Floristic description and environmental relationships of Tasmanian Sphagnum communities and their conservation management

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Whinam ◽  
L. A. Barmuta ◽  
N. Chilcott
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Dimensional Solution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dimensional Scaling ◽  
Vegetation Surveys ◽  
Floristic Data ◽  
Reserve System

A floristic data set spanning 15 years was compiled from vegetation surveys of Sphagnum peatlands across Tasmania. The data were ordinated by hybrid multi-dimensional scaling and a three-dimensional solution was most satisfactory. The strongest floristic gradient corresponded to changes in altitude and moisture. Original data were included from Sphagnum peatlands outside their commonly recorded altitudinal, geologic and geographic ranges. Several new types of Sphagnum peatland are described. While many of Tasmania’s subalpine and alpine Sphagnum peatlands are protected within reserves, this is not the case for montane and lowland Sphagnum peatlands. During the past decade, the pressure on Sphagnum peatlands outside the Tasmanian reserve system has continued to increase. Threats such as Sphagnum-moss harvesting, peat mining, burning, grazing and forestry operations have an impact on both the number and condition of Sphagnum peatlands.

Broad-scale environmental relations of floristic gradients in the Mitchell grasslands of Queensland

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Fensham ◽  
P. R. Minchin ◽  
R. J. Fairfax ◽  
J. E. Kemp ◽  
R. W. Purdie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Dimensional Solution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Limestone Habitat ◽  
Vegetation Surveys ◽  
Environmental Relations ◽  
Floristic Data ◽  
Broad Scale

A large floristic data set was collated from vegetation surveys of Mitchell (Astrebla spp.) grasslands in Queensland spanning more than 20 years. The data was ordinated using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and a four-dimensional solution could be deciphered. The longest floristic gradient was clearly aligned with climatic variables associated with mean annual precipitation. The vector for mean annual temperature was orientated orthogonally to the primary vector and was strongly correlated through the ordination space. A grazing vector tentatively derived from the frequency of species known to be favoured by grazing in Mitchell grasslands was orthogonal to the major climatic trends. However, the suspected grazing influence is complicated by the potential influence of sites occurring on limited areas of limestone habitat representing marginal Mitchell grassland habitat. A vector derived from the binomial categorisation of landform into downs and alluvia was clearly aligned with the fourth dimension of the ordination. Short- and long-term rainfall history variables were generated for each site from local rainfall records. The oblique trajectory of these variables through the ordination space tends to suggest that they may be artefacts of sampling rather than a major independent influence on the character of Mitchell grasslands. Thus the results at the broad scale of this study do not conform to previous studies at the paddock scale that emphasise the influence of climatic fluctuations on the floristic character of Mitchell grasslands. The results suggest Mitchell grasslands will require conservation planning and action throughout their geographic range.

scholarly journals Redetermination of the crystal structure of bis(tri-2-pyridylamine)iron(II) bis(perchlorate), and a new refinement of the isotypic nickel(II) analogue: treatment of the perchlorate anion disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 668-672
Author(s):  
Zouaoui Setifi ◽  
Fatima Setifi ◽  
Necmi Dege ◽  
Rafika El Ati ◽  
Christopher Glidewell
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Title Compound ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Supramolecular Assembly ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Component Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Original Report

The redetermination of the structure of the title compound, [Fe(C15H12N4)2](ClO4)2, (I), confirms the structure previously reported [Kucharski et al. (1978a). Aust. J. Chem. 31, 53–56], but models the perchlorate over four sets of atomic sites, rather than using just one set of sites as in the original report. The supramolecular assembly, not reported previously, takes the form of a complex three-dimensional framework built from C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The isotypic nickel(II) analogue, [Ni(C15H12N4)2](ClO4)2, (III), has been refined using the original data set [Wang et al. (2011). Acta Cryst. E67, m78], again using a four-component disorder model for the anion, rather than a two-component model as in the original report, leading to more satisfactory Cl—O distances and O—Cl—O angles.

Reimag(in)ing the Past

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Emmitt ◽  
Briar Sefton ◽  
Rebecca Phillipps ◽  
Willeke Wendrich ◽  
Simon Holdaway
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Three Dimensional Representation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Legacy Data ◽  
A Site

ABSTRACTThe excavation of the site of Kom W in the Fayum region of Egypt during the 1920s by Caton-Thompson and Gardner resulted in the loss of the original surface topography. Detailed section drawings recorded the surface and bottom of excavation, but it was previously difficult to interpret the published images. This article reports on the use of these images to create a three-dimensional representation of the site as it was before and after excavation in the 1920s. This visualization aids the interpretation of the formation processes that shaped Kom W in ways that were previously unachievable due to limitations in the original data. Archaeological sites are under increasing threat of destruction, especially in the Near East. This method could be applied to legacy data in order to reconstruct a site with the data available.

High-Quality Revision of the Israeli Seismic Bulletin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Schardong ◽  
Yochai Ben Horin ◽  
Alon Ziv ◽  
Stephen C. Myers ◽  
Hillel Wust-Bloch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depth Distribution ◽  
Epicentral Distance ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hierarchical Location

Abstract Seismic bulletins, with trustworthy phase picks, origin times, and source locations are key for regional seismic studies, such as travel-time (TT) tomography, attenuation tomography, and anisotropy studies. To lay the groundwork for such studies in Israel, we revised the seismic bulletin of Israel and the surrounding area and obtained a trustworthy TT data set. From the earthquake and explosion bulletins of the Geophysical Institute of Israel, we compiled a starting data set of about 123,000 earthquakes and explosions that occurred during the past 40 yr. After screening out the poorly recorded events, we were left with a data set of ∼38,000 well-recorded events. We then revised the remaining data set in two consecutive steps. In the first, we reviewed and updated station metadata, including changes in station metadata parameters over time. In the second step, we jointly relocated a list of selected seismic events, using the Bayesian hierarchical location software package (BayesLoc) of Myers et al. (2007) that performs joint relocation of multiple events. We observed striking dissimilarities between the spatial distributions of the newly relocated catalog and the initial locations. Although the depth distribution of the starting catalog is trimodal with peaks at 0, 5, and 10 km, the distribution in this study is unimodal, with a broad peak between 7.5 and 12.5 km. By differencing the observed arrival times and the origin times obtained through relocation with BayesLoc, we obtained a revised TT database that consists of 261,336 Pg, 132,876 Pn, 114,816 Sg, and 60,394 Sn arrivals, from a set of 30,458 jointly relocated seismic sources. We compared prerevision and postrevision TTs as a function of epicentral distance and concluded that the revised data set contains far fewer outliers and inconsistencies than the original data set. The revised TT data set may be used for seismic studies, such as TT tomography, attenuation tomography, and anisotropy studies.

Cation tautomerism, twinning and disorder in the triclinic and monoclinic forms of 4-amino-5-chloro-2,6-dimethylpyrimidinium 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate and a new disordered refinement of 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-1-ium thiophene-2-carboxylate

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 862-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammaiyappan Rajam ◽  
P. Thomas Muthiah ◽  
Ray J. Butcher ◽  
Jerry P. Jasinski ◽  
Christopher Glidewell
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Tautomeric Form ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
Framework Structure ◽  
Orthorhombic Unit Cell ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Targeted Drug

Pyrimidines are important compounds in biology and medicine, and the aminopyrimidine fragment can be identified in three of the four bases in DNA. The targeted drug action of pharmaceuticals containing this functionality is likely to depend heavily on molecular recognition processes involving hydrogen bonding. Crystallization of an equimolar mixture of 4-amino-5-chloro-2,6-dimethylpyrimidine and 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid yielded two forms of the 1:1 salt, C6H9ClN3 +·C7H4ClO3 −, each containing a different tautomeric form of the cation. 6-Amino-5-chloro-2,4-dimethylpyrimidin-1-ium 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate, (I), crystallizes in the space group P\overline{1}, with Z′ = 2, and all of the component ions are fully ordered. 4-Amino-5-chloro-2,6-dimethylpyrimidin-1-ium 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate, (II), also crystallizes with Z′ = 2, but in the space group P21/c and as a merohedral twin which closely mimics an orthorhombic unit cell. In (II), one of the cations and one of the anions is disordered, each over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies of 0.836 (2) and 0.164 (2), and 0.834 (2) and 0.166 (2). The bond lengths in the cations of (I) and (II) provide evidence for o-quinonoid and p-quinonoid bond fixation, respectively. A combination of six N—H...O hydrogen bonds links the component ions of (I) into two independent four-ion aggregates, but the ions in (II) are linked by a combination of four N—H...O and two N—H...N hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional framework structure. The recently reported structure of 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-1-ium thiophene-2-carboxylate, C6H10N3O2 +·C5H3O2S−, (III), has been rerefined, using the original data set, to show that the anion is disordered over two sets of atomic sites, approximately related by a 180° rotation about the exocyclic C—C bond, and having occupancies of 0.8687 (19) and 0.1313 (19).

scholarly journals Towards an improved treatment of cloud–radiation interaction in weather and climate models: exploring the potential of the Tripleclouds method for various cloud types using libRadtran 2.0.4

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 3663-3682
Author(s):  
Nina Črnivec ◽  
Bernhard Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Flux ◽  
Atmospheric Models ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cloud Regime ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Horizontal Inhomogeneity ◽  
Research Challenge

Abstract. The representation of unresolved clouds in radiation schemes of coarse-resolution weather and climate models has progressed noticeably over the past years. Nevertheless, a lot of room remains for improvement, as the current picture is by no means complete. The main objective of the present study is to advance the cloud–radiation interaction parameterization, focusing on the issues related to model misrepresentation of cloud horizontal inhomogeneity. This subject is addressed with the Tripleclouds radiative solver, the fundamental feature of which is the inclusion of the optically thicker and thinner cloud fraction. The research challenge is to optimally set the pair of cloud condensates characterizing the two cloudy regions and the corresponding geometrical split of layer cloudiness. A diverse cloud field data set was collected for the analysis, comprising case studies of stratocumulus, cirrus and cumulonimbus. The primary goal is to assess the validity of the global cloud variability estimate along with various condensate distribution assumptions. More sophisticated parameterizations are subsequently explored, optimizing the treatment of overcast as well as extremely heterogeneous cloudiness. The radiative diagnostics including atmospheric heating rate and net surface flux are consistently studied using the Tripleclouds method, evaluated against a three-dimensional radiation computation. The performance of Tripleclouds mostly significantly surpasses the calculation on horizontally homogeneous cloudiness. The effect of horizontal photon transport is further quantified. The overall conclusions are intrinsically different for each particular cloud type, encouraging endeavors to enhance the use of cloud-regime-dependent methodologies in next-generation atmospheric models. This study, highlighting the Tripleclouds potential for three essential cloud types, signifies the need for more research examining a broader spectrum of cloud morphologies.

Intraspecific variation in cephalopod conchs changes during ontogeny: perspectives from three-dimensional morphometry of Nautilus pompilius

Paleobiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amane Tajika ◽  
Naoki Morimoto ◽  
Ryoji Wani ◽  
Christian Klug
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Averaging ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nautilus Pompilius ◽  
The Past ◽  
Geographic Populations ◽  
Measurement Biases ◽  
Excessive Number

AbstractIntraspecific variation of organisms is of great importance to correctly carry out taxonomic work, which is a prerequisite for key disciplines in paleontology such as community paleoecology, biostratigraphy, and biogeography. However, intraspecific variation is rarely studied in ectocochleate cephalopods (ammonoids and nautiloids), for which an excessive number of taxa was established during the past centuries. Because intraspecific variation of fossilized organisms suffers from various biases (time averaging and taphonomy), an extant example is needed for actualistic comparison. We applied 3D morphometry to 93 specimens of Nautilus pompilius from three different geographic populations. This data set was used to examine the intraspecific variation throughout ontogeny in detail. Although there are slight differences between the populations as well as some measurement biases, a common pattern of intraspecific variation appears to be present. High variation in morphometric variables appears early in ontogeny and then decreases gradually in the following ontogenetic stages. Subsequently, the variation shows an increase again before maturity until a sharp increase or decrease occurs toward the end of ontogeny. Comparison with intraspecific variation of ammonoids and belemnites illustrated that some groups have ontogenetic patterns of intraspecific variation that are similar to that of N. pompilius. This implies that the abovementioned ontogenetic pattern of intraspecific variation might be common in some major cephalopod clades.

Being There Is Half the Battle: Group Inclusion, Constitution-Writing, and Democracy

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 2135-2170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Eisenstadt ◽  
Tofigh Maboudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Popular Participation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Being There ◽  
Individual Participation ◽  
What Matters

Using an original data set assessing the effect of the 195 new constitutions worldwide over the past 40 years on levels of democracy, this article argues that when popular participation and group inclusion are both considered, inclusion is what matters. After showing that group inclusion generates more improvements in levels of democracy than mere participation in our data set of implemented constitutions, we address some of the prominent cases of constitution-writing failure that occur when individual participation is valued more highly than group inclusion. The article shows that even after unprecedented waves of popular participation through social media feedback (Egypt and Iceland) and focus groups and workshops (Chile), participation alone cannot generate constitutions that improve levels of democracy, or, sometimes, even the very promulgation of new constitutions. Indeed, using these cases as illustrations, we show how participation without inclusion is doomed to failure. We then show that high inclusion cases, even if they involve low participation (such as Tunisia 2014 and Colombia 1991), do generate democracy improvements.

Measurement of Two-Dimensional Blood Velocity Vectors by the Ultrasonic Speckle Projection Technique

1993 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.S. Wilson ◽  
R.W. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Speckle Pattern ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Blood Velocity ◽  
Projection Technique ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Flowing Blood ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Ultrasonic Speckle ◽  
Ultrasound Scanner

A technique has been developed for measuring the two in-plane components of blood velocity using ultrasound. The principle is based on analyzing a time sequence of successive images of the speckle pattern, and forming spatial projections of the resulting three-dimensional data set. The mathematics may be understood in terms of sections through a three-dimensional Fourier transform of the original data. The technique has been tested with data from a computer-controlled scanner using a tissue-mimicking phantom, and with data from a commercial ultrasound scanner using images of flowing blood in a jugular vein. In both cases, velocity vectors with many different orientations were measured, demonstrating the feasibility of the method. A less restrictive real-time implementation is suggested.

Rotational Characteristics of the Green Solar Corona: 1947-1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rybák ◽  
V. Rušin ◽  
M. Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Coronal Emission ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronal Emission Line ◽  
Homogeneous Data

AbstractFe XIV 530.3 nm coronal emission line observations have been used for the estimation of the green solar corona rotation. A homogeneous data set, created from measurements of the world-wide coronagraphic network, has been examined with a help of correlation analysis to reveal the averaged synodic rotation period as a function of latitude and time over the epoch from 1947 to 1991.The values of the synodic rotation period obtained for this epoch for the whole range of latitudes and a latitude band ±30° are 27.52±0.12 days and 26.95±0.21 days, resp. A differential rotation of green solar corona, with local period maxima around ±60° and minimum of the rotation period at the equator, was confirmed. No clear cyclic variation of the rotation has been found for examinated epoch but some monotonic trends for some time intervals are presented.A detailed investigation of the original data and their correlation functions has shown that an existence of sufficiently reliable tracers is not evident for the whole set of examinated data. This should be taken into account in future more precise estimations of the green corona rotation period.

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