Settlement system in the Angara coastal area in the 17th21st centuries in terms of strategic planning

One of the fundamental urban planning tasks is currently a study of the settlement system properties. In Russian and foreign historical and urban planning science, settlement is studied according to the hierarchical location of settlements. Small and medium-sized settlements are considered as elementary lower units of large cities, their structure and formation processes are not studied. Accordingly, they are rarely considered in elaborating strategic programs of the regional development. The paper proposes the urban retrospective method, which provides a deep and large-scale analysis of the settlement system in the coastal area of the Angara River.Research is based on the cartographic sources developed by governmental institutions whose the activity depends on statistical data. Here belong Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Railways. The comparative analysis of the sources provides modeling and identification of the settlement system with respect to small settlements in the coastal area of the Angara River in different periods. Significant results include the quantitative data on small settlements, since they are not interesting to urban planners of today.

Impact of Network Topology on Energy Efficiency in WSN

<p class="0abstractCxSpFirst"><span lang="EN-US">Wireless communication network has a significant success in scientific and industrial communities. Due to its various advantages, this technology is considered as a key element in current network architectures. It represents the architecture that allows to group a large number of sensors to collect information about a physical process in different environments. The gathered data is transmitted to base station which communicates the information to the end user.</span></p><p class="0abstractCxSpFirst">Several protocols are proposed for WSNs routing, by considering the limited capacities of sensor nodes according to a specific topology that allows to organize the nodes within the network. However, the performance of each routing protocol mainly depends on the application requirements and its results in terms of the lifetime of WSN and satisfaction of objectives defined.</p><p class="0abstractCxSpLast"><span lang="EN-US">According of the structure of WSN, the routing techniques can be divided in three types hierarchical, location-based flat routing. This paper, present the different routing techniques in WSN, based on the organization of nodes in sensor area. We focus specially to study the three types, cluster-based, chain-based and location-based routing techniques. These techniques will be simulated in order to compared their performances with our protocol Location-Based LEACH (LOC-LEACH).</span></p>

High-Quality Revision of the Israeli Seismic Bulletin

Seismic bulletins, with trustworthy phase picks, origin times, and source locations are key for regional seismic studies, such as travel-time (TT) tomography, attenuation tomography, and anisotropy studies. To lay the groundwork for such studies in Israel, we revised the seismic bulletin of Israel and the surrounding area and obtained a trustworthy TT data set. From the earthquake and explosion bulletins of the Geophysical Institute of Israel, we compiled a starting data set of about 123,000 earthquakes and explosions that occurred during the past 40 yr. After screening out the poorly recorded events, we were left with a data set of ∼38,000 well-recorded events. We then revised the remaining data set in two consecutive steps. In the first, we reviewed and updated station metadata, including changes in station metadata parameters over time. In the second step, we jointly relocated a list of selected seismic events, using the Bayesian hierarchical location software package (BayesLoc) of Myers et al. (2007) that performs joint relocation of multiple events. We observed striking dissimilarities between the spatial distributions of the newly relocated catalog and the initial locations. Although the depth distribution of the starting catalog is trimodal with peaks at 0, 5, and 10 km, the distribution in this study is unimodal, with a broad peak between 7.5 and 12.5 km. By differencing the observed arrival times and the origin times obtained through relocation with BayesLoc, we obtained a revised TT database that consists of 261,336 Pg, 132,876 Pn, 114,816 Sg, and 60,394 Sn arrivals, from a set of 30,458 jointly relocated seismic sources. We compared prerevision and postrevision TTs as a function of epicentral distance and concluded that the revised data set contains far fewer outliers and inconsistencies than the original data set. The revised TT data set may be used for seismic studies, such as TT tomography, attenuation tomography, and anisotropy studies.

Analisis Performa Protokol GPSR Dan GPSR-HLS Pada Jaringan Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET)

Salah satu karakteristik utama jaringan VANET yaitu kecepatan node yang tinggi sehingga menyebabkan topologi jaringan berubah secara cepat. Hal ini menjadi sebuah kendala dalam pengiriman paket data antara satu node dengan node lainnya. Tantangan yang dihadapi dalam VANET adalah pemilihan protokol routing yang tepat sesuai dengan skenario yang ada. Jenis protoko routing VANET dapat dikategorikan menjadi beberapa jenis yaitu protokol berbasis topologi, geografis, cluster, broadcast, dan geocast. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) adalah contoh protokol routing geografis yang menggunakan posisi node secara geografis untuk menentukan tujuan. Performa yang ditunjukkan protokol GPSR pada penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkkan performa yang cukup baik, tetapi masih ada kelemahan dalam mekanisme recovery pengiriman paket data. Metode yang bisa digunakan untuk menangani permasalahan tersebut adalah menggunakan Hierarchical Location Service (HLS) yaitu sebuah layanan untuk menentukan posisi node berdasarkan hierarki. Pengujian dengan skenario urban di Kota Malang berdasarkan kecepatan maksimal node, jumlah node, dan ukuran paket data menunjukkan performa protokol GPSR-HLS mengalami peningkatan dalam jumlah paket data yang diterima di node penerima hingga di atas 95% pada ketiga skenario.One of the main characteristics of VANET networks is the high node speed, which causes the network topology to change rapidly. This becomes an obstacle in sending data packets between one node and another node. The challenge faced in VANET is choosing the right routing protocol in accordance with the existing scenario. Types of VANET routing protocols can be categorized into several types, namely topology, geographic, cluster, broadcast and geocast based protocols. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) is an example of a geographical routing protocol that uses the position of a node geographically to determine its destination. The performance shown by the GPSR protocol in previous studies shows a fairly good performance, but there are still weaknesses in the recovery mechanism of sending data packets. The method that can be used to deal with these problems is to use Hierarchical Location Service (HLS), which is a service to determine the position of a node based on a hierarchy. Testing with urban scenarios in Malang based on the maximum node speed, number of nodes, and data packet size shows the performance of the GPSR-HLS protocol has increased in the number of data packets received at the receiving node to above 95% in all three scenarios.

Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the routing protocols have been given attention because most of the routing protocols are application and architecture dependent. This chapter presents routing protocols for wireless sensor networks and also classifies routing in WSN. Chapter gives five main classifications of routing protocols in WSN which are data-centric, hierarchical, location-based, network flow and QoS aware and opportunistic routing protocols. The focus has been given on advancement of routing in WSN in form of opportunistic routing, in which the sensor nodes utilize broadcasting nature of wireless links and the data packets can be transmitted through different paths. The routing protocols for WSN are described and discussed under the appropriate classification. A table of comparison of routing protocols on the basis of power usage, data aggregation, scalability, query basis, overhead, data delivery model and QoS parameters has been presented.

A macroscopic and hierarchical location model of regional road traffic disaster relief material repository

Since the disaster point of road traffic emergency and the emergency demand were uncertain, the demand weighting model and the hierarchical location model are suitable for the characteristics of road traffic emergency. According to the requirements for coverage area of the macroscopic-location of the large area of disaster relief material repository, the demand weighting model and the hierarchical location model were established in this article. Among them, the demand weight model was solved by modeling, and the demand weight of each disaster point was obtained; the location model was combined with immune algorithm and ant colony algorithm to get the hierarchical location scheme. Finally, Jing-jin-ji that represented China’s “capital circle” was taken as an example, the model was solved using MATLAB, the mathematical software, and provided scientific and reasonable decision-making support for location selection. Moreover, it also provided a basis for the classification of the road traffic disaster relief material repository.