Regeneration characteristics of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) in low latitude environments in eastern Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 833 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
W. M. Kelman ◽  
L. A. Lane ◽  
B. E. McCorkell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Perennial Legume

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is a perennial pasture legume with adaptive characteristics and agronomic potential for permanent pastures in the high rainfall temperate zone in eastern Australia. Most birdsfoot trefoil cultivars have been developed for high latitude (>40° north or south) locations, and have long photoperiod (>16 h) requirements for flowering. However, at low latitude (28–32°S) in northern New South Wales (NSW), daylength (~14 h on the summer solstice) provides insufficient photoperiod to stimulate flowering and the level of seed-set needed for effective seedling recruitment. As a precursor to breeding, a study was undertaken to characterise a collection of birdsfoot trefoil populations from low latitude origins. Eight cultivars, two breeding lines and 38 accessions were assessed for flowering prolificacy, seed-set, morphological characteristics and seasonal herbage growth at two sites in northern NSW (Glen Innes 29°42′S, Armidale 30°31′S). None of the cultivars expressed reproductive processes with sufficient intensity to provide the level of seed-set necessary for regeneration. However, three accessions consistently flowered strongly at both sites and expressed desirable agronomic characteristics, and a further 10 accessions and the Australian germplasm BLVR5 flowered strongly at least at one of two sites. These populations provide a genetic base for future cultivar development, so that birdsfoot trefoil might become a perennial legume option for northern NSW and other low latitude regions.

Characteristics of greater lotus (Lotus uliginosus) populations grown under low latitude conditions in eastern Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
W. M. Kelman ◽  
B. E. McCorkell ◽  
L. A. Lane
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seed Yield Components ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Lotus Uliginosus

A study undertaken in northern New South Wales characterised and assessed a collection of 10 greater lotus (Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr) cultivars and breeding lines, comprising diploid and tetraploid populations with a range of Mediterranean parentage. Vegetative characteristics and seasonal herbage growth were measured under glasshouse conditions and reproductive characterisation was undertaken in the field. Results show a high degree of variability between the lines in leaf and stem characteristics, and narrow but useful diversity in seed yield components. The diploid populations, Sharnae, LUX97 and BLG4704, which have high levels of Mediterranean parentage, expressed high year-round growth performance, and Sharnae was exceptionally high in cool-season growth. These lines set more seed than the cultivars Grasslands Maku and Grasslands Sunrise under the low latitude conditions tested. These findings indicate a potential for cultivar development to expand greater lotus usage into low latitude environments.

Statistical methods to address spatial variation in pasture evaluation trials

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Bob Murison ◽  
John Ayres ◽  
Leah Lane ◽  
Derek Woodfield
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Expected Performance ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Difference

The primary breeding objective for white clover improvement in eastern Australia is more reliable persistence under summer moisture-stress while maintaining herbage production (especially winter growth). To identify elite germplasm, evaluation of candidate lines is done in situ, under field conditions for which the prospective cultivar is targeted. These conditions (e.g. moisture stress, nutrient infertility, grass competition) may impose spatial influences within the field site that as artefacts mask or alter the uniform expression of response to environment. A significant component of artefact variation which affects interpretation of the data is the spatial variation due to plot position. Failure to correct for this may give unreliable comparisons as some lines inadvertently (through randomisation) are allocated to favourable or unfavourable plots. Our methodology was developed at two sites (Glen Innes , Armidale in northern New South Wales, Australia) in an experiment which sought to identify superior lines among 20 candidate entries. Cultivars of reputed stability and spanning the expected performance range, are replicated at regular intervals through the field site. The difference amongst replicates within cultivar (that is a reduced G X E) is used to estimate spatial trends. Elite lines are identified from temporal profiles of plant performance related to the breeding objectives. We describe (i) design and analysis which allows estimation of the spatial effects, and (ii) the temporal profiling of plant performance. These statistical procedures are seminal in identifying superior breeding lines that subsequently proceed to cultivar development.

Ficophagus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from sycones of Ficus subgenus Urostigma, sections Malvanthera and Urostigma, in eastern Australia

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-653
Author(s):  
Kerrie A. Davies ◽  
Faerlie Bartholomaeus ◽  
Dong Mei Li ◽  
Zeng Qi Zhao ◽  
Weimin Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Female Tail ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Tail Tip ◽  
Molecular Sequencing

Summary Ficophagus from collecting trips in eastern Australia, made over 15 years, are summarised and show that species of the genus occurred widely in sycones of Ficus, subgenus Urostigma, section Malvanthera. Two new species (based on morphological differences and molecular sequencing) are described: Ficophagus elizabethae sp. n. from Ficus macrophylla, F. rubiginosa and F. obliqua, and Ficophagus richardi sp. n. from Ficus obliqua; and a morphospecies, Ficophagus Morphospecies malandicus from Ficus obliqua. Ficophagus elizabethae sp. n. is characterised by having the excretory pore (EP) opening from the level of the junction of the conus and shaft of the stylet to that of the knobs, a relatively long procorpus (1.0-2.5 times length of stylet), female tail with an obliquely truncate tail with a hyaline area and a finely to broadly rounded tip which may be mucronate; post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) ca one vulval body diam. (VBD) in length; rose-thorn-shaped spicule with distinct rostrum and prominent condylus; and genital papillae arranged as largest pair adcloacal, second pair posterior to mid-tail length, and third small pair near tail tip; and was collected from Sydney in New South Wales, to Bundaberg in Queensland (QLD). Ficophagus richardi sp. n. is characterised by having the EP opening at the level of the junction of the stylet shaft and conus, a labial cap which is raised around the opening for the stylet; procorpus 0.8-1.7 times length of the stylet, PUS <1 VBD in length, long uterus, and female tail with a V-shaped hyaline area at the bluntly rounded tip; rose-thorn-shaped spicule with a small rostrum and prominent condylus, three pairs genital papillae, first and largest on anterior cloacal lip, second at 70% of tail length measured from cloacal aperture, and third near tip, and was collected from Ban Ban Springs in the south to the Bundaberg region in the mid-north of QLD. In addition, in the absence of pertinent molecular sequences, a morphospecies is described. Ficophagus Morphospecies malandicus is characterised by having the EP opening anterior to the junction of the stylet conus and shaft, procorpus 0.9-2 times length of stylet, a short PUS usually <1 VBD long, short uterus, rose-thorn-shaped spicule with a raised condylus and prominent rostrum, and three pairs of subventral papillae on the tail (one adcloacal, one posterior to mid-tail and one near tail tip); and was collected from the Atherton Tableland, QLD. A table comparing morphological characteristics is provided to help with identification of Ficophagus nematodes from figs of the section Malvanthera in eastern Australia.

Ecology of Nassella neesiana, Chilean needle grass, in pastures on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. I. Seed production and dispersal

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Gardener ◽  
R. D. B. Whalley ◽  
B. M. Sindel
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Flower Stem

Nassella neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth (Chilean needle grass) originated in South America and is now a widespread weed in pastures in south-eastern Australia. To date, little research on the biology of N.�neesiana has been undertaken in Australia. This study investigated several aspects of the biology of N. neesiana in pastures on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. The main flowering period for N. neesiana in Australia was shown to extend from November to February and is similar to that in South America. Potential for production of panicle seeds was large and varied from 1584 seeds/m2 in 1995 to 22 203 seeds/m2 in 1996 as a result of changes in the density of flowering tillers per unit area. Nassella neesiana produced a further 7.2 cleistogenes (hidden seeds in the flower stem) on average per tiller. Hence, total potential seed production (panicle seeds and cleistogenes) was 28 282 and 8036 seeds/m2 in 1996 and 1997, with the cleistogenes accounting for 21.5 and 26.1% of the total respectively. Furthermore, the production of cleistogenes was not affected by clipping flowering tillers at 3 different heights. Three possible dispersal mechanisms of N. neesiana seeds were investigated. Adherence of seeds to the wool appeared to be the most effective. Twenty-five per cent of seeds that were picked up naturally in the wool of sheep after grazing in a paddock of N. neesiana, remained after 5 months. Shearing just before seed set reduced the number of seeds adhering to the wool. An average of 1.7% of panicle seeds and 5.3% of cleistogenes fed to Angus steers passed through the animal intact within 4 days, but <50% of these seeds were viable. The majority of seeds recovered from a wind dispersal experiment were within 1 m of the parent plant and the furthermost seed was 2.8 m away. The implications of these results for management are discussed.

Post-fire recruitment and resprouting of a threatened montane eucalypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Heidi Zimmer ◽  
Jan Allen ◽  
Rob Smith ◽  
Rebecca Gibson ◽  
Tony Auld
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
New South ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Fire Event ◽  
High Severity ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
One Year

Changing climate is predicted to result in increased frequency and size of wildfires in south-eastern Australia. With increasing area burnt there is increased potential for entire species distributions to be burnt in a single fire event. This is particularly the case for range-restricted threatened species. Eucalyptus canobolensis (L.A.S.Johnson &amp; K.D.Hill) J.T.Hunter is restricted to Mount Canobolas, New South Wales, Australia. In 2018, the majority of the E. canobolensis population was burnt by wildfire. One-year post-fire, we measured recruitment, resprouting and mortality of E. canobolensis. At higher fire severities, smaller trees were more likely to resprout from their bases only, as their stems were killed (i.e. ‘top kill’). Seedling regeneration only occurred in burnt plots. Our study demonstrates that E. canobolensis has a fire response typical of many eucalypts, characterised by seedling recruitment and larger trees resprouting epicormically, even after high-severity fire. Nevertheless, E. canobolensis response to repeat and short-interval fire remains unknown, and smaller trees appear to be vulnerable to top kill. Although much of Australia’s flora can respond to fire, this response is likely to be challenged as fire extents increase, especially if this is combined with increasing fire severity and/or frequency. These changes to the fire regime are a particular threat to species with restricted distributions.

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and greater lotus (Lotus uliginosus) in perennial pastures in eastern Australia. 1. Effects of grazing management on persistence

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
M. J. Blumenthal ◽  
J. W. O'Connor ◽  
L. A. Lane ◽  
H. I. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Management Practice ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
South Coast ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Grazing Experiment ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Lotus Uliginosus

A study was undertaken in the Perennial Pasture Zone in New South Wales, Australia, to investigate the potential of lotus-based pastures (greater lotus, Lotus uliginosus Schukr.; birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus corniculatus L.) to improve grazing production. The study was based on a methodology that combined a grazing experiment to determine the effects of grazing management on lotus persistence, with a co-learning phase to assess the adaptation and applications of lotus across the high rainfall zone. The present paper reports on the grazing experiment that was replicated in 4 regions (North Coast, South Coast, Northern Tablelands, Southern Tablelands) and that included combinations of grazing strategy (summer rest, autumn rest, 14-day spell or 28-day spell), grazing intensity (low or high herbage mass), Lotus species and cultivar (L. uliginosus cvv. Grasslands Maku, Sharnae; L. corniculatus cv. Grasslands Goldie or ‘Spanish’ breeding line) and companion grass (sown or volunteer) treatments. The experiment provided results for the establishment and botanical presence of both Lotus species, and the expression of their persistence mechanisms in these 4 environments. Greater lotus cv. Grasslands Maku established best under coastal conditions and birdsfoot trefoil cv. Grasslands Goldie established best under tablelands conditions. The degree of nodulation of greater lotus cv. Sharnae and birdsfoot trefoil cv. Grasslands Goldie was less than nodulation of greater lotus cv. Grasslands Maku, but nodulation had no apparent effect on seedling vigour. The population density of all Lotus cultivars declined substantially at the North Coast, South Coast and Southern Tablelands sites during severe drought conditions. However, both birdsfoot trefoil cv. Grasslands Goldie and greater lotus cv. Grasslands Maku remained relatively stable at the Northern Tablelands site with greater lotus cv. Grasslands Maku maintaining 20–40% presence and birdsfoot trefoil cv. Grasslands Goldie retaining 30–50% presence, depending on time of year. In general, there was little effect of grazing management practice on arresting the decline in lotus presence due to drought, or on enhancing the regeneration processes associated with lotus persistence.

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and greater lotus (Lotus uliginosus) in perennial pastures in eastern Australia. 2. Adaptation and applications of lotus-based pasture

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
M. J. Blumenthal ◽  
L. A. Lane ◽  
J. W. O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Learning Study ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Lotus Uliginosus

This co-learning study with greater lotus (Lotus uliginosus Schukr.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) was undertaken in the Perennial Pasture Zone of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in conjunction with 14 community groups. The overall study combined a field experiment investigating grazing management practices with a co-learning study assessing the adaptation and potential applications of these 2 Lotus species. The present paper reports on the co-learning study. Seventeen sites were established on farms situated in the North Coast, Northern Tablelands, North West Slopes, South Coast and Southern Tablelands regions of NSW. Of the 17 co-learning sites, greater lotus or birdsfoot trefoil was established successfully and yielded useful findings at 9 of 10 sites in northern NSW and 3 of 7 sites in southern NSW. Establishment failure of greater lotus or birdsfoot trefoil at the 5 remaining sites was associated with severe drought conditions at, or shortly following, sowing. Results from across the 4 regions are collated to report on the adaptation of the 2 Lotus species to a diversity of climatic, edaphic and management applications. The study has confirmed that greater lotus is a valuable perennial legume for high rainfall coastal plains, coastal low-lands, coastal hill-country and niche tablelands environments where the average annual rainfall (AAR) exceeds 1000 mm. Significantly, the study shows that birdsfoot trefoil has important potential for low fertility acidic soils on tablelands and slopes where the AAR is 650–1000 mm, especially in northern NSW.

scholarly journals Morphological and anatomical aspects of birdsfoot trefoil and big trefoil

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1663-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Poles Maroso ◽  
Cerci Maria Carneiro ◽  
Simone Meredith Scheffer-Basso ◽  
Daniela Favero
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
Underground System

This study was carried out with the objective of describing the aerial and underground organs of birdsfoot trefoil [Lotus corniculatus (São Gabriel and ARS-2620 cultivars)] and big trefoil [Lotus uliginosus (Maku cultivar)]. The plants were cultivated in pots and harvested at 150 and 210 days after sowing. Stems, leaves and roots were prepared in according to conventional anatomical techniques. The anatomical structures of L. corniculatus and L. uliginosus differed in terms of pith cell integrity, starch content in the parenchyma root cell and underground stem cortex. The leaves were amphistomatic, with phenolic idioblasts, small vascular bundles and few conducting elements. The underground system was diffuse, with adventitious shoots that grew in two directions, had no cataphylls, emerged from the ground, and gave rise to aerial stems. The morphological characteristics of the shoot system of both species matched the recent descriptions of soboles.

scholarly journals Role of re-seeding and seedling recruitment for sustainable Lotus corniculatus based pastures in dry hill and high country

1994 ◽  
pp. 139-142
Author(s):  
W.J. Fraser ◽  
S.C. Ogden ◽  
R.F. Woodman ◽  
W.L. Lowther
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
The South ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Stand Management

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus comiculatus L.) is a species with considerable potential for hill and high country of the South Island; however, difficulties in maintaining satisfactory stands due to problems with persistence have been reported. Plant recruitment through natural reseeding is considered a necessary tool for the maintenance and improvement of birdsfoot trefoil stands in the USA, but research which investigates the role of soil seedbanks, seedling recruitment and stand management for improving the persistence of birdsfoot trefoil in the drier hill and high country of the South Island of New Zealand is limited. Two field experiments in the dry hill and high country of Otago monitored changes in stand populations and seedling emergence of birdsfoot trefoil under differing grazing management. At Ardlui Station on the Coastal Otago Plateau, seedling emergence was greatest in autumn rather than spring after spelling over the flowering period. Despite considerable numbers of autumn seedlings (128 seedlings/m2), less than 1 seedling/m2 survived to contribute to the stand after 12 months. Plant populations did,however increase in 199l/92 following adequate rainfall in the previous autumn. Spring emerged seedlings did not survive through summer. At Omarama Station in the southern Mackenzie Basin, plant populations of birdsfoot trefoil continued to decline despite the presence of seedlings in spring and autumn. Results imply that natural reseeding cannot be relied upon to improve birdsfoot trefoil plant populations unless favourable climatic conditions prevail during spring or autumn. Keywords: establishment, Lotus corniculatus, management, natural reseeding, persistence, seedling recruitment, soil seedbanks, survival

Developing birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) varieties for permanent pasture applications in low latitude regions of eastern Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
W. M. Kelman ◽  
S. G. Wiedemann ◽  
L. A. Lane ◽  
B. E. McCorkell
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Selection For

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is a potentially important alternative legume for recharge landscapes in the high rainfall zone in eastern Australia. However, in the summer rainfall region in northern New South Wales (NSW) where birdsfoot trefoil has the greatest potential application, flowering and seed set are limited by short daylength. Consequently, existing birdsfoot trefoil cultivars do not set enough seed to develop a seedbank that sustains a productive persistent stand. A breeding program was undertaken to develop birdsfoot trefoil cultivars adapted to short photoperiod to increase the area sown to deep-rooted perennials in the grazing lands in eastern Australia. Three new birdsfoot trefoil experimental varieties, Phoenix, Venture and Matador, were developed through: (1) phenotypic selection within cv. Grasslands Goldie for flowering intensity and pod set, (2) phenotypic selection for these same traits in a broader sample of 49 world-sourced lines, and (3) selection for prostrate growth habit among progeny of pair-crosses between erect and prostrate accessions identified as productive in southern NSW. Following two cycles of selection for flowering prolificacy and pod set, the average number of umbels per stem in the Goldie-derived populations was five times greater than in the commercial Goldie population; this response to selection closely approximated the predicted response based on previous estimates of heritability and phenotypic variance for this trait. In comparison with Goldie, the Syn1 and Syn2 populations of the three experimental varieties consistently expressed earlier flowering maturity and higher seed yield potential in glasshouse and field trials in northern NSW. While germination rate and seedling vigour of the three experimental varieties was slightly less than Goldie, intensive selection pressure on reproductive traits did not compromise seasonal herbage production.

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