Groundwater use in forage production: the effect of saline–sodic irrigation and subsequent leaching on soil sodicity

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Burrow ◽  
A. Surapaneni ◽  
M. E. Rogers ◽  
K. A. Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soil Sodicity ◽  
Channel Water ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Reduced Surface

Lucerne plots were irrigated with waters of electrical conductivity (EC) = 0.1, 0.8, 2.5, 4.5 and 7.5 dS/m for the summers of 1991–92 to 1994–95. Within those 4 years, soils were sodified at irrigation treatment salinities greater than 0.8 dS/m. Subsequent leaching of salts with channel water (EC = 0.1 dS/m) and rain water (1995–97) reduced surface soil sodicity but not subsoil sodicity. This resulted in increased dispersed clay in the subsoil. Clay dispersion was best explained by exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and Mg in topsoils, and by ESP and salinity (TCC or Cl) in subsoils. Ponding of water, following a 46 mm spring rainfall event, increased with ESP of topsoils. Short-term millet yields over the 1996–97 summer were not affected by soil sodicity despite channel water irrigation. However, cumulative pasture yields over 1997 decreased by 25% between high and low levels of residual soil sodicity.

scholarly journals ‘It isn't my area.’ Coaches’ awareness of concussion protocols in Scottish youth football

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-73
Author(s):  
David McArdle ◽  
Anne DeMartini ◽  
Sungwon Kim ◽  
Daniel Connaughton
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Sports Concussion ◽  
Youth Football ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Low Levels

This paper discusses an externally-funded project into Scottish coaches’ awareness of the sports concussion prevention initiative, If in Doubt, Sit Them Out. It explores the short-term risks of concussion to youth participants in particular before analysing the data from interviews with ten coaches of girls’ football. The coaches’ apparent lack of awareness of the policy are highlighted and the possibility that the different resources in girls’ and boys’ football, and between girls’ performance and girls’ recreational participation, might impact on injury recognition and treatment, are explored. The paper highlights the need for further research into those areas, and the need to immediately address the apparently low levels of awareness of If in Doubt. With that in mind, proposals for both immediate and longer-term reform for its dissemination are introduced.

scholarly journals Low Levels of Immunoglobulins and Mannose-Binding Lectin Are Not Associated With Etiology, Severity, or Outcome in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
William W Siljan ◽  
Jan C Holter ◽  
Ståle H Nymo ◽  
Einar Husebye ◽  
Thor Ueland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Short Term Outcome ◽  
Mannose Binding ◽  
Microbial Etiology ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract Background Disease severity and outcome in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) depend on the host and on the challenge of the causal microorganism(s). We measured levels of immunoglobulins (Igs) and complement in 257 hospitalized adults with CAP and examined the association of low levels of Igs or complement to microbial etiology, disease severity, and short-term and long-term outcome. Methods Serum Igs were analyzed in blood samples obtained at admission and at 6 weeks postdischarge if admission levels were low. Serum complement deficiencies were screened with a total complement activity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with further analyzes performed if justified. Disease severity was assessed by the CURB-65 severity score. Short-term outcome was defined as a composite end point of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 30-day mortality, and long-term outcome as 5-year all-cause mortality. Results At admission, 87 (34%) patients had low levels of at least 1 Ig, with low IgG2 as the most prevalent finding (55/21%). IgG levels were lower in bacterial than viral CAP (8.48 vs 9.97 g/L, P = .023), but low Igs were not associated with microbial etiology. Fifty-five (21%) patients had low lectin pathway activity, of which 33 (13%) were mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficient. Low admission levels of any Ig or MBL were not associated with disease severity, short-term outcome, or long-term outcome. Excluding patients defined as immunocompromised from analysis did not substantially affect these results. Conclusion In hospitalized adults with CAP, low admission levels of Igs or complement were in general not associated with microbial etiology, disease severity, short-term outcome, or long-term outcome.

scholarly journals Short-Term and Long-Term Surface Soil Moisture Memory Time Scales Are Spatially Anticorrelated at Global Scales

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1165-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaighin A. McColl ◽  
Qing He ◽  
Hui Lu ◽  
Dara Entekhabi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Surface Soil Moisture ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Time

Abstract Land–atmosphere feedbacks occurring on daily to weekly time scales can magnify the intensity and duration of extreme weather events, such as droughts, heat waves, and convective storms. For such feedbacks to occur, the coupled land–atmosphere system must exhibit sufficient memory of soil moisture anomalies associated with the extreme event. The soil moisture autocorrelation e-folding time scale has been used previously to estimate soil moisture memory. However, the theoretical basis for this metric (i.e., that the land water budget is reasonably approximated by a red noise process) does not apply at finer spatial and temporal resolutions relevant to modern satellite observations and models. In this study, two memory time scale metrics are introduced that are relevant to modern satellite observations and models: the “long-term memory” τL and the “short-term memory” τS. Short- and long-term surface soil moisture (SSM) memory time scales are spatially anticorrelated at global scales in both a model and satellite observations, suggesting hot spots of land–atmosphere coupling will be located in different regions, depending on the time scale of the feedback. Furthermore, the spatial anticorrelation between τS and τL demonstrates the importance of characterizing these memory time scales separately, rather than mixing them as in previous studies.

Response of labile organic carbon content in surface soil aggregates to short-term nitrogen addition in artificial Pinus tabulaeformis forests

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
姚旭 YAO Xu ◽  
景航 JING Hang ◽  
梁楚涛 LIANG Chutao ◽  
谷利茶 GU Licha ◽  
王国梁 WANG Guoliang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
Pinus Tabulaeformis ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Labile Organic Carbon

Large-Scale Environmental Influences on Tropical Cyclone Formation Processes and Development Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (22) ◽  
pp. 9763-9782
Author(s):  
Hsu-Feng Teng ◽  
James M. Done ◽  
Cheng-Shang Lee ◽  
Huang-Hsiung Hsu ◽  
Ying-Hwa Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Cloud Clusters ◽  
Mesoscale Convective ◽  
Environmental Transitions ◽  
Cluster Analysis Method ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractThe development of tropical cloud clusters (TCCs) to tropical cyclones (TCs) is the process of TC formation. This study identifies five main environmental transitions for the development of TCCs to TCs in the western North Pacific by using a cluster analysis method. Of these, three transitions indicate TCCs that develop in monsoon environments and two in easterly environments. Their numbers, distributions, and interannual variability differ. On average, the development time, defined as the period from the TCC forming to it developing into a TC, for TCCs that develop in easterly environments is shorter than that in monsoon environments. For the development of TCC to TC in easterly environments, TCCs have fewer embedded mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), which are located closer to the TCC center. Moreover, there is a stronger inward short-term (less than 10 days) angular momentum flux (AMF) at middle levels (800–500 hPa) before TCC formation. Conversely, in monsoon environments, TCCs have more MCSs, which are located farther from the TCC center. A stronger inward short-term AMF at low levels (1000–850 hPa) is observed before TCC formation and develops upward during the development of TCC to TC. The characteristics of MCS and AMF are significantly correlated with the development time of TCC to TC. In summary, large-scale easterly and monsoon environments cause TCCs to have different MCS and AMF characteristics, leading to higher efficiency for TCCs developing into TCs in easterly environments compared to monsoon environments.

Weak consumption may thwart Slovak growth plans

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Industrial Output ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fiscal Deficits ◽  
Consumption Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Eu

Subject The government's latest GDP expectations for 2016-19. Significance On September 19, days before surviving a parliamentary no-confidence vote, the government announced GDP projections for 2016-19, based on improvements in consumption growth and the labour market, where registered unemployment hovers at historically low levels. Despite its weakened position following the recent departure of junior coalition partner Siet, Smer-Social Democracy (SD) is upbeat about the prospects for robust GDP growth in 2016, revising its forecast upwards to 3.6% from 3.2%. Impacts Industrial output, GDP and inflationary pressures may pick up post-2018, as consumers spend more and auto industry investments create jobs. The government may miss its targets in the short term, but fiscal deficits should remain below the EU limit of 3% of GDP in 2016-18. More public-private partnerships, modelled on the Bratislava ring-road, plus EU funding, may support infrastructure investment after 2017.

Environmental Disturbance and Life Histories: Principles and Examples

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Lehmkuhl
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Environmental Disturbances ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Available Information

While many environmental disturbances have no readily detectable effect on aquatic invertebrates in the short term, they may prevent normal reproduction and cause eventual local extinction of a species. Small temperature changes may interfere with diapause signals and prevent completion of the life cycle. Heavy metals and toxic substances may drastically reduce reproduction rates in species exposed to sublethal levels. Dissolved salts and pH affect organisms at abnormally high or low levels but most mechanisms are unknown. It is concluded that relatively little information is available on the effects of environmental disturbances on life cycles. Available information, however, is sufficient to provide evidence of many problems that require attention. Key words: life histories, benthos, environmental disturbances, toxic substances, diapause, temperature, heavy metals

scholarly journals Novel energy-saving strategies to multiple stressors in birds: the ultradian regulation of body temperature

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1839) ◽  
pp. 20161551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn J. Tattersall ◽  
Damien Roussel ◽  
Yann Voituron ◽  
Loïc Teulier
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Reduced Surface ◽  
Internal Body

This study aimed to examine thermoregulatory responses in birds facing two commonly experienced stressors, cold and fasting. Logging devices allowing long-term and precise access to internal body temperature were placed within the gizzards of ducklings acclimated to cold (CA) (5°C) or thermoneutrality (TN) (25°C). The animals were then examined under three equal 4-day periods: ad libitum feeding, fasting and re-feeding. Through the analysis of daily as well as short-term, or ultradian, variations of body temperature, we showed that while ducklings at TN show only a modest decline in daily thermoregulatory parameters when fasted, they exhibit reduced surface temperatures from key sites of vascular heat exchange during fasting. The CA birds, on the other hand, significantly reduced their short-term variations of body temperature while increasing long-term variability when fasting. This phenomenon would allow the CA birds to reduce the energetic cost of body temperature maintenance under fasting. By analysing ultradian regulation of body temperature, we describe a means by which an endotherm appears to lower thermoregulatory costs in response to the combined stressors of cold and fasting.

LOW LEVELS OF ALOANTIBODIES DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY BEFORE KIDNEY TRANSPLANT ARE CLINICALLY IMPORTANT AT SHORT TERM FOLLOW-UP

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
T Michelon ◽  
R Canabarro ◽  
H Sporleder ◽  
R Schroeder ◽  
H Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Low Levels
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