Utilisation of white clover silage fed alone or with maize silage by lactating dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Auldist ◽  
K. L. Atkinson ◽  
D. W. Dellow ◽  
M. J. Silvapulle ◽  
G. H. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
High Yields

Six lactating dairy cows in mid lactation were fed either white clover silage or a mixture of white clover and maize silages (70 : 30, dry matter basis). Milk yields (about 20 L/day) and compositions were similar when cows were fed either diet. Although the mixed diet was less digestible and provided less energy and crude protein than white clover, rumen fermentation may have been improved relative to that when white clover silage was fed alone. Flow rates of fluid from the rumen were faster, pH values for rumen liquor were higher and concentrations of ammonia in rumen liquor were lower when cows were fed the mixed diet than white clover silage. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and the proportions of the major volatile fatty acids in rumen liquor were similar for both diets. The efficiency of utilisation of dietary nitrogen for liveweight gain and milk production also appeared to be similar for both diets. Plasma concentrations of key metabolites were consistent with the cows being well nourished when fed both diets. Overall, it was evident that white clover silage may be used effectively in combination with lower quality maize silage to meet the nutrient requirements of cows with reasonably high yields of milk during mid lactation.

scholarly journals Influence of wet vs. dry by-product ingredients and addition of branched-chain volatile fatty acids and valerate to dairy diets. 3. Kinetics of rumen ingesta turnover, whole tract digestibility, and some plasma hormone concentrations.

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-471
Author(s):  
P.H. Robinson ◽  
S. Tamminga ◽  
A.M. van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Methyl Butyrate ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Gluten Feed ◽  
Kinetics Of

Four cows with rumen cannulae were fed twice daily on totally mixed diets containing equal amounts of hay crop silage and maize silage plus a mixture of maize gluten feed, beet pulp and brewers' grains. Diets contained wet ensiled (WET) or dry (DRY) byproduct ingredients without (MINUS) or with (PLUS) a supplement (ISOPLUSReg.) containing the branched-chain volatile fatty acids (isoacids) isobutyrate, 2-methyl butyrate, and 3-methyl butyrate, as well as valerate. Measurements were made from weeks 12 to 28 of lactation to determine effects of treatments on whole tract digestibility, kinetics of rumen ingesta turnover, and plasma concentrations of insulin and somatotropin. Whole tract apparent digestibility of organic (OM) and most OM components was higher with WET diets. Estimated true digestion of dietary nitrogen and OM were also higher (P

Intraruminal administration ofMegasphaera elsdeniimodulated rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qendrim Zebeli ◽  
Sarah J Terrill ◽  
Alberto Mazzolari ◽  
Suzanna M Dunn ◽  
Wen Z Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Fermentation Profile

This study evaluated the effects of intraruminal administration ofMegasphaera elsdeniion ruminal fermentation patterns, the profile of plasma metabolites, and milk yield and composition of mid-lactation dairy cows. Eight primiparous, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were arranged in a paired 2×2 crossover design. Cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) intraruminal inoculation of 35 ml suspension per day ofM. elsdeniiATCC 25940 (MEGA), containing 108cfu/ml of bacteria, dissolved in 35 ml of saline (0·15m), or 2) carrier alone (35 ml saline; CTR). Both postprandial and preprandial rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and plasma metabolite measurements were analysed. Postprandial VFA patterns were affected the most, with butyrate (P<0·01) and valerate (P<0·01) proportions increasing, and acetate (P<0·01), isobutyrate (P=0·05) and isovalerate (P<0·01) decreasing in MEGA cows. Preprandial data measured at various days showed that MEGA dosage tended to increase the molar proportion of propionate (P=0·09) and lower the acetate to propionate ratio (P=0·07) in the rumen fluid. There was no effect of treatment on rumen pH and on the concentration of lactate in the rumen as well as on selected preprandial plasma metabolites. Postprandial plasma concentrations of cholesterol tended to increase (P=0·07) in MEGA cows compared with CTR. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma were lower in MEGA cows after the morning feeding (P<0·01). Sampling hour also affected plasma NEFA in this study. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were not affected by the treatment (P>0·05); however, after the morning feeding BHBA concentration was increased in both groups of cows. Dry matter intake and milk yield and composition were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, results indicate thatM. elsdeniihas the potential to modulate the rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation Holstein cows, but these effects were only slightly reflected in changes in plasma metabolites and milk composition.

scholarly journals Absorption of volatile fatty acids from the rumen of lactating dairy cows as influenced by volatile fatty acid concentration, pH and rumen liquid volume

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Dijkstra ◽  
Huug Boer ◽  
Jaap Van Bruchem ◽  
Marianne Bruining ◽  
Seerp Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Fractional Absorption

The effect of rumen liquid volume, pH and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) on the rates of absorption of acetic, propionic and butyric acids from the rumen was examined in lactating dairy cows. Experimental solutions introduced into the emptied, washed rumen comprised two different volumes (10 or 30 1), four levels of pH (4.5, 5.4, 6.3, 7.2) and three levels of individual VFA concentrations (20, 50 or 100 mM-acetic, propionic or butyric acid). All solutions contained a total of 170 mM-VFA and an osmotic value of 400 mOsmol/l. Absorption rates were calculated from the disappearance of VFA from the rumen corrected for passage with liquid phase to the omasum. An increase in initial fluid pH caused a reduction in fractional absorption rates of propionic and butyric acids. Increasing the initial pH from 4.5 to 7.2 reduced fractional absorption rates of acetic, propionic and butyric acids from 0.35, 0.67 and 0.85 to 0.21, 0.35 and 0.28/h respectively. The fractional absorption rates of all VFA were reduced (P < 0.05) by an increase in initial rumen volume. The fractional absorption rate of acetic acid was lower (P < 0.05) at an initial concentration of 20 mM than of 50 mM. The fractional absorption rate of propionic acid tended (P < 0.10) to decrease as the level of concentration increased while fractional absorption rate of butyric acid was not affected by butyric acid concentration. These results indicate that relative concentrations of VFA in rumen fluid might not represent relative production rates and that attempts to estimate individual VFA production from substrate digestion must take account of pH and VFA concentration.

scholarly journals Oocyte quality in lactating dairy cows fed on high levels of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids

Reproduction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali A Fouladi-Nashta ◽  
Karen E Wonnacott ◽  
Carlos G Gutierrez ◽  
Jin G Gong ◽  
Kevin D Sinclair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Oocyte Quality ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Different fatty acid (FA) sources are known to influence reproductive hormones in cattle, yet there is little information on how dietary FAs affect oocyte quality. Effects of three dietary sources of FAs (supplying predominantly palmitic and oleic, linoleic (n-6) or linolenic (n-3) acids) on developmental potential of oocytes were studied in lactating dairy cows. A total of 12 Holstein cows received three diets containing rumen inert fat (RIF), soyabean or linseed as the main FA source for three periods of 25 days in a Latin-square design. Within each period, oocytes were collected in four ovum pick-up sessions at 3–4 day intervals. FA profiles in plasma and milk reflected profiles of dietary FA sources, but major FAs in granulosa cells were not affected. Dietary FA source did not affect plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin, IGF1, GH, or amino acids. RIF led to a higher proportion of cleaved embryos than soya or linseed, but blastocyst yield and embryo quality were not affected. It is concluded that the ovary buffers oocytes against the effects of fluctuations in plasma n-3 and n-6 FAs, resulting in only modest effects on their developmental potential.

scholarly journals Effect of supplemental rumen-protected lysine, methionine or both added to diet of lactating dairy cows on milk fatty acids profile

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Křížová ◽  
Jiří Třináctý ◽  
Jarmila Svobodová ◽  
Michal Richter ◽  
Vladimír Černý ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplemental lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) or both added to diet of dairy cows in the form of rumen-protected (RP) tablets on changes in milk fatty acids (FA) profile. The trial was carried out on four lactating Holstein cows in the form of Latin square design and was divided into 4 periods of 14 d (10-d preliminary period and a 4-d experimental period). The four treatments were as follows: C – control without amino acids (AA) supplementation, L – supplement of RP Lys, M – supplement of RP Met and ML – supplement of RP Met and Lys. Cows were fed on a diet based on maize silage, lucerne hay and supplemental mixture. Milk yield in ML (34.18 kg/d) was higher than in L or M (32.46 kg and 32.13 kg, respectively, P < 0.05) and tended to be higher than in C (33.33 kg/d, P > 0.05). Protein yield in ML (1054 g / d) was higher than that found in C, L or M (990, 998 or 968 g / d, respectively, P < 0.05). Milk fat content and yield in C and ML was higher in comparison to L and M (P < 0.05). Content of short-chain FA (C 4:0–C 12:0) was not affected by the treatment except of L that was lower than in C (P < 0.05). Content of medium-chain FA in M was lower compared to C, L or ML (P < 0.05). The content of long-chain FA in M was significantly higher than in other groups (P < 0.05). The total content of SFA in M was lower than in C or ML (P < 0.05) and tended to be lower than in L. Contents of UFA, MUFA and PUFA in M were higher than in C and ML (P < 0.05).

Effect of soybean roasting and monensin on microbial protein synthesis, ruminal parameters and plasma metabolites of lactating dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
E. Abdi ◽  
F. Fatahnia ◽  
M. Dehghan Banadaki ◽  
A. Azarfar ◽  
S. G. Mosavi
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion of roasted whole soybean seed and monensin (MO) in the diets of lactating dairy cows on plasma metabolites, ruminal parameters, and microbial protein synthesised in the rumen. Four multiparous Holstein lactating dairy cows (third parity; 656 ± 55 kg of liveweight; 83 ± 10 days in milk; 35 ± 4 kg/day milk yield) were assigned to a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with 14 days of treatment adaptation and 7 days of data collection. The control diet (C) was a total mixed ration consisting of 40% forage and 60% concentrate mixture on a dry matter (DM) basis. These cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments. The first treatment was the C diet of unprocessed whole soybean seed, second was the C diet supplemented with 24 mg of MO/kg of DM (M), the third was roasted whole soybean seed (R) and the fourth treatment was R diet supplemented with 24 mg of MO/kg of DM (RM). Urinary excretion of creatinine and purine derivatives, microbial protein synthesised in the rumen, rumen pH and rumen concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia were similar among the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Orthogonal contrasts showed that the rumen concentration of acetate was lower in MO-supplemented cows than non-supplemented cows (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments had no effects on plasma concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein (P > 0.05). Plasma concentration of urea was significantly lower in cows fed with the RM diet compared with cows fed the C and M diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary treatments had no effect on microbial protein synthesised in the rumen, plasma metabolites (except for plasma concentration of urea) and ruminal parameters of dairy cows.

Substitution and production responses when lactating dairy cows graze a white clover pasture supplemented with maize silage

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Clover Pasture ◽  
Friesian Cows

Friesian cows (16) in late lactation grazed pure white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa) swards for 32 days in autumn and were supplemented with maize (Zea mays) silage. Four groups of 4 cows were offered either 19 or 39 kg dry matter (DM)/cow.day of white clover with either 0 or 4.4 kg DM/cow.day of maize silage. All cows were individually fed maize silage and grazed the pasture as individual groups according to treatment. When maize silage was fed, total intake increased, this occurring to a greater degree at the low pasture allowance. The level of substitution of silage for pasture was 0.14 and 0.40 kg DM reduction in pasture intake per kg DM of maize silage eaten at the low and high allowances, respectively. At the low pasture allowance, milk yields were 10.1 and 13.7 kg/cow. day when 0 and 4.4 kg DM/cow.day of maize silage were fed, respectively, and were 15.5 and 15.9 kg/cow.day at the high pasture allowance. Liveweight and body condition increased as plane of nutrition increased but there were no effects of feeding on milk fat or protein contents. Feeding maize silage had little effect on any rumen or faecal variable although there was generally less ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid when cows were supplemented with maize silage.

Improving the prediction of rumen volatile fatty acids in lactating dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 240-240
Author(s):  
A. Bannink ◽  
J. France ◽  
J. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Intermediary Metabolism ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) constitute the largest fraction of metabolizable energy absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. The molar proportion of individual VFA is important because individual VFA have a different fate in intermediary metabolism. However, rumen models predict the VFA molar proportions inaccurately from feed characteristics (Dijkstra, 1993). To investigate what model elements are responsible for this inaccuracy, modified descriptions of several elements were tested and sensitivity of VFA predictions was determined. This simulation study aims to identify model elements whose improved description can contribute to a more accurate prediction of VFA molar proportions.

Improving the prediction of rumen volatile fatty acids in lactating dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 240-240
Author(s):  
A. Bannink ◽  
J. France ◽  
J. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Intermediary Metabolism ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) constitute the largest fraction of metabolizable energy absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. The molar proportion of individual VFA is important because individual VFA have a different fate in intermediary metabolism. However, rumen models predict the VFA molar proportions inaccurately from feed characteristics (Dijkstra, 1993). To investigate what model elements are responsible for this inaccuracy, modified descriptions of several elements were tested and sensitivity of VFA predictions was determined. This simulation study aims to identify model elements whose improved description can contribute to a more accurate prediction of VFA molar proportions.

Effect of virginiamycin and sodium bicarbonate on milk production, milk composition and metabolism of dairy cows fed high levels of concentrates

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Valentine ◽  
E. H. Clayton ◽  
G. J. Judson ◽  
J. B. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Condition Score

Milk production and composition were measured for 63 days in 153 Holstein–Friesian cows offered either 7, 10 or 13 kg/day (as fed) of a rolled, 74% barley/26% lupin grain mixture together with either no feed additive, 300 mg/day of virginiamycin (VM) or 300 mg/day of virginiamycin plus 200 g/day of sodium bicarbonate (VM + NaHCO3). All cows were fed 1 kg/day of a pelleted mineral supplement containing the additives. The cows were grazed as a single herd on perennial ryegrass–subterranean clover pasture with pasture silage available during periods of pasture shortage. Rumen fluid was analysed for pH and volatile fatty acids, blood for plasma glucose, beta-hydroxy-butyrate, urea and D- and L-lactic acid, faeces for dry matter and pH, and both urine and milk for urea and sodium. The incidence of grain bloat in all treatments was low. There was no main effect of dietary additive treatment on grain intake, but at the highest grain level, cows offered VM or VM + NaHCO3 ate more grain than those offered no dietary additive. There were no significant differences between the dietary additive treatments in milk production, milk composition, cell count, liveweight and condition score. Mean daily covariance-corrected yields of milk and protein (kg), and milk protein content (g/kg) respectively, were significantly (P<0.01) greater for cows fed 11 (28.0, 0.86, 30.6) and 14 kg/day (28.7, 0.88, 31.0) of concentrate compared with those fed 8 kg/day (26.4, 0.78, 29.7). Mean milk fat content (g/kg) was significantly (P<0.01) lower in milk from cows fed 14 kg/day (32.0) of concentrate compared with those fed 8 (35.9) or 11 (34.7) kg/day. There were no significant differences between concentrate feeding levels in milk fat yield or milk somatic cell count. Covariance-corrected liveweight and condition score were significantly (P<0.01) higher for cows fed 14 kg/day of concentrate compared with cows fed at the lower concentrate levels. There were no significant interactions between concentrate level and dietary additive for all milk production parameters. No significant differences were recorded between the different levels of concentrate in the concentration of total rumen volatile fatty acids, or in blood plasma concentrations of glucose and L-lactate. The rumen molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were significantly (P<0.01) lower, and propionate and valerate significantly (P<0.01) higher at the higher levels of concentrate offered. The molar ratio of acetate plus butyrate to propionate was significantly (P<0.01) higher in cows fed 8 kg/day of concentrate compared with cows fed 11 and 14 kg/day. It was concluded that the inclusion of virginiamycin, or virginiamycin together with sodium bicarbonate, in high grain rations cannot be recommended for improving milk production in grazing dairy cows already adapted to high levels of barley and lupin grain.

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