In utero effects on livestock muscle development and body composition

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Brameld ◽  
Zoe C. T. R. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
In Utero ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

This review will focus on the evidence for in utero effects on development of skeletal muscle in farm and laboratory animals, particularly sheep and pigs. We will describe genetic and environmental factors that have been shown to alter the numbers of muscle fibres formed and outline our working hypothesis for the mechanism involved and the critical window during pregnancy when these effects are seen. We will then discuss the long-term consequences in terms of body composition. Although this review concentrates on skeletal muscle development, the mechanism we suggest might be equally applicable to other tissues in the body (e.g. the brain, kidneys or sex organs) and, therefore, impact on their physiological functions.

Alterations in Ultrastructure of Skeletal Muscle From Newborn Guinea Pigs Following in Utero Exposure to Ethanol

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 686-687
Author(s):  
C. Uphoff ◽  
C. Nyquist-Battie ◽  
T.B. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Prenatally Exposed ◽  
Chronic Alcoholic ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Food And Water Intake ◽  
Post Intubation

Ultrastructural alterations of skeletal muscle have been observed in adult chronic alcoholic patients. However, no such study has been performed on individuals prenatally exposed to ethanol. In order to determine if ethanol exposure in utero in the latter stages of muscle development was deleterious, skeletal muscle was obtained from newborn guinea pigs treated in the following manner. Six Hartly strain pregnant guinea pigs were randomly assigned to either the ethanol or the pair-intubated groups. Twice daily the 3 ethanol-treated animals were intubated with Ensure (Ross Laboratories) liquid diet containing 30% ethanol (6g/Kg pre-pregnant body weight per day) from day 35 of gestation until parturition at day 70±1 day. Serum ethanol levels were determined at 1 hour post-intubation by the Sigma alcohol test kit. For pair-intubation the Ensure diet contained sucrose substituted isocalorically for ethanol. Both food and water intake were monitored.

Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, more so than its epimer, has a linear relationship to leaner body composition across infancy in healthy term infants

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1137-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom J. Hazell ◽  
Sina Gallo ◽  
llze Berzina ◽  
Catherine A. Vanstone ◽  
Celia Rodd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Weight For Age

Vitamin D status positively associates with skeletal muscle mass and function in adolescents. The C-3 alpha epimer of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3-epi-25(OH)D3) is high in infants, yet the potential impacts of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 on skeletal muscle development are largely unexplored. The objective of this study was (i) to explore how the concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 track with body composition (lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM)) and (ii) to determine the association between 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 in infancy. Healthy breastfed infants (n = 132) were followed from 1 to 12 months of age as part of a vitamin D dose–response study (NCT00381914). Anthropometry and diet were assessed. Body composition was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Plasma 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 increased from 1 to 3 months of age and decreased thereafter (p < 0.05). Infants with 25(OH)D3 concentrations above 75 nmol/L did not have a higher LM (g or %; p > 0.273) than those below this cutoff. LM was not associated with 25(OH)D3, whereas LM% was positively associated with 25(OH)D3 (β = 0.03; CI: 0.01 to 0.06; p = 0.006), while accounting for sex, weight-for-age Z-score, protein and fat intake, and age. For FM, the variables accounting for a significant amount of the variation were plasma 25(OH)D3 concentration (β = −2.38; CI: −4.35, −0.41; p = 0.019), weight-for-age Z-score, protein and fat intake, and time. In healthy infants, higher vitamin D status associates with leaner body composition, though the effect is smaller in magnitude relative to growth.

Shift from slow- to fast-twitch muscle fibres in skeletal muscle of newborn heterozygous and homozygous myostatin-knockout piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei-Fu Xuan ◽  
Zhao-Bo Luo ◽  
Jun-Xia Wang ◽  
Qing Guo ◽  
Sheng-Zhong Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Myogenic Differentiation ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
Fast Twitch

Myostatin (MSTN) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily that negatively regulates skeletal muscle development. A lack of MSTN induces muscle hypertrophy and increases formation of fast-twitch (Type II) muscle fibres. This study investigated muscle development in newborn heterozygous (MSTN+/−) and homozygous (MSTN−/−) MSTN-knockout piglets. Detailed morphological and gene and protein expression analyses were performed of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus and diaphragm of MSTN+/−, MSTN−/− and wild-type (WT) piglets. Haematoxylin–eosin staining revealed that the cross-sectional area of muscle fibres was significantly larger in MSTN-knockout than WT piglets. ATPase staining demonstrated that the percentage of Type IIb and IIa muscle fibres was significantly higher in MSTN−/− and MSTN+/− piglets respectively than in WT piglets. Western blotting showed that protein expression of myosin heavy chain-I was reduced in muscles of MSTN-knockout piglets. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction revealed that, compared with WT piglets, myogenic differentiation factor (MyoD) mRNA expression in muscles was 1.3- to 2-fold higher in MSTN+/− piglets and 1.8- to 3.5-fold higher MSTN−/− piglets (P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.01 respectively). However, expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) mRNA in muscles was significantly lower in MSTN+/− than WT piglets (P&lt;0.05). MSTN plays an important role in skeletal muscle development and regulates muscle fibre type by modulating the gene expression of MyoD and MEF2C in newborn piglets.

Skeletal muscle sodium and potassium changes after successful surgery in acromegaly: relation to body composition, blood glucose, plasma insulin and blood pressure

1993 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 418-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Landin ◽  
Björn Petruson ◽  
Karl-Erik Jakobsson ◽  
Bengt-Åke Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Total Body

The aim of this study was to investigate the skeletal muscle sodium/potassium (Na/K) ratio in acromegaly before and 1 year after trans-sphenoidal removal of a growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. Muscle biopsies were taken and skeletal muscle electrolytes, body composition, glucose, insulin and blood pressure were studied. Fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin levels, but not blood pressure, were higher in acromegalic patients (N = 9) than in controls (N = 6). The skeletal muscle potassium content was higher (p <0.01) but the sodium content and the Na/K ratio were lower (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively) in untreated patients with acromegaly as compared to weight-matched healthy controls. Elevated GH, glucose and insulin levels normalized after surgery. Blood pressure remained unchanged. The total body potassium content, the lean body mass and the total body water content decreased and the body fat content increased while the body weight was unchanged. The skeletal muscle potassium content decreased from [median (range)] 9.8 (9.2–11.5) to 7.7 (5.7–9.5) mmol/100 g wet wt (p<0.001). The skeletal muscle sodium content increased from 2.8 (2.5–3.9) to 5.1 (4.3–6.7) mmol/100 g wet wt (p<0.001) and the Na/K ratio increased from 0.28 (0.26–0.38) to 0.56 (0.51–1.18) (p< 0.001) after surgery, which is a higher level than the controls with a Na/K ratio of 0.47 (0.39–0.84) (p<0.01). These changes seem to be mediated by a decreased GH effect on the Na/K pump after successful trans-sphenoidal surgery in acromegaly.

Growing healthy muscles to optimise metabolic health into adult life

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 420-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Bayol ◽  
C. R. Bruce ◽  
G. D. Wadley
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
And Function

The importance of skeletal muscle for metabolic health and obesity prevention is gradually gaining recognition. As a result, interventions are being developed to increase or maintain muscle mass and metabolic function in adult and elderly populations. These interventions include exercise, hormonal and nutritional therapies. Nonetheless, growing evidence suggests that maternal malnutrition and obesity during pregnancy and lactation impede skeletal muscle development and growth in the offspring, with long-term functional consequences lasting into adult life. Here we review the role of skeletal muscle in health and obesity, providing an insight into how this tissue develops and discuss evidence that maternal obesity affects its development, growth and function into adult life. Such evidence warrants the need to develop early life interventions to optimise skeletal muscle development and growth in the offspring and thereby maximise metabolic health into adult life.

Endocytotic activity of mouse skeletal muscle fibres after long-term denervation

1994 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Vult von Steyern ◽  
Rolf Libelius ◽  
Grace Lawoko ◽  
Sven Tågerud
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Mouse Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibres

scholarly journals Long term survey of body composition in hemodialysis patients using the Body Composition Monitor® (BCM)

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. A23
Author(s):  
Stanislas Trolonge ◽  
Philippe Chauveau ◽  
Claude Desvergnes ◽  
Nicole Larroumet ◽  
Christian Combe
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Composition Monitor ◽  
Long Term Survey

The pathogenicity and development within the host fish of Myxobolus cyprini Doflein, 1898

Parasitology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kálmán Molnar ◽  
Éva Kovács-Gayer
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Host Fish ◽  
Infected Muscle ◽  
Specific Muscle ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Parts

Myxobolus cyprini has, until now, been considered an ‘organo-cosmopolitan’ parasite of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and less frequently of other carps, producing spores in various organs in small plasmodia and possible in cysts. The present observations of naturally infected common carp fry and two-summer carp have revealed that M. cyprini is a specific muscle parasite, developing intracellularly in the muscle fibres of the skeletal muscle. The sarcoplasm of the infected muscle fibres is filled with developmental stages, followed by spores of M. cyprini, which are held together in a 1–1·5 mm long pseudocyst by the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre. After maturation of the spores and disintegration of the pseudocysts the spores are transported in the bloodstream to different parts of the body where they are retained in the capillaries.

scholarly journals Effects of Exercise-Induced ROS on the Pathophysiological Functions of Skeletal Muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Fan Wang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Yiping Liu ◽  
Zhenghong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Redox System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stress Fatigue

Oxidative stress is the imbalance of the redox system in the body, which produces excessive reactive oxygen species, leads to multiple cellular damages, and closely relates to some pathological conditions, such as insulin resistance and inflammation. Meanwhile, exercise as an external stimulus of oxidative stress causes the changes of pathophysiological functions in the tissues and organs, including skeletal muscle. Exercise-induced oxidative stress is considered to have different effects on the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Long-term regular or moderate exercise-induced oxidative stress is closely related to the formation of muscle adaptation, while excessive free radicals produced by strenuous or acute exercise can cause muscle oxidative stress fatigue and damage, which impacts exercise capacity and damages the body’s health. The present review systematically summarizes the relationship between exercise-induced oxidative stress and the adaptions, damage, and fatigue in skeletal muscle, in order to clarify the effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress on the pathophysiological functions of skeletal muscle.

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