scholarly journals Alterations in Host Metabolism by the Specific and Anorectic Effects of the Cattle Tick (Boophilus Microplus) II. Changes in Blood Composition

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC O'kelly ◽  
RM Seebeck ◽  
PH Springell
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Blood Composition ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Anorectic Effect ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Host Metabolism

Changes in the blood composition of Hereford steers kept on a high. quality diet and infested with B. microplus were studied. The experiment was designed so that the effects on blood composition due to reduced feed intake ("anorectic effect") and those due to the remaining factors of tick infestation ("specific effect") could be independently estimated.

scholarly journals Alterations in Host Metabolism by the Specific and Anorectic Effects of the Cattle Tick (Boophilus Microplus) I. Food Intake and Body Weight Growth

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Seebeck ◽  
PH Springell ◽  
JC O'kelly
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Anorectic Effect ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Host Metabolism

This experiment was designed to measure the effects of infestation by B. microplus on cattle and to separate the effects of reduced food intake ("anorectic effect") from those due to the remaining factors of tick infestation ("specific effect"). Hereford cattle kept on a high-quality diet were studied over a treatment period of 11 weeks with the tick-infested animals being infested regularly with equal larval doses for each animal.

Alterations in Host Metabolism by the Specific and Anorectic Effects of the Cattle Tick (Boophilus Microplus) III. Metabolic Implication of Blood Volume Body Water and Carcass Composition Changes

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
PH Springell ◽  
JC O'kelly ◽  
RM Seebeck
Keyword(s):  
Specific Effect ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Anorectic Effect ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Composition Changes ◽  
Cell Volumes

Plasma and red cell volumes were determined and the amounts of circulating metabolites deduced following heavy B. microplus infestation of Hereford steers fed a high quality diet. The experiment was designed to separate out effects of the cattle tick on host metabolism caused by reduced food intake ("anorectic effect"), and by other factors ("specific effect"). The specific effect caused a depression of the red cell volume and of the amounts of circulating haemoglobin, albumin, and total cholesterol and increases in the amount of circulating globulin. Anorectic effects were not significant.

The spelling of pasture in cattle tick control

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Cattle Tick Control

When two comparable herds of cattle were kept continuously in adjoining paddocks, frequent acaricidal treatment was necessary to control ticks (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) ). Thereafter, one of the two herds was grazed alternately in its own and an adjacent paddock, the intervals between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unoccupied paddock had died. Tick infestations on this herd were greatly reduced, and less frequent use of acaricides was necessary. The herd remaining in the continuously stocked pasture continued to need acaricidal treatment for recurring tick infestation. In a field trial with 350–400 cattle moved a t intervals to each of three formerly heavily infested paddocks, tick infestations remained very light, although the herd was dipped only In January, September, and the following January. A control herd on continuously stocked pasture, treated at the owner's discretion, required eight dippings in this period. This procedure of "pasture spelling" seems likely to be widely applicable in central Queensland.

Natural occurrence of lethal aspergillosis in the cattle tickRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus(Acari:Ixodidae)

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. MIRANDA-MIRANDA ◽  
R. COSSIO-BAYUGAR ◽  
F. MARTÍNEZ-IBAÑEZ ◽  
R. CASASANERO-ORDUÑA ◽  
J. FOLCH-MALLOL
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Dark Colour ◽  
Microscopic Morphology

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to describe an unreported entomopathogenic fungus that naturally infects the cattle tickRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus(Acari: Ixodidae). Engorged female ticks, showed symptoms of fungal infection after controlled tick infestation of cattle. Infected ticks developed a distinctive dark colour, a pale mould grew over the cuticle and the ticks eventually died covered with fungal conidiophores. The responsible fungus was isolated and cultured on mycological medium and submitted to microscopic morphology, biochemical phenotyping and 18S rRNA ribotyping analyses, which identified it as aflatoxin-producingAspergillus flavus. Spores from the cultured fungus were experimentally sprayed over healthy engorged female ticks, obtaining an 80% prevalence of experimental infection of healthy ticks and their egg masses, the larval progeny after incubation under laboratory conditions was also infected. These results demonstrate thatA. flavusis the causative agent of the natural fungal disease of the cattle tickR. microplusdescribed here.

Observations on infestations of undipped cattle of British breeds with the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini).

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Adult Tick ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Tick Resistance

A small herd of cattle infested with the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) was kept in a previously unstocked paddock for 11 months without treatment for tick infestation. Frequent examinations showed that widely differing numbers of ticks developed on the cattle. The "tick resistance" of one animal, which showed no adult ticks during the summer months, could only be accounted for by mortality of the larvae and nymphs on the animal, since as many larvae were seen on selected small areas of this animal as on some animals carrying many adult ticks. The animals grazed together and thus would encounter similar numbers of tick larvae. The degree of susceptibility to adult tick infestation showed negligible correlation with skin thickness measurements and was not related to coat length. Larvae reappeared on the cattle 6 weeks after the first stocking of the paddock in March. The animals became almost free of ticks for 2 weeks in August. Although larvae were most numerous in November-December, they gave rise to fewer adults than the earlier wave of larvae in September- October. Some of the cattle suffered from "tick-worry'' in October, but thereafter their condition improved without treatment.

A comparison of cattle tick control by "conventional" acaricidal treatment, planned dipping, and pasture spelling

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 841 ◽  
Author(s):  
KLS Harley ◽  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tick Burden ◽  
Cattle Tick Control

Three comparable herds of cattle were grazed in a wet tropical area of north Queensland for the comparison of control measures against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. The cattle tick infestation of one herd was controlled by simulated "conventional" methods, the cattle receiving acaricidal treatment when the count of "standard" ticks (0.5 cm or more in length) on the right side averaged 20 or more per animal. The tick infestation of the second herd was controlled by dipping in acaricide at 21-day intervals, so that few of the tick larvae attaching to the cattle between dippings reached maturity. This was continued until the larval population in the pasture was greatly depleted. The procedure, for which the term planned dipping has been proposed, was repeated when the count of standard ticks on the right side averaged more than 20 per animal. The tick infestation of the third herd was controlled by grazing alternately in two adjacent paddocks, the interval between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unstocked paddock had died. Acaricidal treatment was applied at times of paddock changes and also at other times if the tick count was more than 20 per animal. This procedure is known as pasture spelling. Over the 2 years of the experiment, planned dipping and pasture spelling resulted in increased efficiency in tick control. In comparison with the herd given conventional tick control, planned dipping resulted in no reduction in the number of acaricidal treatments, but the tick burden was reduced by 79%. Pasture spelling resulted in the number of acaricidal treatments being reduced by 60% and the tick burden by 64%.

Compensatory growth in sheep and cattle. 1. Growth pattern and feed intake

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Ryan ◽  
IH Williams ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Nutritional Restriction ◽  
And Control

Sheep and cattle often exhibit compensatory growth following nutritional restriction. Complete compensation, that is the same weight at the same age as non-restricted contemporaries, has often been observed in sheep but not in cattle. In this experiment the compensatory growth of sheep and cattle was measured after their nutrition had been restricted sufficiently to induce losses in body weight. The growth, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency of the compensating sheep and cattle, measured during re-alimentation, was compared to control animals fed ad libitium throughout the experiment. A high-quality diet was used to maximize the opportunity for compensatory growth. The cattle exhibited compensatory growth for the 11 months between re-alimentation and the end of the experiment, and were able to compensate completely. Compensatory growth did not persist as long in the sheep as in the cattle, and they remained lighter than the controls at the end of the experiment. During the first 12 weeks of re-alimentation there was no difference in the feed intake of the compensating and control animals in both species. Compensatory growth during this time was due to the greater efficiency of the compensating animals. After this initial 12 weeks the feed intake of the compensating animals increased, and the subsequent compensatory growth could be fully accounted for by greater feed intake. The greater persistence of compensatory growth in the cattle was due to their intake remaining elevated longer.

Effect of monensin on methane and heat productions of steers fed lucerne hay either ad libitum or at the rate of 250 g/hour

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC O'Kelly ◽  
WG Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Anorectic Effect ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Brahman Steers

The effect of monensin supplement (33 mg/kg feed) on methane and heat productions was studied in Brahman steers offered lucerne hay in two feeding regimes: ad libitum (AL) or at the rate of 250 g/h (GPH). The monensin treated animals consumed 65 kg less feed than untreated animals in achieving a mean liveweight gain of.56 kg over 54 days of feeding AL. The 10.5% reduction in daily feed intake due to monensin was associated with a 25.6% reduction in methane production. At equalized feed intakes (adjustments made by covariance) approximately 55% of the reduction in methane caused by monensin was explained by its anorectic effect and 45% by its specific effect on rumen fermentation. In contrast, monensin slightly increased (P = 0.07) liveweight gain, but did not affect methane production in steers fed GPH. Heat production was not significantly altered by the use of monensin in either feeding regime.

Ecology of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in subtropical Australia. II. Resistance of different breeds of cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Sutherst ◽  
GF Maywald ◽  
AS Bourne ◽  
ID Sutherland ◽  
DA Stegeman
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Subtropical Australia

The resistance to the cattle tick, Boophilus mircoplus, of four herds of cattle with different Bos indicus (zebu) content, grazed at each of two locations in the subtropics of Queensland, Australia, was measured using artificial tick infestations at intervals of either 2 or 6 months over periods of up to 4 years. The factors affecting resistance of crossbred herds at each location in order of decreasing importance were the proportion of R. indicus genes, lactation, age interacting with nutritional conditions, a seasonal cycle which differed in timing at the two locations, and rainfall during the week of tick infestation. These variables accounted for 62% of the observed variation and the statistical model explained concurrent changes in resistance of other herds equally well. These findings are combined with data on the survival of freeliving stages of the ticks in a later paper to explain the observed variation in populations of cattle ticks on the untreated herds when grazing in separate pastures.

Damara sheep have higher digestible energy intake than Merino sheep when fed low-quality or high-quality feed

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wilkes ◽  
P. I. Hynd ◽  
W. S. Pitchford
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Sheep Meat ◽  
Quality Diet

The use of animals that are resilient to challenging environments is becoming of increasing importance in animal production systems. Interest in breeds of sheep such as the Damara for sheep meat production is increasing in Australia. Anecdotally this breed outperforms the traditionally grazed Merino in the harsh rangeland environments encountered in the Pastoral Zone of Australia, but little evidence is available to support this claim. A trial was conducted to quantify differences in the efficiency of feed utilisation and growth performance of Damara and Merino sheep under two contrasting dietary regimes. Eighteen castrate males of each breed were offered a ‘low-quality’ diet (L) (7 MJ/kg ME; 8% crude protein, as per manufacturer’s analysis) followed by a ‘high-quality’ diet (H) (11 MJ/kg dry matter and 16% crude protein, as per manufacturer’s analysis). On the L diet, Damaras had similar ad libitum feed intake as Merinos, but the digestibility of feed dry matter and energy was ~10% higher in Damaras than Merinos. Damaras also gained weight (38 g/day) on the L diet, while Merinos lost weight (28 g/day) (P < 0.002). On the H diet the Damaras consumed 14% more feed (P < 0.053) and grew 30% faster than Merinos (P < 0.002), but there was no difference in the apparent dry matter or energy digestibility of the feed. At the conclusion of the trial the Damara carcasses were 22% heavier (28.1 versus 23.1 kg), and had higher dressing percentages (53.2 versus 41.5%) than Merinos, but the proportions of carcass components did not differ. The Damaras achieved higher total digestible energy intakes than the Merinos on both diets. On the low-quality feed this was achieved through higher feed digestibility and on the high-quality feed through greater voluntary feed intake. We speculate that this arises from variation between the breeds in rumen volume, particle flow and the site of digestion, but further studies are required to confirm this contention. The ability of Damara sheep to obtain more nutrients from widely differing feed bases makes them an attractive alternative sheep breed for sheep meat production. Furthermore, the presence of such variation between genotypes offers potential for selective breeding and development of commercial lines of sheep.

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