Bioassay of the contamination of lupin seed by the mycotoxin phomopsin

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 434 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Petterson ◽  
JE Peterson ◽  
LW Smith ◽  
PM Wood ◽  
CCJ Culvenor
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Phomopsis Leptostromiformis ◽  
Good Agreement

Samples of seed from commercial crops of Lupinus spp. in three States were tested for the presence of phomopsin, the causative agent of lupinosis. Each of 43 samples was tested in one of two laboratories using a nursling rat bioassay, and 12 of these were tested in both. Factors that could affect reproducibility of the assay were examined. There was good agreement in assessments of toxicity between laboratories. The efficiency of extraction was found to vary from about 15% at low concentrations of phomopsin to no more than 60%. Phomopsin was detected in 17 of the 43 samples, at levels ranging from < 6 �g/kg to 360 �g/kg. Phomopsis leptostromiformis infection was detected in 25 of 31 samples of seed from Western Australia, the highest infection level being 18%. The highest levels of phomopsin were found in samples with more than 8% infection.

A survey of Phomopsis leptostromiformis infection of lupin seed in Western Australia: 1976-81

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Wood ◽  
DS Petterson
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Australian Journal ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Phomopsis Leptostromiformis

Samples of seed from commercial crops of Lupinus spp. in Western Australia were tested over a 6-year period (1976-8 1) for levels of infection by Phomopsis leptostromiformis. Of the 584 samples tested, 49% were not infected and a further 43% had <4% infection. Overall the levels of infection were higher than those previously recorded in this State. There was a highly significant effect of rainfall zone (P<0.001) on infection level. After accounting for this, there was no significant effect of cultivar, year, or growing zone. The method used was compared with that of Ali et al. (Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 1982, 22, 190-3). No significant differences between the two methods in assessment of lupin seed were observed.

Phomopsis leptostromiformis infection and phomopsin A content of lupin seed in Western Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Wood ◽  
DS Petterson
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Previous Survey ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Phomopsis Leptostromiformis

A survey of Phomopsis leptostromiformis infection of lupin seed in Western Australia was carried out in 1982 and 1983. Of the samples surveyed 39% were uninfected and 16.6% had >4% infection. These values differ significantly from a previous survey between 1976 and 1981 (49 and 8.4% respectively). There was a highly significant correlation (P <0.002) between the amount of discoloured seed and P. leptostromiformis infection. Results of toxicity tests for the mycotoxin phomopsin A, assessing hepatic injury in nursling rats, strongly implicate discoloured seeds as being the most toxic. Discoloured seed had more toxin in the seed hulls than in the kernal.

Cultivation of New Emerging Agro-Nutritional Crop of Quinoa at Madinat al-Hikmah Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Afzal Rizvi ◽  
Syed Abid Ali ◽  
Iqra Munir ◽  
Kousar Yasmeen ◽  
Rubina Abid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Elemental Accumulation ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Good Agreement

Aim: Quinoa is a popular source of protein, minerals and alternative to traditional grains. The objective of this study is to introduce the Quinoa in the semi-arid zone of Sindh province of Pakistan. Method: A variety of NARC-9 from the agricultural Punjab province was cultivated and subjected to analyze the growth, morphological characters of the varieties obtained, saponin, protein and the elemental composition viz. Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Pb, and Zn. Result: The result demonstrated the optimum growth and no disease were found in the experimental area. At least three major varieties of quinoa were obtained. Seed morphological data of these three quinoa cultivars were collected. The average saponin levels were quite reasonable. Overall proteins band pattern revealed very high polymorphism in quinoa cultivars and the results were also in good agreement with earlier studies. Conclusion: All quinoa cultivars of Madinat al-Hikmah showed high concentrations of albumin than globulin concentrations (i.e. 48-52% and 24-27%, respectively) as compared to control seeds from market that had similar concentrations of the two fractions i.e. 35.58% and 37.68%, respectively. Likewise, low concentrations of prolamin 14-16% and glutelin 11-12% compared to control seeds 13% rank our crop much better quality than the imported one in the market. The trend of elemental accumulation was followed as K >Na >Fe >Zn >Cu >Pb >Cd, while for comparison it was Na >K >Zn >Fe >Cu >Pb >Cd >Pb for wheat grown under similar conditions. Traditional grains together make a major contribution to the total nutritional element intake of the average Pakistani citizen through diet, not only because of large amounts consumed, but also in part by suitable levels of their proteins and elemental up take for good health. Thus the successful cultivation of quinoa in the semi-arid zone of Sindh will certainly prove beneficial.

scholarly journals An instrument for quantifying heterogeneous ice nucleation in multiwell plates using infrared emissions to detect freezing

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 5629-5641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander D. Harrison ◽  
Thomas F. Whale ◽  
Rupert Rutledge ◽  
Stephen Lamb ◽  
Mark D. Tarn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Equilibrium Temperature ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Immersion Freezing ◽  
Mixed Phase Clouds ◽  
The City ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Low concentrations of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are thought to be important for the properties of mixed-phase clouds, but their detection is challenging. Hence, there is a need for instruments where INP concentrations of less than 0.01 L−1 can be routinely and efficiently determined. The use of larger volumes of suspension in drop assays increases the sensitivity of an experiment to rarer INPs or rarer active sites due to the increase in aerosol or surface area of particulates per droplet. Here we describe and characterise the InfraRed-Nucleation by Immersed Particles Instrument (IR-NIPI), a new immersion freezing assay that makes use of IR emissions to determine the freezing temperature of individual 50 µL droplets each contained in a well of a 96-well plate. Using an IR camera allows the temperature of individual aliquots to be monitored. Freezing temperatures are determined by detecting the sharp rise in well temperature associated with the release of heat caused by freezing. In this paper we first present the calibration of the IR temperature measurement, which makes use of the fact that following ice nucleation aliquots of water warm to the ice–liquid equilibrium temperature (i.e. 0 ∘C when water activity is ∼1), which provides a point of calibration for each individual well in each experiment. We then tested the temperature calibration using ∼100 µm chips of K-feldspar, by immersing these chips in 1 µL droplets on an established cold stage (µL-NIPI) as well as in 50 µL droplets on IR-NIPI; the results were consistent with one another, indicating no bias in the reported freezing temperature. In addition we present measurements of the efficiency of the mineral dust NX-illite and a sample of atmospheric aerosol collected on a filter in the city of Leeds. NX-illite results are consistent with literature data, and the atmospheric INP concentrations were in good agreement with the results from the µL-NIPI instrument. This demonstrates the utility of this approach, which offers a relatively high throughput of sample analysis and access to low INP concentrations.

Competitive reactions in the irradiation of anthracene + cyclohexane solutions

1959 ◽  
Vol 249 (1256) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Intensity ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Radical Scavenger ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Very High ◽  
Intensity Radiation ◽  
Good Agreement

Anthracene acts as a radical scavenger when present at low concentrations in irradiated hydrocarbons. A study has been made of the effect of radiation intensity and anthracene concentration on G( — A) , the number of anthracene molecules lost per 100 eV of energy absorbed. A theoretical calculation is made of the dependence of G( — A) on radiation intensity 1 and anthracene concentration ( A ), assuming that radiation-induced radicals (R.) are formed at random, and can either disappear by direct combination with one another, or with the anthracene to give RAR or RAAR bridges, or possibly some form of stabilized RA molecules. This theory is in good agreement with the experimental values of G( — A) measured at various low radiation intensities and anthracene concentrations. From the comparison estimates of the reactivity constants are derived. With very high intensity radiation quantitative agreement is less satisfactory, due to the non-steady conditions prevailing in a pulsed beam. The results obtained are compared with previous work on anthracene + hexane and iodine + cyclo hexane mixtures, in which the effect of radiation intensity was not investigated. The results reported here are of interest to the study of reaction kinetics in irradiated organic systems.

scholarly journals Role of base strength, cluster structure and charge in sulfuric-acid-driven particle formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 9753-9768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanna Myllys ◽  
Jakub Kubečka ◽  
Vitus Besel ◽  
Dina Alfaouri ◽  
Tinja Olenius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Charge Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Base Strength ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Ammonia Medium ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. In atmospheric sulfuric-acid-driven particle formation, bases are able to stabilize the initial molecular clusters and thus enhance particle formation. The enhancing potential of a stabilizing base is affected by different factors, such as the basicity and abundance. Here we use weak (ammonia), medium strong (dimethylamine) and very strong (guanidine) bases as representative atmospheric base compounds, and we systematically investigate their ability to stabilize sulfuric acid clusters. Using quantum chemistry, we study proton transfer as well as intermolecular interactions and symmetry in clusters, of which the former is directly related to the base strength and the latter to the structural effects. Based on the theoretical cluster stabilities and cluster population kinetics modeling, we provide molecular-level mechanisms of cluster growth and show that in electrically neutral particle formation, guanidine can dominate formation events even at relatively low concentrations. However, when ions are involved, charge effects can also stabilize small clusters for weaker bases. In this case the atmospheric abundance of the bases becomes more important, and thus ammonia is likely to play a key role. The theoretical findings are validated by cluster distribution experiments, as well as comparisons to previously reported particle formation rates, showing a good agreement.

scholarly journals Role of Base Strength, Cluster Structure and Charge in Sulfuric Acid-Driven Particle Formation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanna Myllys ◽  
Jakub Kubečka ◽  
Vitus Besel ◽  
Dina Alfaouri ◽  
Tinja Olenius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Charge Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Base Strength ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Ammonia Medium ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. In atmospheric sulfuric acid-driven particle formation, bases are able to stabilize the initial molecular clusters, and thus enhance particle formation. The enhancing potential of a stabilizing base is affected by different factors, such as the basicity and abundance. Here we use weak (ammonia), medium strong (dimethylamine) and very strong (guanidine) bases as representative atmospheric base compounds, and systematically investigate their ability to stabilize sulfuric acid clusters. Using quantum chemistry, we study proton transfer as well as intermolecular interactions and symmetry in clusters, of which the former is directly related to the base strength and the latter to the structural effects. Based on the theoretical cluster stabilities and cluster population kinetics modeling, we provide molecular-level mechanisms of cluster growth and show that in electrically neutral particle formation, guanidine can dominate formation events even at relatively low concentrations. However, when ions are involved, charge effects can stabilize small clusters also for weaker bases. In this case the atmospheric abundance of the bases becomes more important, and thus ammonia is likely to play a key role. The theoretical findings are validated by cluster distribution experiments, as well as comparisons to previously reported particle formation rates, showing a good agreement.

scholarly journals The evolution of stable silicon isotopes in a coastal carbonate aquifer, Rottnest Island, Western Australia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley N. Martin ◽  
Karina Meredith ◽  
Andy Baker ◽  
Marc D. Norman ◽  
Eliza Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Silicon Isotopes ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Si Isotopes ◽  
Dissolved Silicon ◽  
Si Isotope ◽  
Few Data

Abstract. Dissolved silicon (DSi) is a key nutrient in the oceans, but there are few data available regarding Si isotopes in coastal aquifers. Here we investigate the Si isotopic composition of 12 fresh and 17 saline groundwater samples from Rottnest Island, Western Australia, which forms part of the world’s most extensive aeolianite deposit (the Tamala Limestone Formation). Two bedrock samples were also collected from Rottnest Island for Si isotope analysis. The δ30Si values of groundwaters ranged from −0.39 to +3.60 ‰ with an (average: +1.59 ‰) and the rock samples were −0.76 and −0.13 ‰. Due to the relatively low concentrations of DSi (64 to 196 μM) and clay-forming cations in fresh groundwaters, the correlation between δ30Si values and DSi concentrations (ρ = 0.59, p = 0.02) may be explained by Si adsorption onto Fe-Al (oxy)hydroxides present in the aquifer. An increase in groundwater δ30Si in association with the occurrence of water-rock interactions may explain the spatial pattern in δ30Si across the aquifer, and is consistent with the correlation between δ30Si and tritium activities when considering all groundwaters (ρ = −0.68, p = 0.0002). In the deeper aquifer, the inverse correlation between DSi and Cl concentrations (ρ = −0.79, p = 0.04) for the more saline groundwaters is attributed to groundwater mixing with local seawater that is depleted in DSi (

scholarly journals Experimental measurements and modelling of viscosity and density of calcium and potassium chlorides ternary solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Arshad ◽  
Ahmed Easa ◽  
Hazim Qiblawey ◽  
Mustafa Nasser ◽  
Abdelbaki Benamor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ternary Mixture ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Ternary Solution ◽  
Average Absolute Deviation ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Density Data ◽  
Ternary Solutions ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Measured Viscosity ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract Measured viscosity and density data for ternary aqueous solutions of CaCl2 and KCl are presented at temperatures between 293 and 323 K with 5 K increment. A modified Jones–Dole was introduced by adding extra terms and proved to be suitable for modelling of the viscosity data. Goldsack and Franchetto, Hu and Exponential models are used to correlate the viscosity data, too. Al models are correlated as a function of temperature and concentration. All models had successfully predicted the viscosity with high precision reaching a maximum average absolute deviation (AAD) of less than 2.3%. The modified Jones–Dole showed the best results among other models. Viscosity of the ternary solution is higher than the viscosity of water by about 15% at low concentrations and reaches about 270% at the highest concentrations. The amount of CaCl2 has more significant effect on the ternary mixture viscosity compared to KCl. This has created difficulty in measuring the viscosity and consequently the challenge in finding the different models parameters. Ternary solution densities were successfully correlate with Kumar’s model with AAD of less than 0.4%. Comparison of the ternary solution density and viscosity with the few available data literature showed a good agreement.

A standard technique for detecting seed transmitted Phomopsis leptostromiformis of lupins and for testing commercial seed in South Australia

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (116) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Ali ◽  
J Paterson ◽  
J Crosby
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Commercial Seed ◽  
Phomopsis Leptostromiformis ◽  
Agar Media

A standard agar plate method was tested for its ability to detect Phomopsis leptostromiformis on lupin seed. It proved to be reliable. The 95% confidence intervals of Phomopsis level of five seed samples were 13.2-1 5.8, 13.2-1 5.5, 15.4-1 7.9, 13.2-1 4.8 and 15.6-1 8.0. The characteristic colony produced by Phomopsis infected seeds on agar media was confirmed by microscopic examination for accuracy of detection and no exception was observed. The method is described in detail. The method was then used in a two year survey of 160 samples of commercial lupin seed from all parts of South Australia. The percentage of seed infected in these samples ranged from 0-20% and only 13% of the samples were free of P. leptostromiformis.

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