to accurately quantify voluntary feed intake in pigs as affected by the different interacting factors. Until quantitative effects of these interactions are established it is suggested that feed intake be monitored. This can be achieved by obtaining feed intake on representative groups of pigs. Key words: Voluntary feed intake, pigs, determining factors, prediction equations

Effect of palatability on voluntary feed intake by sheep. II. The effect of altering the palatability of a wheaten hay on long-term intake and preference

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
SG Gherardi ◽  
JL Black ◽  
WF Colebrook
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Quantitative Assessments

The effect of either an increase or a decrease in palatability on both long-term intake and preference for a wheaten hay was studied using two groups of sheep. Quantitative assessments of palatability confirmed that it was possible either to increase the palatability of 17 mm length hay by treating it with a combination of butyric acid plus monosodium glutamate or to decrease the palatability of 6 mm length hay by treating it with MgO. The voluntary intake of hay treated with butyric acid plus monosodium glutamate was 10% higher than that of the untreated hay when offered singly to sheep over 25 days. The increase in intake of the treated hay was associated with an increase in the apparent fractional rate of digestion in the rumen. There was no difference in voluntary intake between hay treated with MgO and untreated hay, even though there was a reduction in the apparent digestibility of the treated hay. The addition of MgO resulted in a decrease in the apparent fractional rate of digestion in the rumen which was compensated for by an increase in rumen digesta load. The palatability of a forage did affect its long-term preference, as determined by offering treated and untreated forages together in separate containers for 25 days. The sheep demonstrated a preference for hay treated with butyric acid plus monosodium glutamate (77 cf. 23%) and an aversion to hay treated with MgO (23 cf. 77%). The results indicated that palatability had little effect on the voluntary intake of a wheaten hay when it was offered as the sole forage to sheep. However, when offered a choice between forages, animals consumed significantly more of the more palatable forage.

THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF FEEDING GROUND AND WHOLE COTTONSEED TO LAYING HENS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. FITZSIMMONS ◽  
MARK NEWCOMBE ◽  
I. E. MOUL
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Whole Cottonseed

Laying hens were fed diets containing 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20% whole or ground cottonseed. Birds fed the 15 and 20% ground cottonseed diets rapidly reduced voluntary feed intake and, as a result, suffered a loss in both body weight and egg production. The severity of the dietary effects of cottonseed on productivity and mottled yolks was positively correlated with the level of cottonseed and gossypol in the diet. Egg yolk discoloration was assessed both visually on fresh yolks and using a time exposure to ammonia fumes. Discoloration was easier to detect using the ammonia test. In all cases, egg yolk discoloration was no longer apparent after a maximum of 42 d of feeding a commercial diet. Key words: Cottonseed, gossypol, laying hen, yolk mottling, egg production, feed intake

Role of the gut, melanocortin system and malonyl-CoA in control of feed intake in non-ruminant animals

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank R. Dunshea ◽  
Evan P. Bittner ◽  
John R. Pluske ◽  
John L. Black
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Melanocortin System ◽  
Malonyl Coa ◽  
Digesta Passage ◽  
The Brain

Regulation of feed intake is under complex control, involving physical, chemical, hormonal and neuronal responses. Understanding the regulation of feed intake in farm animals is key to optimisation of intake to meet production and profitability goals. Fundamental mechanisms regulating feed intake include constraints imposed by the gut, systems monitoring current and long-term energy status to increase or decrease intake, and hedonic, reward-related drives. Feed intake is closely related to the rate of passage of digesta and the capacity of the gastrointestinal tract. Indigestible fibre increases the rate of digesta passage and feed intake until excess distension sends signals of satiety to the brain. The presence of partially digested nutrients and products of microbial fermentation in the distal intestines releases peptides (PYY, OXM, GPL-1, Apo A-IV, amylin) from gut and pancreas to activate the intestinal brake, which slows the rate of passage and reduces feed intake. These peptides also act on orexigenic (NPY, AgRP) and anorexigenic (POMC, CART) peptides of the melanocortin system of the hypothalamus to reduce intake over the long term. Immediate energy status of the animal is monitored through the ratio of AMP : ATP via adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin, whereas the overall animal energy status is monitored by insulin, leptin and ghrelin. These energy-monitoring systems control short- and long-term intakes through the melanocortin system of the hypothalamus, primarily via malonyl-CoA, to alter the relative expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides. Gut and hypothalamic control of feed intake can be over-ridden by hedonic, reward-related centres of the brain, predominantly through the release of dopamine. These hedonic responses can lead to over-consumption and obesity under some circumstances or reduced feed intake under stressful or other negative environmental situations. Knowledge of these mechanisms can be used to identify practical strategies for either increasing or decreasing voluntary intake in pigs.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

Moving past the vaccine/autism controversy - to examine potential vaccine neurological harms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Peter R. Breggin
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Psychosocial Disorders ◽  
The Us ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
The Brain ◽  
New Vaccines

BACKGROUND: The vaccine/autism controversy has caused vast scientific and public confusion, and it has set back research and education into genuine vaccine-induced neurological disorders. The great strawman of autism has been so emphasized by the vaccine industry that it, and it alone, often appears in authoritative discussions of adverse effects of the MMR and other vaccines. By dismissing the chimerical vaccine/autism controversy, vaccine defenders often dismiss all genuinely neurological aftereffects of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and other vaccines, including well-documented events, such as relatively rare cases of encephalopathy and encephalitis. OBJECTIVE: This report explains that autism is not a physical or neurological disorder. It is not caused by injury or disease of the brain. It is a developmental disorder that has no physical origins and no physical symptoms. It is extremely unlikely that vaccines are causing autism; but it is extremely likely that they are causing more neurological damage than currently appreciated, some of it resulting in psychosocial disabilities that can be confused with autism and other psychosocial disorders. This confusion between a developmental, psychosocial disorder and a physical neurological disease has played into the hands of interest groups who want to deny that vaccines have any neurological and associated neuropsychiatric effects. METHODS: A review of the scientific literature, textbooks, and related media commentary is integrated with basic clinical knowledge. RESULTS: This report shows how scientific sources have used the vaccine/autism controversy to avoid dealing with genuine neurological risks associated with vaccines and summarizes evidence that vaccines, including the MMR, can cause serious neurological disorders. Manufacturers have been allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to gain vaccine approval without placebo-controlled clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: The misleading vaccine autism controversy must be set aside in favor of examining actual neurological harms associated with vaccines, including building on existing research that has been ignored. Manufacturers of vaccines must be required to conduct placebo-controlled clinical studies for existing vaccines and for government approval of new vaccines. Many probable or confirmed neurological adverse events occur within a few days or weeks after immunization and could be detected if the trials were sufficiently large. Contrary to current opinion, large, long-term placebo-controlled trials of existing and new vaccines would be relatively easy and safe to conduct.

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