scholarly journals Strengthening the impact of plant genetic resources through collaborative collection, conservation, characterisation, and evaluation: a tribute to the legacy of Dr Clive Francis

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens D. Berger ◽  
Steve Hughes ◽  
Richard Snowball ◽  
Bob Redden ◽  
Sarita Jane Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Industry Funding ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Germplasm Exchange ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
The Impact

This paper is a tribute to the legacy of Dr Clive Francis, who directly and indirectly collected >14 000 accessions across 60 genera of pasture, forage, and crop species and their wild relatives around the Mediterranean basin, Eastern Africa, and Central and South Asia from 1973 to 2005. This was achieved by a collaborative approach that built strong interactions between disparate organisations (ICARDA, VIR, CLIMA, and Australian genebanks) based on germplasm exchange, conservation and documentation, capacity building, and joint collection. These activities greatly strengthened Australian pasture, forage, and crop genebanks, and led to widespread germplasm utilisation that has waned in the last 5 years, reflecting changing priorities among industry funding bodies and research providers. This situation must be reversed, given the pivotal role genetic resource collections must play to broaden the genetic and adaptive base of plant breeding, to meet the challenge of feeding an increasing population in a depleting resource base. Because the use of germplasm subsets that facilitate phenotyping will stimulate wider utilisation of genetic resources, we discuss the application of core collection and germplasm selection through habitat characterisation/filtering in Australian collections. Both are valid entry points into large collections, but the latter has the advantage of enabling both trait discovery and investigation of plant adaptation, and because it is based on a priori hypothesis testing, it increases understanding even when the trait of interest is not identified.

scholarly journals Tritordeum: Creating a New Crop Species—The Successful Use of Plant Genetic Resources

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1029
Author(s):  
Carmen M. Ávila ◽  
Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez ◽  
Sergio G. Atienza
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Hordeum Chilense ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Crop

Hexaploid tritordeum is the amphiploid derived from the cross between the wild barley Hordeum chilense and durum wheat. This paper reviews the main advances and achievements in the last two decades that led to the successful development of tritordeum as a new crop. In particular, we summarize the progress in breeding for agronomic performance, including the potential of tritordeum as a genetic bridge for wheat breeding; the impact of molecular markers in genetic studies and breeding; and the progress in quality and development of innovative food products. The success of tritordeum as a crop shows the importance of the effective utilization of plant genetic resources for the development of new innovative products for agriculture and industry. Considering that wild plant genetic resources have made possible the development of this new crop, the huge potential of more accessible resources, such as landraces conserved in gene banks, goes beyond being sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the positive result of tritordeum also shows the importance of adequate commercialization strategies and demonstrative experiences aimed to integrate the whole food chain, from producers to end-point sellers, in order to develop new products for consumers.

Key issues facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ: overview of the range of challenges

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Paula Bramel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Crop Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Market Preference ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews the key issues and challenges facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ. Local crop genetic diversity is challenged with changes in land use, urbanization, land degradation, changes in agricultural practises, availability of improved varieties, changes in market preference, and the impact of climate change. Efforts have been made to secure plant genetic resources ex situ for future use but there are significant issues related to cost effective, efficient, secure, rational, and sustainable long-term ex situ conservation. It begins by addressing issues for the composition of ex situ collections and moves on to discuss issues for routine operations for conservation. The chapter also highlights issues for the use of conserved genetic resources, before concluding with a summary of why the development of sustainable genebank systems is so important.

scholarly journals Mobilization of plant genetic resources from South and Southeast Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-198
Author(s):  
N. P. Loskutova ◽  
T. M. Ozerskaya
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Germplasm Exchange ◽  
Crop Origin

The article is devoted to the replenishment of the VIR collection with plant genetic resources from the territories of the Philippines, Burma, Laos and Vietnam as a result of plant explorations, seed requests and germplasm exchange. In total, four collecting missions were sent to this region in the late 1970s and 1980s. Through their efforts, 2668 germplasm samples were collected and delivered to the Institute. The most numerous were the accessions of grain legumes (916), followed by vegetables (835) and groat crops (653). In addition to direct collection, the Institute was constantly engaged in requesting plant germplasm. In the prewar period, from 1925 to 1941, 396 accessions of cereal, groat, grain legume, vegetable, industrial and fruit crops were received from Burma, Vietnam, French Indochina (Laos since 1949) and the Philippines. From 1946 to 2019, 7928 accessions were added, with the largest number shipped from Vietnam (7840). Such a huge number can be explained by the activities of the Soviet breeding stations in Lai Châu Province, Northern Vietnam, and near Ho Chi Minh City, Southern Vietnam, in the 1980s and early 1990s. It should be noted that significantly fewer wild species and crop wild relatives were mobilized from these countries than from India, Indonesia and Ceylon – about 100 spp., or 10,992 accessions. Altogether, collecting teams brought from the South Asian tropical center of crop origin 18,594 germplasm samples, most of which were groat crops (4521). The prewar seed requests yielded 3520 accessions, with 1022 representing tropical woody, ornamental and medicinal plants from botanical gardens. Requests for germplasm from 1946 to the present time resulted in adding 16,687 accessions to the collection, half of which were groat crops (rice, maize and sorghum). A total of 39,161 accessions were received from the region.

scholarly journals Conservation of crop genetic resources in Brazil in the context of the target 9 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation

Rodriguésia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1557-1565
Author(s):  
Juliano Gomes Pádua
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cultivated Species

Abstract Cultivated species, on which humankind depends for survival, have been created by farmers that have crossed and selected wild plants and developed landraces. Early in 20th century, the theory of Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants was proposed by Vavilov. He also warned the world about the loss of plant genetic diversity due to the dominance of a small number of genetically similar crops, a fact that help starting a movement for the conservation of plant genetic resources. From this time, several strategies and institutions were established around the world to act in plant genetic resources (PGR) conservation. In Brazil, a remarkable player in PGR conservation, some institutions conserve several crop species as well as their wild relatives and other socio-economically valuable plant species. In this paper we present the status of PGR conservation in Brazil as well as initiatives and laws aiming at respecting, preserving and maintaining associated indigenous and local knowledge, in the context of the target 9 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.

scholarly journals Germplasm Conservation as a Key for Food Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VIII) ◽  
pp. 462-464
Author(s):  
M. K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
National Level ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Germplasm Exchange ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security

Security of any country as well as the whole world can be ensure through the conservation of germplasm since they are genetic resources that can be used to prolong a population of an organism. Plant genetic resources (PGR) are the foundation of agriculture as well as food and nutritional security. The ICAR-NBPGR is key institution at national level for management of PGR in India under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. India being rich in both flora and fauna germplasm diversity also have challenge of protecting its natural heritage. At the same time, we also have mutually beneficial strategies for germplasm exchange with other countries. The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) activities include PGR exploration, collection, exchange, characteri- zation, evaluation, conservation and documentation. It also perform the responsibility to carry out quarantine of all imported PGR. NBPGR collects and acquires germplasm from various sources, conserves it in the Genebank, characterizes and evaluates it for different traits and provides ready material for breeders to develop varieties for farmers. At present, the National Genebank conserves more than 0.45 million accessions. NBPGR is responsible for identifying trait-specific pre-adapted climate resilient genotypes, promising material with disease resistance and quality traits which the breeders use for various crop improvement programmes. The prime focus area of research of NBPGR at present is is on characterization of ex situ conserved germplasm and detailed evaluation of prioritized crops for enhanced utilization. identification of novel genes and alleles for enhanced utilization of PGR; identification and deployment of germplasm/landraces.

scholarly journals Mobilization of plant genetic resources from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan

2020 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Loskutova ◽  
T. M. Ozerskaya
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
British India ◽  
Germplasm Exchange ◽  
Plant Materials

The article covers the issues of plant genetic resources mobilization to the VIR collection from the territories of Pakistan, Bangladesh (until 1947, British India), and Bhutan as a result of collection missions, seed requests, and germplasm exchange. Repeated expeditionary surveys of the territories of modern Pakistan and Bangladesh resumed in the postwar period. In total, from 1971 to 1979 three expeditions were launched: in 1971 and 1978 to Pakistan, and in 1979 to Bangladesh. The first and the only expedition was sent to Bhutan in 1989. As a result, 2911 plant samples were collected and delivered to the Vavilov Institute. Among the collected plant materials, the most numerous were samples of groat crops (885), industrial crops (554), vegetables (517), and cereals (463). In addition to direct collecting, the Institute was constantly ordering plant germplasm through mail requests. There was no inflow of germplasm from Bhutan either in the prewar period or from 1946 to 2019. From Pakistan 338 samples were received, mostly through the USSR Ministry of Agriculture. Only 28 accessions were added to the Institute’s collection from Bangladesh. In total, over the entire period of the Institute’s existence, the total amount of germplasm mobilized from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan amounted to 3277 accessions, representing 130 plant species. Among them there were many landraces, wild species and crops wild relatives.

scholarly journals Twenty Four Approaches for Conservation of Non-Orthodox Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Bal Krishna Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Agricultural Plant

The conservation of plant genetic diversity underpins the future of agriculture, food and nutrition security and is critical to ensure the ability of future generations to cope with global environmental changes. The conservation efforts were more focused on orthodox crop species in Nepal before 2010. About 40% of agricultural plant genetic resources are non-orthodox, either recalcitrant/ intermediate type or vegetatively propagated plant species. Approaches for conservation of non-orthodox plant species differ from that of orthodox crops. Different conservation approaches have been established by National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center, Nepal for conserving non-orthodox agricultural plant species. We applied household survey, literatures survey, field survey, key informant survey and organized focus group discussion for assessing the different conservation approaches. A total of 24 approaches are being considered for conservation of non-orthodox plant species. Approaches under the ex-situ strategy are field genebank, botanical garden, city park, government farm, religious place, in-vitro culture and evolutionary plant breeding; under on-farm strategy are community field genebank, school field genebank, household field genebank, community/ public orchard, village level field genebank, geographical indication and participatory landrace enhancement, and under in-situ strategy are protected area, Ramsar site, world heritage site, community forest and legal protection for conserving non-orthodox plant species in Nepal. Field genebank is the very good approach, and it has been established in about 20 research stations. It should be extended to government farms and agriculture offices to conserve the local APGRs available in their respective command areas. Databases (passport and characterization) have been generated and will be available online to enhance the utilization in breeding, research and production. 

Evolving Political Issues Affecting International Exchange of Arachis Genetic Resources

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Williams ◽  
D. E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Germplasm Exchange ◽  
World Food Security

Abstract While plant genetic resources continue to be essential for world food security, the exchange of these resources between countries has become increasingly encumbered during recent years. The free and open access to genetic resources that previously was considered the “common heritage of mankind” has been fundamentally changed by international multilateral agreements that recognize national sovereignty over genetic resources. Since the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1993, many countries have implemented laws regulating access to their genetic resources. The development of legislation in several countries comprising the primary areas of origin and diversity of Arachis makes issues associated with germplasm exchange particularly relevant to investigators working with peanut. This paper describes some recent USDA experiences with obtaining access in Latin American countries harboring peanut genetic resources. Also discussed are implications and prospects for future international germplasm exchange, including aspects of collaborative research and benefit sharing with germplasm donor countries. Within this new political climate, the establishment of mutually beneficial precedents for accessing foreign genetic resources will be crucial for ensuring the continued exchange, conservation, and use of Arachis germplasm in the future.

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