Effect of dry or hydrated bentonite on the wool growth and liveweight gain of sheep fed wheat chaff

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Murray ◽  
SG Winslow ◽  
JB Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Water Inclusion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Wheat Chaff

Many reports on the use of bentonite to increase wool growth indicate variable responses and it is often claimed that this variability is related to the chemical characteristics or the form in which the bentonite is fed. This paper describes 3 experiments in which there was consistency in the type and form of the clay. There was also comparison of the effects of dry and hydrated bentonite. In the first experiment, 64 sheep were individually penned and fed wheat chaff ad libitum. Thirty sheep were fed chaff only, 17 sheep received dry bentonite added to their chaff (20 g/kg chaff) and another 17 sheep had 23.7 g/day of bentonite added to their drinking water. Inclusion of bentonite in the drinking water significantly increased wool growth (P<0.05, 14.8%) and increased chaff intake (P = 0.08, 6%). In the second experiment, 105 sheep were penned in groups of 7 and each pen fed wheat chaff ad libitum. Five pens of sheep had dry bentonite added to their chaff (20 g/kg chaff) while another 5 pens had bentonite added to their drinking water (23.7 g/sheep.day). There were 5 pens of sheep which received no bentonite. Inclusion of bentonite either in the drinking water or in the chaff, significantly increased chaff intake (P<0.05, 6%), but had no effect on wool growth. In the third experiment, 60 sheep were divided into 12 groups and each group grazed individual 0.7 ha of cereal stubble. All groups were supplemented with the equivalent of 200 g of lupin grain/sheep.day fed twice weekly and 6 of the groups were watered by buckets containing hydrated bentonite (11.8 g bentonite/L). In experiments 2 and 3, inclusion of bentonite in the diet or in the drinking water had no effect on wool growth (P>0.05) but liveweight gain was significantly increased (P<0.05). It was concluded that the variability in the response to bentonite was not related to its chemical composition or the form in which it is administered and that, on balance, bentonite does not offer a practical or reliable means of increasing wool growth in sheep.

Nitrogen and sulfur mobilised from body tissue can be used for wool growth

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean K. Revell ◽  
Suzanne K. Baker ◽  
D. Barrie Purser
Keyword(s):  
Body Tissue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

The hypothesis was tested that when nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are mobilised from body tissue the rate of wool growth is determined both by the amount of N and S apparently digested and by the amount of N and S mobilised from body tissue. The experiment consisted of seven 5-day periods (Periods 1–7) and N and S retention were measured during each period in 12 mature Merino wethers. During Periods 2 and 3, casein and methionine were infused into the abomasum of all sheep to increase the amount of N and S absorbed in the small intestine. Three nutritional regimes were used in order to manipulate the amount of N and S mobilised from body tissues after the cessation of the abomasal infusion: one group of sheep (n = 4) was fed ad libitum throughout the experiment (Group A), another group (n = 4) was fed at a level calculated to maintain liveweight throughout the experiment (Group M), and the third group (n = 4) was fed ad libitum pre-infusion and during the infusion but was then fed at a level calculated to maintain liveweight after the infusion ceased (Group AM). The infusion of the supplement increased wool growth, and when the infusion ceased, it took 10 days for wool growth to return to a steady rate of growth. Wool growth per unit of apparently digested N or S increased markedly when N or S was mobilised from body tissue, indicating that mobilised protein was used for wool growth. Based on the relationship between the apparent retention of N and S in body tissues excluding wool, and changes in plasma amino acid concentrations, it appeared that the supply of S-containing amino acids from body tissue limited the use of mobilised protein for wool growth.

Sulfur supplementaion and the use of flavomycin with lupin grain for sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Murray ◽  
JB Rowe ◽  
EJ Speijers
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Wheat Chaff

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of different S sources, in combination with flavomycin, fed with a lupin supplement, to increase wool growth and liveweight gain in 16-month-old Merino sheep fed wheat chaff. In the first experiment, ewes were fed wheat chaff (600 g/sheep) every day and the equivalent of 250 g/day of lupin grain twice weekly. An initial period of 7 weeks was used to quantify differences in wool growth and liveweight gain between individual sheep. Different S sources [2% gypsum, 12% fishmeal, 1.2% DL-methionine or 1.2% hydroxymethyl-methionine (Mepron)] were then added to the lupin grain with or without the addition of flavomycin and fed to sheep for a further period of 7 weeks. Wool growth was significantly increased (P < 0.05) only in the sheep fed lupin grain with the addition of fishmeal and fishmeal with flavomycin. Wool growth was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the sheep fed lupin grain with the addition of gypsum or Mepron (+flavomycin). Liveweight gain was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the sheep given methionine, Mepron or fishmeal. In the second experiment, ewes were offered wheat chaff ad libitum every day and the equivalent of 250 g/day of lupin grain twice weekly. After an introductory period of 2 weeks, different S sources (2% gypsum or 1.2% DL-methionine) were added to the lupin grain with or without the addition of flavomycin and fed to sheep for a period of 8 weeks. Wool growth was only increased (P < 0.08) in the sheep fed lupin grain with the addition of methionine with flavomycin. This treatment also resulted in a change in the pattern of chaff consumption. Liveweight gain was increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the sheep given gypsum, methionine or flavomycin. Poor quality feed supplemented with lupin grain appears to have sufficient N and S for wool growth. When sheep fed restricted amounts of poor quality feed are supplemented with lupins, increases in liveweight gain can be achieved with the addition of flavomycin, with or without S, to the lupins.

Reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium in Experimentally Challenged Broilers by Nitrate Adaptation and Chlorate Supplementation in Drinking Water†

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
YONG SOO JUNG ◽  
ROBIN C. ANDERSON ◽  
JAMES A. BYRD ◽  
THOMAS S. EDRINGTON ◽  
RANDLE W. MOORE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Nitrate Reductase Activity ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Enzymatic Reduction ◽  
Feed Supplements ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Potential Strategy

The effects of two feed supplements on Salmonella Typhimurium in the ceca of market-age broilers were determined. Broilers orally challenged 6 days before slaughter with a novobiocin- and nalidixic acid–resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium were divided into one of four groups (20 birds each). The first group (the control group) received no treatment, the second group received sodium nitrate (SN) treatment (574 mg of NaNO3 per kg of feed), the third group received experimental chlorate product (ECP) treatment (15 mM NaClO3 equivalents), and the fourth group received ECP treatment in combination with SN treatment. The SN treatment was administered via feed for 5 days immediately before slaughter, and ECP was provided via ad libitum access to drinking water for the last 2 days before slaughter. Cecal contents were subjected to bacterial analysis. Significant (P &lt; 0.05) Salmonella Typhimurium reductions (ca. 2 log units) relative to levels for untreated control broilers were observed for broilers receiving ECP in combination with SN. The ECP-only treatment resulted in significant (P &lt; 0.05) reductions (ca. 0.8 log) of Salmonella Typhimurium in trial 2. We hypothesize that increasing Salmonella Typhimurium nitrate reductase activity resulted in increased enzymatic reduction of chlorate to chlorite, with a concomitant decrease in cecal Salmonella Typhimurium levels. On the basis of these results, preadaptation with SN followed by ECP supplementation immediately preharvest could be a potential strategy for the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium in broilers.

scholarly journals Difficulties in the isotopic indication of the genesis Yamal's massive ice. Part 2. Kharasavey

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-56
Author(s):  
Julia Nikolaevna Chizhova ◽  
Yurij Kirillovich Vasil'chuk
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Open System ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Geochemical Studies

Massive ice, located at different depths in the permafrost of the Kharasavey gas condensate field, many massive ice formations occurred in different forms such as layers, lenses and laccoliths. Massive ice near the Kharasavey village was repeatedly studied and tested in detail, and ice formations were found both within the first sea terrace and within the third sea terrace. The isotopic and chemical composition of massive ice can be explained by different ways. We believe that it indicates intrasedimental formation of massive ice. This study is based on data on the values of &delta;18О, &delta;2H and dexc in massive ice, as well as the chemical composition of the ice to establish possible conditions for the massive ice formation. Geochemical studies of sediments within the coastal areas of the Kharasavey showed that variability in the distribution of salts in sediments reaches a maximum here, especially in the transition zone from sea to land. The isotopic and chemical characteristics of the ice indicate that ice had been formed in an open system (i.e., with free flow of water from the reservoir). At the same time, the water in the reservoir was changed; at the first stages, it was most likely a mixture of sea and fresh water, which was subsequently desalinated more and more.

ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKING TAP WATER IN KHANTY-MANSIYSK AND SALEKHARD

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-167
Author(s):  
V.V. Lapenko ◽  
L.N. Bikbulatova ◽  
E.M. Ternikova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Geochemical Environment

Water is very important for humans, as it is a solvent for metabolic products. Moreover, it is necessary for metabolism, biochemical and transport processes. The elemental status in persons depends on the geochemical environment and consumption of bioelements with food and water. The aim of the paper is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of chemical composition of drinking tap water in Khanty-Mansiysk and Salekhard. Materials and Methods. The chemical composition of 100 samples of drinking tap water was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis. All in all, there were 50 samples from Khanty-Mansiysk and 50 samples from Salekhard. The results were compared with Sanitary Rules and Norms 2.1.4.1074-01. Results. Drinking tap water in Salekhard contains a significantly higher concentration of iron, which is much above the maximum allowable concentration, if compared to water samples in Khanty-Mansiysk (p=0.03). In the cities under consideration, the water undergoes high-quality reagent-free treatment. However, the deterioration of the water supply networks in Salekhard is 3 times as high as in Khanty-Mansiysk. Calcium and magnesium concentration in water samples from Khanty-Mansiysk is 5.6 and 3.9 times lower than the MAC; in water samples from Salekhard calcium concentration is 6.3 (p=0.008) and magnesium concentration 4.6 (p<0.001) times lower than the MAC. Conclusion. The consumption of ultra-fresh drinking water leads to low intake of bioelements, which are a part of enzymes contributing to the human antioxidant defense and can result in manifestation of cardiovascular diseases. This is especially true for Salekhard with very soft drinking water and high iron concentration, which excess can exhibit prooxidant properties. Keywords: tap water, bioelements, northern region, antioxidants. Вода является важнейшим соединением для человека: необходима в качестве растворителя продуктов метаболизма и протекания обменных, биохимических и транспортных процессов. Элементный статус организма человека зависит от геохимического окружения и поступления биоэлементов с пищей и водой. Цель. Провести комплексную оценку химического состава водопроводной воды городов Ханты-Мансийск и Салехард. Материалы и методы. Методами атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии, спектрофотометрии и капиллярного электрофореза проанализирован химический состав 100 проб водопроводной воды: по 50 из Ханты-Мансийска и Салехарда. Результаты сравнивали с СанПиН 2.1.4.1074-01. Результаты. В водопроводной воде Салехарда установлена превышающая ПДК и достоверно более высокая концентрация железа сравнительно с водой Ханты-Мансийска (р=0,03). При условии качественной безреагентной водоподготовки в изучаемых городах это обусловлено изношенностью водопроводных сетей в Салехарде, более чем в 3 раза превышающей этот показатель в Ханты-Мансийске. Концентрация кальция и магния в воде Ханты-Мансийска в 5,6 и 3,9 раза ниже ПДК; в воде Салехарда – в 6,3 (р=0,008) и 4,6 (р<0,001) раза ниже ПДК соответственно. Заключение. Употребление ультрапресной питьевой воды на фоне очень малого поступления с водой биоэлементов, входящих в состав ферментов антиоксидантной защиты организма человека, может привести к манифестации кардиоваскулярных заболеваний. Это особенно актуально для г. Салехарда с очень мягкой питьевой водой с повышенным содержанием железа, избыток которого может проявлять прооксидантные свойства. Ключевые слова: водопроводная вода, биоэлементы, северный регион, антиоксиданты.

Characterization of chemical composition and bacterial community of corrosion scales in different drinking water distribution systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Wang ◽  
Chun Hu ◽  
Lang Yin ◽  
Sujia Zhang ◽  
Lizhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Iron Release ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Biochemical Function ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Corrosion Scales

There is a relationship between biochemical function and chemical composition of corrosion scales, and Fe3O4formation reduced iron release.

scholarly journals Metabolic, gastrointestinal, and CNS neuropeptide effects of brain leptin administration in the rat

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. R1425-R1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertjan van Dijk ◽  
Randy J. Seeley ◽  
Todd E. Thiele ◽  
Mark I. Friedman ◽  
Hong Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Plasma Fatty Acids ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ad Libitum

To investigate whether brain leptin involves neuropeptidergic pathways influencing ingestion, metabolism, and gastrointestinal functioning, leptin (3.5 μg) was infused daily into the third cerebral ventricular of rats for 3 days. To distinguish between direct leptin effects and those secondary to leptin-induced anorexia, we studied vehicle-infused rats with food available ad libitum and those that were pair-fed to leptin-treated animals. Although body weight was comparably reduced (−8%) and plasma glycerol was comparably increased (142 and 17%, respectively) in leptin-treated and pair-fed animals relative to controls, increases in plasma fatty acids and ketones were only detected (132 and 234%, respectively) in pair-fed rats. Resting energy expenditure (−15%) and gastrointestinal fill (−50%) were reduced by pair-feeding relative to the ad libitum group, but they were not reduced by leptin treatment. Relative to controls, leptin increased hypothalamic mRNA for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; 61%) and for proopiomelanocortin (POMC; 31%) but did not reduce mRNA for neuropeptide Y. These results suggest that CNS leptin prevents metabolic/gastrointestinal responses to caloric restriction by activating hypothalamic CRH- and POMC-containing pathways and raise the possibility that these peripheral responses to CNS leptin administration contribute to leptin’s anorexigenic action.

Interactions of 2-PPM Lead in the Water Supply with Food Deprivation upon Maze-Swimming Behavior of Mice

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kowalski ◽  
G. H. Parker ◽  
M. A. Persinger
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Swimming Behavior ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Food Condition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Mice that had been given either tap water or 2 ppm lead in their drinking water and either severely food deprived (3 days before testing) or allowed food ad libitum demonstrated significant interactions of lead treatment by day by food condition and lead by block. Although not statistically significant, the food deprived-lead treated mice displayed more errors and longer latencies than the ad libitum-water controls. The food deprived-water controls and ad libitum-lead-treated mice displayed intermediate values. The importance of using multivariate statistical techniques that can evaluate dynamic repeated behavioral measurements is emphasized.

Supplementary feeding of Merino wethers grazing weed-free stubble pastures

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (110) ◽  
pp. 272 ◽  
Author(s):  
LG Butler
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Wheat Stubble

A field trial was conducted in the Wimmera region of Victoria to investigate the effect of several supplements on 4-year-old Merino wethers grazing a weed-free wheat stubble for 3 months, The four treatments were: a control (no supplement), urea/molasses block, 100 g/head day-1 of lupin grain, and 2 g urea plus 0.5 g Na2SO4 l-1 in the drinking water. Twenty sheep per treatment were used, and liveweight change and wool growth were measured. Although all groups lost weight, the lupin group lost only 0.5 kg per head over the 3 months of the trial, and was 3.8 kg heavier (P <0.01) than the control group, while the urea/molasses group was 2.2 kg heavier (P <0.01) than the control group. There was no effect of the urea plus sulfur supplement in the drinking water on liveweight or wool production. The urea/molasses block did not affect wool production but lupin grain stimulated wool production by 0.08 kg (P <0.05). The sheep were weighed and shorn four and a half months after the trial (August), during which time all groups grazed together on green feed. The experimental liveweight differences had disappeared, apparently due to compensatory growth. In addition, a digestibility trial was conducted in an attempt to explain some of the field results. The treatments were designed to simulate those used in the field. Lupin grain stimulated intake by 129 g day-1 (P <0.05) but had no effect on apparent digestibility of straw. The treatment simulating the urea/ molasses block (urea plus sulfur plus sucrose in the drinking water) stimulated intake by 159 g day-l (P <0.05) and tended to increase digestibility (P > 0.05). It was concluded that supplementary feeding of Merino wethers grazing weed-free stubble is unlikely to be an economic farm practice.

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