Field evaluation of a derivative of 1,4-oxathiin for control of cereal smuts

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 756 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kuiper
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Loose Smut ◽  
Common Bunt ◽  
The Third ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Cereal Seed ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Commercial Field

In semi-commercial field trials, the systemic cereal seed fungicide Vitavax (2,3-dihydro-5- carboxanilido-6-methyl-1,4-oxathiin) gave excellent control of natural loose smut infections of wheat and barley; combining it with phenylmercuric acetate reduced its efficacy on loose smut of wheat. In an irrigated row-plot trial, using wheat artificially inoculated with loose smut, Vitavax at the recommended rate was only moderately effective ; at half rate disease control was unsatisfactory. Vitavax was tested on three collections of common bunt of wheat. On all three it was better than Ceresan. It was inferior to hexachlorobenzene on two collections, but on the third, resistant to hexachlorobenzene, it was much superior. Vitavax gave excellent control of covered smut of oats whereas Panogen and Ceresan were much less effective.

Experiments on the control of cereal smuts with a derivative of 1,4-oxathiin

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (31) ◽  
pp. 232 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kuiper
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
In Vitro Germination ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Loose Smut ◽  
Common Bunt ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Cereal Seed

The new cereal seed dressing Vitavax, a systemic fungicidal dust based on 2,3-dihydro- 5-carboxanilido-6-methyl-1,4-oxathiin, controlled seed-borne common bunt of wheat, seed- and soil-borne flag smut of wheat, and covered smut of oats in glasshouse experiments. Its chemotherapeutic efficacy was demonstrated on wheat bunt using post-infection soil drenches. Vitavax was ineffective on loose smut of wheat and barley under semi-artificial conditions. Vitavax was toxic to wheat seedlings only when applied in a soil drench (0.02 per cent active ingredient) shortly after transplanting, but the surviving, severely injured plants recovered quickly indicating rapid elimination of the phytotoxicant. In in vitro germination tests on wheat Vitavax was safer than the standard fungicide Ceresan.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Disease Thresholds and Predictors for Managing Late Blight in Celery

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Bounds ◽  
M. K. Hausbeck
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Preventive Program ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Commercial Field ◽  
Weekly Application

Late blight of celery, incited by Septoria apiicola, results in necrotic lesions on leaves and petioles and reduces yield when it occurs on marketable petioles. Michigan celery growers typically begin applying fungicides 1 to 3 weeks after transplanting and reapply fungicides at 7- to 10-day intervals to manage late blight. Using disease thresholds or predictors to prompt fungicide sprays may reduce the number of applications needed for effective disease control. Weekly treatments of azoxystrobin alternated with chlorothalonil were initiated early (1 week after transplanting), preventively (4 weeks after transplanting), or when disease symptoms were detected at a trace, 5%, or 10% level on ‘Dutchess’ celery plants in 2003 and 2004. The early and preventive programs were equally effective in preventing petiole blight and yield loss. The preventive program required three fewer applications, at a savings of up to $134/ha, when compared with an early fungicide program initiated 1 week after transplanting. Delaying the initial fungicide application until disease symptoms were detected resulted in high disease levels at harvest that were often similar to untreated control plants. Additional field trials were established in 2004 and 2005 at a research farm where S. apiicola inoculum was applied and at a commercial field where early blight, caused by Cercospora apii, developed from naturally occurring inoculum. A fungicide program that alternated chlorothalonil with azoxystrobin was initiated preventively and reapplied weekly or according to the Septoria predictor or TOM-CAST 10-disease severity value (DSV) and was compared with the standard, weekly application program initiated early. Combining the use of preventive initial applications with the Septoria predictor or TOM-CAST 10-DSV reduced the number of sprays by two to six while providing disease control that was comparable with the standard weekly fungicide program initiated early. These programs reduced fungicide expenditures by $71 to $213/ha compared with the weekly fungicide program initiated early.

scholarly journals Further field evaluation of the controlled release nitrogen fertiliser Smartfert®

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
D.C. Edmeades ◽  
R.M. Mcbride
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
The Third ◽  
N Concentration

Five field trials were conducted over 2 years in which the effects of single applications of different rates of a controlled release nitrogen (N) fertiliser, Smartfert, on pasture production and pasture N concentration were measured, relative to the same rates of SustaiN. The 2016 trials also compared multiple applications of SustaiN with a single application of Smartfert. Pasture responses to SustaiN relative to the control generally occurred within the first one to three harvests following application and then declined and became negative in the later harvests. The pasture responses to Smartfert developed more slowly and were greatest after the third harvest. In terms of total production significant (P

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of 64 Apple Rootstocks for Orchard Performance and Fire Blight Resistance

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1517-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Russo ◽  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
Gennaro Fazio ◽  
Herb S. Aldwinckle
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Better Than

In 2002, apple rootstock trials using three scion cultivars were established at Geneva, NY, to evaluate 64 apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) rootstocks for horticultural performance and fire blight resistance. Field trials compared several elite Geneva® apple rootstocks, which were bred for tolerance to fire blight and Phytophthora root rot, to both commercial standards and elite rootstock clones from around the world. Three rootstocks performed well with all scion cultivars: ‘B.9’, ‘Geneva® 935’, and ‘Geneva® 41’. All three rootstocks were similar in size to ‘M.9’ clones but with elevated yield efficiency and superior resistance to fire blight. ‘Geneva® 11’ also performed very well with ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ with regard to yield efficiency and disease resistance. Resistant rootstocks greatly enhanced the survival of young trees, particularly with the susceptible scion cultivars ‘Gala’ and ‘Honeycrisp’. Results demonstrate the ability of new rootstock clones to perform better than current commercial standards, reducing financial risk to producers while promoting orchard health with enhanced disease resistance.

Investigations on chemical control of common bunt of wheat. 1

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (26) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kuiper
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Common Bunt ◽  
Tilletia Caries ◽  
Selective Action ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Mixed Populations ◽  
High Degree

Field trials were conducted at five sites in Victoria and one in South Australia in 1963-64 and 1965-66 to test a number of chemicals alone and in combination for the control of common bunt of wheat (Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. and T. foetida (Wallr.) Liro) using mixed populations of the species as inoculum. On seed-borne bunt, fentin hydroxide and ziram were sufficiently active to warrant further testing. The chlorobenzenes hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and 2, 3, 5, 6 tetrachloronitroanisole had a strong selective action : they gave excellent control of T . caries, but HCB, especially, failed to control T . foetida. In contrast, the dithiocarbamates tested tended to be more effective on T. foetida. None of the chemicals tested, including HCB, controlled soil-borne bunt. The available evidence suggests that an hitherto unknown race of T. foetida had been used which has a high degree of field tolerance to HCB. A combination seed dressing of phenylmercuric acetate and CCC ('Cycocel') gave good control of seedborne bunt, but did not promote tillering or yield.

Acaricide trials against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., Amblyomma variegatum (F.) and Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) (Ixodidae) on cattle in Uganda

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Matthysse ◽  
Murray H. Colbo ◽  
E. P. Kamya
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Amblyomma Variegatum ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Tick Attachment ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Better Than

Field trials were conducted to compare toxicity and residual activity on cattle of 18 acaricides against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., Amblyomma variegatum (F.), and Boophilus decoloratus (Koch). Ticks were counted one, four and seven days after the cattle were sprayed. Each of the seven experiments involved three sprayings at seven- to eight-day intervals.Toxaphene at 0.25 per cent., included as a standard, was relatively slow acting compared to organophosphorous and carbamate acaricides, but was equal to or better than most of the new acaricides in residual activity and over-all effectiveness. Carbaryl, Mopham and toxaphene were tested at the highest concertration, 0.5 per cent., and found to have the maximum over-all effectiveness, including maximum residual activity. Nevertheless, even these treatments did not protexct cattle against tick attachment and engorgement for as long as seven days.All acaricides tested were very effective against B. decoloratus and A. variegatum, but none completely prevented attachment of R. appendiculatus foe as long as four days, even though all were very toxic to this tick. The smallest number (1.8 per beast) of R. appendiculatus attaching in four days occurred on the cattle sprayed with 0.5 per cent. carbaryl, but by seven days after spraying there were many ticks attached and some were already partially engorged. The inference is that none of the compounds tested gave promise of prevention of tick-borne disease transmission when used on a seven-day schedule. No inference is made concerning tick-borne disease control by reduction of tick numbers on the pasture land.Mortality among ticks on the cattle one day after treatment was greatest for 0.1 per cent. coumaphos, 0.25 per cent. Prolate, 0.05 per cent. Bayer 9053, 0.2 per cent. Geigy GS 13006, 0.2 per cent. and 0.5 percent. carbaryl, 0.1 per cent dioxathion, 0.05 per cent. Bayer 9037, 0.1 per cent. prothidathion, 0.1 per cent. Dursban, 0.2 per cent. and 0.5 per cent. Mobam, 0.025 per cent. and 0.05 percent. chlorfenvinphos, 0.2 per cent. fenitrithion and 0.1 per cent. ethion. Mortalities of 83.1 per cent. to 88.5 per cent. were given by 0.05 per cent. diazinon, 0.1 per cent. bromophos-ethyl, 0.025 per cent. Dursban, and 0.5 per cent. toxaphene. Mortality below 74 per cent. was caused by 0.25 per cent. toxaphene, 0.2 per cent. bromocyelen, and 0.1 per cent. carbophenothion.

A Developmental Study of Intonation Recognition

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn M. Corlew
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
The Third ◽  
Matching Test ◽  
Better Than

Two experiments investigated the information conveyed by intonation from speaker to listener. A multiple-choice test was devised to test the ability of 48 adults to recognize and label intonation when it was separated from all other meaning. Nine intonation contours whose labels were most agreed upon by adults were each matched with two English sentences (one with appropriate and one with inappropriate intonation and semantic content) to make a matching-test for children. The matching-test was tape-recorded and given to children in the first, third, and fifth grades (32 subjects in each grade). The first-grade children matched the intonations with significantly greater agreement than chance; but they agreed upon significantly fewer sentences than either the third or fifth graders. Some intonation contours were matched with significantly greater frequency than others. The performance of the girls was better than that of the boys on an impatient question and a simple command which indicates that there was a significant interaction between sex and intonation.

Using Connectionist Modules for Decision Support

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (03) ◽  
pp. 167-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hripcsak
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Posterior Probability ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Connectionist Model ◽  
Test Set ◽  
The Third ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
Better Than

AbstractA connectionist model for decision support was constructed out of several back-propagation modules. Manifestations serve as input to the model; they may be real-valued, and the confidence in their measurement may be specified. The model produces as its output the posterior probability of disease. The model was trained on 1,000 cases taken from a simulated underlying population with three conditionally independent manifestations. The first manifestation had a linear relationship between value and posterior probability of disease, the second had a stepped relationship, and the third was normally distributed. An independent test set of 30,000 cases showed that the model was better able to estimate the posterior probability of disease (the standard deviation of residuals was 0.046, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.046-0.047) than a model constructed using logistic regression (with a standard deviation of residuals of 0.062, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.062-0.063). The model fitted the normal and stepped manifestations better than the linear one. It accommodated intermediate levels of confidence well.

scholarly journals Deep learning for intelligent diagnosis in thyroid scintigraphy

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 030006052098284
Author(s):  
Tingting Qiao ◽  
Simin Liu ◽  
Zhijun Cui ◽  
Xiaqing Yu ◽  
Haidong Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Kappa Coefficient ◽  
Diagnostic Assessment ◽  
First Year ◽  
Thyroid Scintigraphy ◽  
Diagnostic Ability ◽  
The Third ◽  
Classification Time ◽  
Better Than

Objective To construct deep learning (DL) models to improve the accuracy and efficiency of thyroid disease diagnosis by thyroid scintigraphy. Methods We constructed DL models with AlexNet, VGGNet, and ResNet. The models were trained separately with transfer learning. We measured each model’s performance with six indicators: recall, precision, negative predictive value (NPV), specificity, accuracy, and F1-score. We also compared the diagnostic performances of first- and third-year nuclear medicine (NM) residents with assistance from the best-performing DL-based model. The Kappa coefficient and average classification time of each model were compared with those of two NM residents. Results The recall, precision, NPV, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score of the three models ranged from 73.33% to 97.00%. The Kappa coefficient of all three models was >0.710. All models performed better than the first-year NM resident but not as well as the third-year NM resident in terms of diagnostic ability. However, the ResNet model provided “diagnostic assistance” to the NM residents. The models provided results at speeds 400 to 600 times faster than the NM residents. Conclusion DL-based models perform well in diagnostic assessment by thyroid scintigraphy. These models may serve as tools for NM residents in the diagnosis of Graves’ disease and subacute thyroiditis.

Propertiana

1949 ◽  
Vol 43 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
D. R. Shackleton Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Early Paper ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Third ◽  
Better Than

Housman put the case against fallacia with characteristic trenchancy in an early paper (Journ. Phil, xvi, p. 25). ‘I conceive’, he wrote, ‘that so far as Latinity is concerned the words deductae fallacia lunae may bear any one of three meanings. First they may mean “false pretence of bringing down the moon”: a sense peremptorily forbidden by the context. Mr. Lucian Mueller points out that Propertius cannot look for help to those whom he holds and asserts to be impostors, and that argument is clinched by the tune ego crediderim of 23: Propertius now doubts whether the power of magic be real or no, but turn Cynthia's heart and he will believe. Secondly deductae fallacia lunae may legitimately mean “deceiving men by bringing down the moon” on the analogy of Ov. Met. 13. 164deceperat omnes, in quibus Aiacem, sumptae fallacia uestis. But plainly this sense is no better than nonsense: if magicians bring down the moon as men believe them to do, then men are not deceived. Equally absurd is the third possible sense of the words, deceiving the moon and bringing her down. I know that Pan deus Arcadiae captain te, Luna, fefellitin nemora alta means, but in what sense do magicians faltere lunam? What conceivable deceit do they employ? Manufacture a cerea effigies of Endymion I suppose and lay it on the mountain tops.’

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