Protected canola meal increases milk protein concentration in dairy cows fed a grass silage-based diet

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 827 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. White ◽  
M. v-H. Staines ◽  
N. Phillips ◽  
P. Young ◽  
F. Coupar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
South West ◽  
Cereal Grain

Low concentrations of protein in milk occur during the summer–autumn in south-west Australia. This is the period, on dryland farms, when the diet of lactating cows typically consists of grass silage and a mixture of crushed lupins and cereal grain. This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplying protected canola meal would increase the protein concentration of milk and, possibly, milk yield in cows fed grass silage and a lupin–cereal concentrate. Sixty Holstein cows in mid lactation were allocated to 2 equal-sized dietary treatment groups: control (lupin) or protected canola meal. The control diet consisted of 14.5 kg DM grass silage (annual ryegrasses–subterranean clover) and 5.4 kg DM of crushed lupins and barley (4:1) per head per day. For the protected canola meal diet, 2.15 kg DM protected canola meal replaced 2.15 kg lupins. The protected canola meal was produced by treating solvent-extracted canola meal with formaldehyde, to produce a product with an in sacco fractional degradability of 0.29 at a rumen fractional outflow rate of 0.08/h. The equivalent degradability of untreated canola meal was 0.80 and of lupin was 0.83. Cows were individually fed the concentrate ration twice daily, after each milking, then were managed as a single herd in dry lots and fed grass silage. By the end of 8 weeks, cows fed the protected canola meal diet had higher milk protein concentrations (30.7 v. 29.2 g/L; P<0.05) and higher liveweights (604 v. 593 kg; P<0.05). Milk yield (L/day) was increased by 1 L/day, but this effect was not significant (P>0.10). Fat concentration was unaffected by diet (P>0.05). Since the only difference in treatment was the replacement of a portion of lupins with protected canola meal, the results indicate that a deficiency of metabolisable amino acids contributes to the low milk protein concentrations recorded during summer–autumn in south-west Australia. Whether this was acting primarily through a stimulus of appetite, or directly on milk components, could not be determined because silage intakes were not recorded.

Attempts to improve the utilization of urea-treated whole-crop wheat by lactating dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
D. J. Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Caustic Treatment ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Ground Wheat

AbstractThis paper reports the results of three experiments designed to attempt to improve the efficiency of milk production from diets based on a 1: 2 dry matter (DM) mixture of grass silage and whole-crop wheat (WCW) harvested at 550 to 600 g DM per kg and treated with 40 g urea per kg DM. In the first experiment a control diet of the forage mixture offered ad libitum with 9 kg fresh weight (FW) per day of a concentrate mix was compared with seven treatments in which the forage or the concentrates were varied. Eight multiparous cows were used in a four-period incomplete change-over design with 4-week periods. Caustic treatment of the WCW increased DM intake (P < 0·001) but tendencies for higher yields of milk and milk protein were not significant. Replacement of 2 kg FW concentrates per day by the same weight of molasses as a 24-h pre-soak of the forage (molasses pre-treatment) or added to the forage at feeding increased DM intake (P < 0·001) but did not increase milk yield or yield of milk solids. Molasses pre-treatment and molasses added to the concentrates reduced milk protein concentration (P < 0·05). Replacement of 2 kg FW concentrates per day by the same weight of ground wheat increased DM intake when added to the concentrates (P < 0·001) but not when added to the forage and milk yield was unaffected by either method of addition. The ground wheat tended to reult in higher milk protein concentrations than the molasses. Increasing the digestible undegradable protein content of the concentrates had no significant effect on food intake or milk production. In the second experiment diet digestibility and energy and nitrogen (N) balance were measured for the control diet and three of the treatments from experiment 1 in four multiparous cows in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square experiment with 5-week periods. There were no significant effects on food intake or milk yield. Caustic treatment reduced starch digestibility (P < 0·001) and increased neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility (P < 0·05) but had no effects on energy utilization. It also reduced N intake (P < 0·01) and urine N losses (P < 0·001) by reducing the ammonia concentration of the WCW. Molasses added to the forage or concentrates reduced milk protein concentration (P < 0·05) and digestibility of both starch and NDF (P < 0·05) but energy utilization was unaffected. In a further Latin-square experiment with the same treatments and four fistulated lactating cows, caustic treatment reduced daily mean ammonia concentration (P < 0·01) and increased daily mean pH (P < 0·01) in the rumen. It is concluded that these treatments did not generally improve the value of WCW although caustic treatment increased milk yield and milk protein yield consistently but not significantly. However practical problems may limit its use on the farm. Urea-treated WCW must be accepted as being a relatively low-energy food although with high intake characteristics, and future work should concentrate on evaluating WCW harvested at an earlier stage of maturity.

An examination of the effect of method and level of concentrate feeding on milk production in dairy cows offered a grass silage-based diet

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Agnew ◽  
C. S. Mayne ◽  
J. G. Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Food Level ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Concentrate Inclusion

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the effect of method and level of concentrate feeding on milk production characteristics in dairy cows offered a grass silage-based diet. Twelve treatments were used with 24 Holstein/Friesian dairy cows in a four-period change-over design experiment. Treatments consisted of three methods of concentrate feeding (twice daily, four times daily or complete diet) and four levels of concentrate feeding (2, 4, 6 or 8 kg/day). Offering a complete diet significantly reduced silage substitution rate (0·28 kg silage dry matter (DM) per kg concentrate DM) compared with concentrates offered twice daily (0·50 kg silage DM per kg concentrate DM; P < 0·01). Method of concentrate feeding had no significant effect on milk yield or milk fat concentration (P > 0·05), although the response in milk protein concentration to increased concentrate food level was significantly greater with twice and four times daily concentrate feeding than with complete diet feeding (0·59, 0·56 and 0·44 g/kg per kg increase in concentrate food level; P < 0·05). Increasing concentrate inclusion level significantly reduced silage DM intake (P < 0·001) but significantly increased (P < 0·001) total DM intake. Milk yield and milk protein concentration were significantly increased (P < 0·001) and milk fat concentration significantly reduced (P < 0·02) with increasing concentrate inclusion level. Total ration apparent digestibility coefficients were unaffected (P > 0·05) by either method of feeding or concentrate inclusion level. However, modified acid-detergent fibre apparent digestibility decreased significantly with increasing concentrate inclusion (P < 0·01). Results suggested that offering complete diets, with concentrates comprising on average 0·33 of total DM intake, increased both silage and total DM intake although this was not reflected in either increased milk yield or improvements in milk composition.

Complete diets for dairy cows: the effect of energy concentration and change in energy concentration of a complete diet on intake and performance of lactating dairy cows

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
J. A. Bines ◽  
R. F. Weller ◽  
Joanne Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYNinety-two British Friesians (56 cows and 36 heifers) were divided into two groups during weeks 3–10 of lactation and received ad libitum either complete diet H (65% concentrates, 35% grass silage, 11·7 MJ ME/kg D.M.) or diet M (50% concentrates, 50% grass silage, 11·2 MJ ME/kg D.M.). In weeks 11· 20 half the animals of each group continued to receive the same diet (HH or MM) while the other half were changed from diet H to M (HM) or from diet M to L (ML). Diet L contained 35% concentrates, 65% grass silage and 10·7 MJ ME/kg D.M. The crude protein concentration of all diets was maintained at about 157 g/kg D.M. by the addition of soya-bean meal to diets M and L.During weeks 3–10 the mean D.M. intake (kg/day), milk yield (kg/day), milk protein (g/kg) and live-weight change (kg/day) for animals on diets H and M were 15·0, 21·7, 33·3, 0·50 and 12·9, 20·2, 31·5, 0·35 respectively. Differences were significant for D.M. intake, milk yield and milk protein concentration. Although milk-fat concentration of cows given diet H (40·2 g/kg) was similar to that of cows given diet M (39·9 g/kg), heifers receiving diet H had a significantly lower value (37·0 g/kg) than those given diet M (39·8 g/kg).When animals were changed from diet H to M or from M to L at week 11, D.M. intake, milk yield and milk-protein concentration decreased. However, milk-fat concentration and live-weight change were generally unaffected.During the complete experimental period, weeks 3–20, animals on treatments HH, HM, MM and ML had mean D.M. intakes and milk yields of 15·3, 14·2, 13·2, 12·4 kg/day and 19·7, 18·5, 17·8, 17·0 kg/day. Milk-protein concentration, was closely related to D.M. intake, but only with heifers did diet H significantly depress milk-fat concentration. The highest live-weight gain was recorded on treatment HH (0·40 kg/day) and the lowost on treatment ML (0·29 kg/day) with intermediate values for treatments HM and MM.In vivodigestibility coefficients of D.M. and organic matter for diet H (0·731, 0·757) were significantly higher than those of diet L (0·707, 0·734) with intermediate values for diet M. However, for acid-detergent fibre the digestibility coefficient for diet H was significantly lower (0·562) than for diet L (0·662). The digestibility coefficients for nitrogen in all three diets were similar.Estimates of mean efficiency of utilization of ME for lactation were made on a weekly basis and were 0·56 and 0·64 for animals on diets H and M in weeks 3·10. During weeks 11·20 the mean values for animals on treatments HH, HM, MM and ML were 0·46, 0·53, 0·51 and 0·59, respectively.

Supplementation of grass silage-based diets with small quantities of concentrates: strategies for allocating concentrate crude protein

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
W. J. Fisher ◽  
A. B. McAllan ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa ◽  
R. J. Dewhurst
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Milk Solids

AbstractFifty-five multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were used to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of varying the crude protein (CP) content of concentrates offered at a low level (5 kg/day) along with ad libitum access to a high quality grass silage. Three dietary treatment groups in lactation weeks 4 to 22 received concentrates containing either 156 (L), 247 (M) or 338 (H) g CP per kg dry matter; from weeks 13 to 21, half of the L animals changed over to the H concentrate and vice versa so that there were five treatment groups (LL, LH, MM, HL and HH). Feeding M or H compared with L increased silage voluntary intakes (P <0·05) and the yields of milk (P <0·05), fat (P < 0·05) and protein (P < 0·01). Milk protein concentration increased with level of concentrate CP (P < 0·05). Pattern of concentrate CP supply (comparison ofLH, MM and HL) had no significant effect on intake or yields of milk and milk solids across the experiment (weeks 4 to 21), though cows gained less weight on treatment HL than on LH (P <0·05) or MM. Intake, milk and component yields were all markedly affected by a change in concentrate CP at week 13; there were positive effects of additional CP (LL v. LH) and negative effects of reduced CP (HH v. HL) on silage intake (P <0·05), as well as milk yield (P < 0·001), milk protein yield (P < 0·001) and milk protein concentration (P < 0·001). Responses to increased concentrate CP were of a similar magnitude in early and midlactation; extra concentrate CP can recover depressed yields and concentrations of milk protein in established lactation. Production responses to concentrate CP involved a concomitant increase in silage voluntary intake.

Effect of grain and straw supplementation on marginal milk-production responses and rumen fermentation of cows grazing highly digestible subterranean clover pasture

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Wales ◽  
P. T. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Production Response

The marginal milk-production response to cereal grain supplementation of dairy cows grazing irrigated subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pasture in spring was investigated. We also determined whether the addition of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) straw supplement would improve that response. There were 8�replicated treatments in a factorial design with 2 amounts of cereal grain pellet [0 and 5.0 kg dry matter (DM)/cow.day] and 4 amounts of straw (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kg DM/cow.day), 48 cows in total. Cows in all treatments grazed subterranean clover at an allowance (measured to ground level) of 19 kg DM/day. The barley and wheat pellet and straw had a neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration of 164 g/kg DM and 704 g/kg DM, respectively. Cows from all treatments consumed pasture with an in vitro DM digestibility of 743�g/kg DM and NDF concentration of 313 g/kg DM, compared with the pregrazed pasture on offer of 707 and 360, respectively. Pasture DM intake was not affected (P>0.05) by supplementation with either grain or straw, and averaged 12.7�kg�DM/cow.day. Cows supplemented with grain achieved a marginal milk-production response of 1.0�kg�fat-corrected milk (FCM)/kg DM grain. However, with increasing amounts of straw, responses of 0.0, 0.9 and 0.5 kg FCM/kg DM grain were observed. Fat-corrected milk yields were not different (P>0.05) between straw treatments and averaged 25.8 kg FCM/cow.day. Grain feeding significantly (P<0.05) reduced milk fat concentration and increased (P<0.05) milk protein concentration, although offering increasing amounts of straw had no significant (P>0.05) effect on either milk fat or milk protein concentration. Average ruminal fluid pH was significantly (P<0.05) lower when cows consumed cereal grain pellets than with those treatments without cereal grain (5.82 v. 6.09). There were no differences (P>0.05) in ruminal fluid pH among cows that consumed different amounts of straw. When cows were managed to limit intake of subterranean clover by restricting pasture allowance, supplementation with cereal grain resulted in acceptable marginal milk-production responses of 1.0 kg FCM/kg DM cereal grain. Under these circumstances, providing additional NDF as straw did not improve the milk-production response to cereal grain, with NDF ranging from 290 to 337 g/kg DM when 0–1.7 kg DM straw was consumed.

Effect of feeding formaldehyde- and heat-treated oil seed on milk yield and milk composition

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Tymchuk ◽  
G. R. Khorasani ◽  
J. J. Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment

The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of formaldehyde-treated oil seed on milk composition, with particular emphasis on the fatty acid and protein composition of milk. Ground and heat-treated canola seed treatments were included for comparison purposes. Four early-lactation Holstein cows were assigned to four treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Cows were fed a control diet containing 60% concentrate, 20% alfalfa silage and 20% barley silage (DM basis). The concentrate portion was based on rolled barley, canola meal, and ground corn. Canola seed replaced barley and canola meal in the control diet at 5% on a DM basis. Dry matter intake (21.0 ± 0.1 kg d−1), milk yield (33.3 ± 1.57 kg d−1), milk component yield and milk protein and lactose percentages were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary treatment. Cows fed untreated ground canola seed had lower (P < 0.05) milk fat percentage than cows fed the other treatments. The addition of untreated and heat-treated canola seed reduced palmitic acid (15%) and increased oleic acid (14%), but had no effect on linoleic and linolenic acid concentrations. Formaldehyde treatment resulted in a 76 and 123% increase in C18:2 and C18:3, respectively over the control diet, whereas untreated and heat-treated canola seed did not influence the concentration of these fatty acids. Effects of treatments on milk protein and non-protein nitrogen components were minor or nonexistent. Transfer efficiencies calculated for linoleic and linolenic acid indicated that formaldehyde treatment was efficacious in significantly reducing the extent of biohydrogenation of fatty acids in the rumen. Key words: Canola seed, dietary fat, dairy cattle, milk composition

Replacing wheat with canola meal and maize grain in the diet of lactating dairy cows: Feed intake, milk production and cow condition responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruairi P McDonnell ◽  
Martin vH Staines
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
The Difference

This research paper describes the effect of partially replacing wheat with maize grain and canola meal on milk production and body condition changes in early lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows consuming a grass silage-based diet over an 83-d period. Two groups of 39 cows were stratified for age, parity, historical milk yield and days in milk (DIM), and offered one of two treatment diets. The first treatment (CON) reflected a typical diet used by Western Australian dairy producers in summer and comprised (kg DM/cow per d); 8 kg of annual ryegrass silage, 6 kg of crushed wheat (provided once daily in a mixed ration), 3·6 kg of crushed lupins (provided in the milking parlour in two daily portions) and ad libitum lucerne haylage. The second treatment diet (COMP) was identical except the 6 kg of crushed wheat was replaced by 6 kg of a more complex concentrate mix (27% crushed wheat, 34% maize grain and 37% canola meal). Lucerne haylage was provided independently in the paddock to all cows, and no pasture was available throughout the experiment. The COMP group had a greater mean overall daily intake (22·5vs20·4 kg DM/cow) and a higher energy corrected milk (ECM) yield (29·2vs27·1 kg/cow;P= 0·047) than the CON cows. The difference in overall intake was caused by a higher daily intake of lucerne haylage in COMP cows (4·5vs2·3 kg DM/cow). The CON group had a higher concentration of milk fat (42·1vs39·3 g/kg;P= 0·029) than COMP cows. Milk protein yield was greater in COMP cows (P< 0·021); however, milk fat yield was unaffected by treatment. It is concluded that partially replacing wheat with canola meal and maize grain in a grass silage-based diet increases voluntary DMI of conserved forage and consequently yields of ECM and milk protein.

The effects on milk yield and composition of incorporating lactose into the diet of dairy cows given protected fat

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Group A

AbstractTwenty-eight Holstein/Friesian dairy cows were divided into four groups of seven. From weeks 4 to 15 of lactation they were given a basal diet consisting of 8 kg hay, 2 kg sugar-beet feed and 2 kg grass nuts, together with a concentrate allowance of 8 kg/day. Concentrates for group A were based on cereals and soya (control). Concentrate B contained 60 g protected fat supplement per kg; concentrate C contained 100 g lactose per kg; concentrate D contained 60 g fat supplement and 100 g lactose per kg. Milk yields were 24·6, 27·7, 25·6 and 26·5 kg/day and milk protein concentrations were 32·3, 30·7, 32·7 and 31·9 g/kg for groups A, B, C and D respectively. The effect of fat supplementation on milk yield and protein concentration was significant (P < 0·05) but the effect of lactose was not significant. Milk fat concentration was not significantly affected by treatment. It is concluded that lactose can partially alleviate the depression in milk protein concentration often observed when cows are given protected fat.

scholarly journals Replacing grass silage with pea-barley intercrop silage in the feeding of the dairy cow

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PURSIAINEN ◽  
M. TUORI
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Barley Silage

The effect of replacing wilted grass silage (GS) with pea-barley intercrop silage (PBS) on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk production was studied with 8 multiparous Ayrshire-cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Proportion of PBS was 0 (PBS0), 33 (PBS33), 67 (PBS67) or 100 (PBS100) % of silage dry matter (DM). The DM content was 559 and 255 g kg-1 for GS and PBS. Crude protein content was 131 and 170 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Pea-barley silage was more extensively fermented than GS with total fermentation acid content of 120 vs. 12 g kg-1 DM. Silage was fed for ad libitum intake and supplemented with on the average 13 kg concentrate per day. Silage DM intake was 9.2 (PBS0), 9.7 (PBS33), 9.0 (PBS67) and 7.1 (PBS100) kg per day (Pquadr. < 0.05). The energy corrected milk yield [30.3 (PBS0), 29.8 (PBS33), 30.3 (PBS67), 31.3 (PBS100) kg per day] was not significantly affected by the treatment. Milk protein concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in response to feeding PBS. It is concluded that PBS can replace up to two thirds of wilted, moderate quality GS in the feeding of dairy cows because in this experiment pure pea-barley silage reduced silage intake.

The effects of feeding different starch sources and concentrations on milk production of high yielding Holstein cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 192-192
Author(s):  
R.E. Lawson ◽  
A.R. Moss ◽  
C. Rymer ◽  
J.S. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Ground Wheat

Mansbridge (1995) reported that replacing ground wheat with a mix of ground wheat and maize grain increased milk protein concentration, which led the authors to speculate that increased inclusion of maize grain increased rumen by-pass starch. Indeed, de Visseret al(1990) reported that feeding less rapidly degradable starches has led to increased milk protein concentration.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of starch concentration and source on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows.

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