Spatial structure and development of Paspalum vaginatum (Poaceae): an architectural approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana T. Fabbri ◽  
Mariel Perreta ◽  
Gabriel H. Rua
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Branching Order ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Paspalum Vaginatum ◽  
Developmental Dynamics ◽  
Fifth Order ◽  
Space Occupation ◽  
Architectural Unit

Paspalum vaginatum Sw. is a perennial grass originating from tropical and subtropical regions worldwide that plays important ecological and utilitarian roles such as dune stabilisation and erosion control, and is used as a lawn and forage plant. The vegetative morphology of shoots was studied using an architectural approach with the aim of identifying constant features that characterise the architectural unit of this species, describing its developmental dynamics, and exploring the morphological basis of its extraordinary plasticity and adaptability to multiple ecological conditions. Plants of two ecotypes were cultivated in pots outdoors during two consecutive summers, and axes of different branching order were marked for periodical observations. Leaf typology, orientation and position of branches and occurrence and position of reproductive axes were considered. The basic growth pattern arises as a result of extensive plagiotropic growth of axes up to fourth branching order, which initially behave as stolons but can become rhizomes insofar the soil cover increases. Orthotropic floriferous axes up to fifth order develop at the axils of stolons, which can form ‘daughter’ clumps by basal tillering. Despite quantitative differences, both ecotypes share similar architectural features. Architectural analysis provides the basis to predict space occupation dynamics under different environmental conditions of growth.

scholarly journals Bouwen aan jezelf door te bouwen voor een ander. Een architecturale analyse van de graven uit de noordelijke begraafplaats van Ayios Vasilios

Paleo-aktueel ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Youp van den Beld
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Architectural Energetics ◽  
Architectural Unit

Building on yourself to build for another: An architectural analysis of the graves from the North Cemetery of Ayios Vasilios. For this paper I have systematically examined the construction process of the tombs from the North Cemetery of Ayios Vasilios (Laconia, Greece) using a method called architectural energetics. This method of analysis translates an architectural unit into labour costs. The calculated workhours have been combined with a precedence diagram in order to closely examine the level of human interaction, rather than to just compare labour costs. The study concludes that the transportation of the building materials that were used for the tombs was the most labour-intensive task. It also concludes that the materials that came from farthest away seem to have played the biggest role in the creation of meaning in the funerary rituals. Furthermore, two distinct strategies of construction were identified, one that focussed on scale, using low-cost materials that would have been locally available, and one that focussed on elaboration, using high-cost materials that must have come from elsewhere. The high-cost materials are theorized to have been involved in the creation of social networks among groups.

scholarly journals Growth dynamics of the branching system in grasses: an architecture-based methodology for quantitative evaluation applied to two genotypes of Paspalum vaginatum

Rodriguésia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Teresa Fabbri ◽  
Pedro Insausti ◽  
William B. Batista ◽  
Gabriel H. Rua
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Branching Order ◽  
Aerial Growth ◽  
Paspalum Vaginatum ◽  
Branching System

Abstract The aerial growth dynamics of the shoots of the widespread turfgrass Paspalum vaginatum was studied. With the aim of identifying quantitative differential features between two genotypes, plants were cultivated outdoors in pots during two consecutive summers. Axes of different branching order were marked for periodical observation to quantify internode production rate, axis production rate, covering rate and reproductive effort. The genotypes differed significantly in the following quantitative features: plagiotropic vs. orthotropic axes proportion, internode production rate, flowering vs. vegetative tiller ratio, vegetative cover and spatial distribution of the canopy. Knowledge of these features may help to understand the great plasticity and adaptability of this species to multiple environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Identifying plant species using architectural features in leaf microscopy images

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Joao Batista Florindo ◽  
Odemir Martinez Bruno ◽  
Davi Rodrigo Rossatto ◽  
Rosana Marta Kolb ◽  
Maria Cecilia Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Brazilian Flora ◽  
Vascular Structures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Microscopy Images ◽  
Classical Shape

This work proposes an analytical method to identify plant species based on microscopy images of the midrib cross-section of leaves. Unlike previous shape-based approaches based on the individual shape of external contours and cells, an architectural analysis is proposed, where the midrib is semi-automatically segmented and partitioned into histologically relevant structures composed of layers of cells and vascular structures. Using a sequence of morphological operations, a set of geometrical measures from the cells in each layer is extracted to produce a vector of features for species categorization. The method applied to a database containing 10 species of plants from the Brazilian flora achieved a success rate of 91.7%, outperforming other classical shape-based approaches published in the literature.

Forage biomass, soil cover, stability and competition in perennial grass-legume pastures with differentPaspalumspecies

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tejera ◽  
P. Speranza ◽  
L. Astigarraga ◽  
V. Picasso
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Perennial Grass

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome profiling provides insights into plant salt tolerance in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peipei Wu ◽  
Steven Cogill ◽  
Yijian Qiu ◽  
Zhigang Li ◽  
Man Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Paspalum Vaginatum

Abstract Background: Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), a halophytic warm-seasoned perennial grass, is tolerant of many environmental stresses, especially salt stress. To investigate molecular mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in seashore paspalum, physiological characteristics and global transcription profiles of highly (Supreme) and moderately (Parish) salinity-tolerant cultivars under normal and salt stressed conditions were analyzed.Results: Physiological characterization comparing highly (Supreme) and moderately (Parish) salinity-tolerant cultivars revealed that Supreme’s higher salinity tolerance is associated with higher Na+ and Ca2+ accumulation under normal conditions and further increase of Na+ under salt-treated conditions (400 mM NaCl), possibly by vacuolar sequestration. Moreover, K+ retention under salt treatment occurs in both cultivars, suggesting that it may be a conserved mechanism for prevention of Na+ toxicity. We sequenced the transcriptome of the two cultivars under both normal and salt-treated conditions (400 mM NaCl) using RNA-seq. De novo assembly of about 153 million high-quality reads and identification of Open Reading Frames (ORFs) uncovered a total of 82,608 non-redundant unigenes, of which 3,250 genes were identified as transcription factors (TFs). Gene Ontology (GO) annotation revealed the presence of genes involved in diverse cellular processes in seashore paspalum’s transcriptome. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 828 and 2,222 genes that are responsive to high salinity for Supreme and Parish, respectively. “Oxidation-reduction process” and “nucleic acid binding” are significantly enriched GOs among differentially expressed genes in both cultivars under salt treatment. Interestingly, compared to Parish, a number of salt stress induced transcription factors are enriched and show higher abundance in Supreme under normal conditions, possibly due to enhanced Ca2+ signaling transduction out of Na+ accumulation, which may be another contributor to Supreme’s higher salinity tolerance.Conclusion: Physiological and genomics analyses of seashore paspalum reveal major molecular underpinnings contributing to plant response to salt stress in this halophytic warm-seasoned perennial grass. The data obtained provide valuable molecular resources for functional studies and developing strategies to engineer plant salinity tolerance.

scholarly journals Ontogenesis and architectural analysis of Myricaria bracteata Royal in East Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 00004
Author(s):  
Alexey Astashenkov ◽  
Elena Lyakh
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Primary Shoot ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Architectural Unit

The article presents research of Myricaria bracteata shrub ontogenesis and architecture under East Kazakhstan conditions. The study revealed that the specimen ontogenesis is complete and includes two phases of development: a primary shoot and a primary bush. The adult speciment structure is built due to consistent development of perennial orthotropic/skewed orthotropic skeletal axes was forming from the resting buds. Annually dying lateral vegetative and generative shoots are formed of branching resting buds located on these axes. The architectural unit of M. bracteata consists of 5 categories of axes: 1 – perennial orthotropic, 2 – perennial lateral skewed orthotropic, 3 – annual lateral generative bracteose, 4 – annual lateral generative frondose, 5 – annual lateral vegetative ones.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome profiling provides insights into plant salt tolerance in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peipei Wu ◽  
Steven Cogill ◽  
Yijian Qiu ◽  
Zhigang Li ◽  
Man Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Paspalum Vaginatum

Abstract Background: Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), a halophytic warm-seasoned perennial grass, is tolerant of many environmental stresses, especially salt stress. To investigate molecular mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in seashore paspalum, physiological characteristics and global transcription profiles of highly (Supreme) and moderately (Parish) salinity-tolerant cultivars under normal and salt stressed conditions were analyzed. Results: Physiological characterization comparing highly (Supreme) and moderately (Parish) salinity-tolerant cultivars revealed that Supreme’s higher salinity tolerance is associated with higher Na+ and Ca2+ accumulation under normal conditions and further increase of Na+ under salt-treated conditions (400 mM NaCl), possibly by vacuolar sequestration. Moreover, K+ retention under salt treatment occurs in both cultivars, suggesting that it may be a conserved mechanism for prevention of Na+ toxicity. We sequenced the transcriptome of the two cultivars under both normal and salt-treated conditions (400 mM NaCl) using RNA-seq. De novo assembly of about 153 million high-quality reads and identification of Open Reading Frames (ORFs) uncovered a total of 82,608 non-redundant unigenes, of which 3,250 genes were identified as transcription factors (TFs). Gene Ontology (GO) annotation revealed the presence of genes involved in diverse cellular processes in seashore paspalum’s transcriptome. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 828 and 2,222 genes that are responsive to high salinity for Supreme and Parish, respectively. “Oxidation-reduction process” and “nucleic acid binding” are significantly enriched GOs among differentially expressed genes in both cultivars under salt treatment. Interestingly, compared to Parish, a number of salt stress induced transcription factors are enriched and show higher abundance in Supreme under normal conditions, possibly due to enhanced Ca2+ signaling transduction out of Na+ accumulation, which may be another contributor to Supreme’s higher salinity tolerance. Conclusion: Physiological and genomics analyses of seashore paspalum reveal major molecular underpinnings contributing to plant response to salt stress in this halophytic warm-seasoned perennial grass. The data obtained provide valuable molecular resources for functional studies and developing strategies to engineer plant salinity tolerance.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome profiling provides insights into plant salt tolerance in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Luo ◽  
Peipei Wu ◽  
Steven Cogill ◽  
Yijian Qiu ◽  
Zhigang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Paspalum Vaginatum

Abstract Background Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), a halophytic warm-seasoned perennial grass, is tolerant of many environmental stresses, especially salt stress. To investigate molecular mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in seashore paspalum, physiological characteristics and global transcription profiles of highly (Supreme) and moderately (Parish) salinity-tolerant cultivars under normal and salt stressed conditions were analyzed. Results Physiological characterization comparing highly (Supreme) and moderately (Parish) salinity-tolerant cultivars revealed that Supreme’s higher salinity tolerance is associated with higher Na+ and Ca2+ accumulation under normal conditions and further increase of Na+ under salt-treated conditions (400 mM NaCl), possibly by vacuolar sequestration. Moreover, K+ retention under salt treatment occurs in both cultivars, suggesting that it may be a conserved mechanism for prevention of Na+ toxicity. We sequenced the transcriptome of the two cultivars under both normal and salt-treated conditions (400 mM NaCl) using RNA-seq. De novo assembly of about 153 million high-quality reads and identification of Open Reading Frames (ORFs) uncovered a total of 82,608 non-redundant unigenes, of which 3,250 genes were identified as transcription factors (TFs). Gene Ontology (GO) annotation revealed the presence of genes involved in diverse cellular processes in seashore paspalum’s transcriptome. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 828 and 2,222 genes that are responsive to high salinity for Supreme and Parish, respectively. GO enrichment analysis demonstrated that genes involved in “oxidation-reduction process” and “nucleic acid binding” are significantly associated with salinity tolerance in both cultivars. Interestingly, compared to Parish, a number of salt stress induced transcription factors are enriched and show higher abundance in Supreme under normal conditions, possibly due to enhanced Ca2+ signaling transduction out of Na+ accumulation, which may be another contributor to Supreme’s higher salinity tolerance. Conclusion Physiological and genomics analyses of seashore paspalum reveal major molecular underpinnings contributing to plant response to salt stress in this halophytic warm-seasoned perennial grass. The data obtained provide valuable molecular resources for functional studies and developing strategies to engineer plant salinity tolerance.

scholarly journals First Report of Dollar Spot of Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) Caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa in South China

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-C. Lv ◽  
L.-X. Luo ◽  
J.-Q. Li ◽  
T. Hsiang
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sclerotinia Homoeocarpa ◽  
Dollar Spot ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Dew Formation ◽  
Paspalum Vaginatum

Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz), a warm-season perennial grass, is native to tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America (1). Its fine texture and tolerance to low mowing and hypersaline environments make it a commercially promising turfgrass species for coastal regions of south China. In late March 2009, disease symptoms were observed from two golf course fairways in Shenzhen and Foshan, Guangdong Province, China. Small, round patches from 25 to 75 mm in diameter were found to be consisting of bleached, straw color leaf lesions bounded by reddish brown margins. Similar patches had previously been observed on seashore paspalum since 1997 in Guangdong Province, but this turf species has been grown in southern China only since the early 1990s. These symptoms were observed when daytime temperatures were above 25°C and with heavy dew formation at night. Greatest severity was seen in the spring and fall. Several contact and systemic fungicides were applied after first symptoms were observed and they were usually successful in suppressing disease. To confirm the disease as dollar spot, isolates from Shenzhen and Foshan were obtained by plating diseased leaf blades of P. vaginatum (cv. Salam) on potato dextrose agar media. Isolates produced white, fluffy, aerial mycelium, columnar when mature, and usually with a cinnamon base and dark brown or black substratal stroma on and in the agar. One representative isolate from each location was chosen for pathogenicity testing. Six-week-old P. vaginatum (cv. Salam) grown from seed in pots was inoculated, with 5-mm-diameter agar plugs with hyphae from 5-day-old cultures, by direct placement onto leaves and with three replicate pots per isolate. Plants treated with sterile agar plugs served as controls. Inoculated turf was incubated at 25°C with 12-h light/dark conditions. A plastic film was also placed over the pots to retain moisture. Chlorotic leaf lesions started to develop 4 days after inoculation and became a bleached straw color. The same fluffy, white fungus was reisolated from lesions, while no disease was observed on controls, thus completing Koch's postulates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified from DNA extracted from two isolates using primers ITS5 and ITS4 (2), and the 610-bp sequences showed 98% similarity with Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett in GenBank and have been deposited as Accessions GQ386985 and GU002301. Dollar spot on P. vaginatum has been commonly observed in the United States (1). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of dollar spot on P. vaginatum in China or from any host plant in China. References: (1) R. R. Duncan and R. N. Carrow. Seashore Paspalum: The Environmental Turfgrass. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2000. (2) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press Inc., New York, 1990.

Trunk and main-branch development in Nothofagus pumilio (Nothofagaceae): a retrospective analysis of tree growth

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 763-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Passo ◽  
J G Puntieri ◽  
D Barthélémy
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Length Unit ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Shoot Size ◽  
Number Of Leaves

The development of the trunk and main branches of approximately 26-year-old Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser trees was studied. The length and number of leaves of annual shoots were recorded for 56 trees from a natural population. Morphological and macroanatomical features allowed the identification of shoot apex deaths and the axillary positions from which branches and relay shoots derived. The trees had a mean height of approximately 6 m and a mean basal diameter of approximately 8 cm. The length of trunk shoots increased from the first years to the intermediate years of tree growth and decreased for the last 6 years of tree growth. The maximum length and number of leaves of trunk shoots were registered for the years around 1985, when tree age was about 17 years. The likelihood of apex death for trunk shoots was minimum for the period of maximum trunk shoot size. Despite the fact that the architectural features of the sampled trees corresponded to those of young, vigorously growing trees, they seemed to have reached a stage of low annual height growth. A sharp decrease in trunk shoot size occurred in 1992, a year in which rainfall during the growing season reached the minimum for the lifetime of the sampled trees. The size of shoots developed after 1992 was, on average, lower than that of shoots developed before 1992. Stressful conditions in this year may relate to meristem ageing and thus to the size of shoots formed in the following years. Main branches started their development with shoots similar to those of the trunk but were clearly differentiated from the trunk 5 years later. The differentiation between main branch and trunk shoots involved not only a lower shoot size but also a higher number of leaves per shoot length unit in main branch than in trunk shoots.Key words: Nothofagus pumilio, architectural analysis, shoot, trunk development, branching pattern, morphogenetic gradient.

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