Effect of sowing time and nitrogen on rice cultivars of differing growth duration in New South Wales 2. Biomass production and partitioning

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 939
Author(s):  
RF Reinke ◽  
LG Lewin ◽  
RL Williams
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Long Duration

In New South Wales, rice cultivars with shorter growth duration are sought to reduce water use and to increase the efficiency of rice production. We examined the biomass accumulation of a short-duration cultivar in comparison with 3 long-duration cultivars across a range of sowing time and nitrogen treatments. The biomass accumulation of the short-duration cultivar was smaller than that of the long-duration cultivars, but the yield potential was similar. This was achieved by the production of similar number of florets per m2, despite smaller biomass at flowering, and greater harvest index. Only early-sown treatments resulted in smaller yield of the short-duration cultivar due to restricted biomass accumulation and floret production. A simple biological model of post-anthesis growth, which included the effect of low temperature, predicted growth with an accuracy similar to that of the measurements. The low temperature function assumed growth stopped following a daily minimum temperature below a specified threshold, and the number of days without growth was a function of the severity of the temperature. We concluded that the yield of short-duration cultivars may be less stable when stress occurs during grain filling because there is less biomass at anthesis and, therefore, less reserve available to fill the grain.

Effect of sowing time and nitrogen on rice cultivars of differing growth duration in New South Wales. 1. Yield and yield components

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Reinke ◽  
LG Lewin ◽  
RL Williams
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Long Duration

New South Wales rice crops commonly take >180 days from sowing to harvest, and a reduction in crop duration is sought to increase the efficiency of rice production. The response of rice cultivars of differing growth duration to sowing time and N application was examined across 2 growing seasons. The highest yields were obtained at early sowing dates in each season. In season 2, the maximum yield of the short-duration cultivar M101 was not significantly different to the long-duration cultivars Calrose, Pelde, and M7, with yields >12 t/ha. However, yield of cv. M101 was significantly less than the long-duration cultivars at an early sowing date in season 1. Analysis of yield components did not clearly indicate the reason for reduced yield of the short duration cultivar. Damage by birds and mice before harvest, exacerbated by early maturity, is a possible cause.Later sowing reduced yields of all cultivars, with the short-duration cultivar-least affected. Optimum N application decreased with delay in sowing. At early sowings there was a positive yield response to increasing N, whereas at the latest sowings in each season the N response was negative for all cultivars. Where the yield response to applied N was positive, the yield component most associated with yield was the number of florets per unit area (r = 0.55). Where the yield response was negative, yield reductions were primarily caused by a reduction in the proportion of filled grains (r = 0.83). Minimum temperatures during the reproductive stage of each cultivar explained only a small amount of the variation in percentage of filled grain. Low minimum temperatures during the reproductive stage were not the sole cause of the reduction in proportion of filled grains of late-sown, high-N plots. The high yield potential of short-duration cultivars in The high yield potential of short-duration cultivars in the New South Wales rice-growing area is clearly demonstrated, as is the value of such cultivars where late sowing is unavoidable.

Wheat for fodder and grain on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD FitzGerald ◽  
ML Curll ◽  
EW Heap
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
South Wales

Thirty varieties of wheat originating from Australia, UK, USA, Ukraine, and France were evaluated over 3 years as dual-purpose wheats for the high rainfall environment of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales (mean annual rainfall 851 mm). Mean grain yields (1.9-4.3 t/ha) compared favourably with record yields in the traditional Australian wheatbelt, but were much poorer than average yields of 6.5 t/ha reported for UK crops. A 6-week delay in sowing time halved grain yield in 1983; cutting in spring reduced yield by 40% in 1986. Grazing during winter did not significantly reduce yields. Results indicate that the development of wheat varieties adapted to the higher rainfall tablelands and suited to Australian marketing requirements might help to provide a useful alternative enterprise for tableland livestock producers.

scholarly journals Probability of Low Temperature Stress at Different Growth Stages of Boro Rice

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Kabir ◽  
M Howlader ◽  
JK Biswas ◽  
MAA Mahbub ◽  
M Nur E Elahi
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Boro Rice

CORRECTION: Due to a number of formatting and layout issues, the PDF of this paper was replaced on 10th October 2016.The most sensitive stages of Boro rice against the low temperature are agronomic panicle initiation (API), reduction division (RD) and flowering/anthesis. The critical low temperature is growth stage specific. The time and intensity of the critical low temperature during Boro season has a direct impact on the growth and yield of a crop. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the probability of the critical low temperature with respect to the growth stages to have a good planning for safe harvest. Long term weekly low temperature data have been used to estimate the probability of falling low temperature on those stages and the return period was computed. The growth durations of 1- and 30- November seeded Boro rice crop from 45-day-old seedling of BRRI dhan28 (short duration) and BRRI dhan29 (long duration) are considered to observe the probability. A Boro crop encountering critical low temperature is appeared to suffer from cool injury. The extent of cool injury depends on the nature and duration of low temperature and diurnal change of low (night) and high (day) temperature. The critical low temperature for a rice crop at API, RD and anthesis are 18, 19 and 22°C, respectively. Boro rice is grown between November and May. The low temperature occurs from October to early March. There is, therefore, the probability of low temperature occurrence from the crop establishment to the flowering stage is a great concern. The probability of experiencing stage-wise critical temperature approaches to 100% for early established and short duration crop. However, the late established and long duration crop has the probability little less than the early and short duration crop. In a study it has been observed that short duration BRRI dhan28 having 64.6% sterility to yield 2.5 t ha-1 and BRRI dhan29, 40.8% sterility to yield 6.5 t ha-1. The percentages of corresponding sterility for late established crops were 35.9 and 32.8%. Irrespective of growth duration, the yield is affected a little of the late established crop. Despite low temperature along with the reproductive phase, the late established crop is quite safe due to the parallel high (day) temperature (31-35°C). The high maximum temperature appears to play an important role through the alleviating effect of low temperature. But for early-established particularly short duration variety could not escape the low temperature at some of its sensitive growth stages as the high temperature appears to stay a several degree low (27-29°C) at that time. The low level of high temperature is appeared to drag down the low temperature to aggravate the growth and development of a crop. Therefore, not only the variation of high temperature of the day but also the variation of critical low temperature might have some role in alleviating effect of cool-injury. The periodic return of critical low temperature (10-15°C) during the reproductive stage may occur every year or every alternate year depending on the time across the cropping season and the region as well. Therefore, the critical low temperature, the high temperature during the low temperature period, periodic return of the critical low temperature with respect to growing region and concerned factors should be a consideration for planning a Boro crop.Bangladesh Rice j. 2015, 19(2): 19-27

Prediction of ear emergence in winter wheats grown at Temora, New South Wales

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 433 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. J. Penrose
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Frost Risk ◽  
South Wales

This study examined factors that determine ear emergence in winter wheats grown at Temora, New South Wales. Three development factors were considered: degree of winter habit, response to photoperiod, and intrinsic earliness. The effect of winter habit was first examined by using 3 pairs of related wheats that differed for spring–winter habit. Wheats were sown under irrigation from mid February to June, for up to 4 consecutive years. Ear emergence was recorded in days of the year for ease of field interpretation, and in photo-thermal time to measure delay in development. Winter habit was found to delay ear emergence throughout this sowing range. Ear emergence was then studied in 23 winter wheats that as a group encompassed a broad range for each of the 3 development factors, and these winter wheats were grouped on the basis of combinations of development factors. Differences in ear emergence between these groups guided the construction and testing of regression equations that described ear emergence as a function of sowing date and of the 3 development factors. Many combinations of factors were associated with the time of ear emergence (i.e. 1 October) at Temora that best optimises the balance between frost risk and yield potential. Combinations of development factors also influenced the flexibility of sowing time for winter wheats grown at Temora. These findings may assist the breeding of new winter wheats that can be sown over a longer period than current winter cultivars.

Predicting the development of photoperiod 'insensitive' winter wheats in south-central New South Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. J. Penrose ◽  
N. A. Fettell ◽  
R. A. Richards ◽  
D. J. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Field Development ◽  
South Central ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vernalisation on the field development of vernalisation responsive wheats in south-central New South Wales, and to develop equations with which to predict their timing of ear emergence in this region. To achieve this, a 'phasic development' approach was taken by considering relationships between temperature and photoperiod and the duration of the leaf, spikelet, and stem development phases in 3 photoperiod 'insensitive' vernalisation responsive wheat cultivars. The responsiveness to vernalisation of these cultivars covered much of the range that has been reported in wheat. This study was conducted at 3 sites and over 6 sowing times (17 field environments), covering the geographic and commercial range in sowing time for wheat grown in this region of Australia. An initial step in this study was to obtain measures of development duration that were independent of site and sowing date over our 17 field environments. Thus, appropriate photo-thermal units of time were sought using a photoperiod and vernalisation insensitive control wheat. The appropriate base temperatures and photoperiods we found for these photo-thermal units were not entirely consistent with those found in previous studies. Phase durations of our vernalisation responsive wheat cultivars were measured in these units.Vernalisation was found to be the predominant factor determining duration of both the leaf and spikelet phases in our vernalisation responsive wheat cultivars. The relationship we found between accumulated vernalisation and the duration of the leaf phase was similar to the relationship found in an earlier study in a controlled environment. This relationship differed from those currently used in 'phasic development' models for wheat. There appeared to be some latitude in the range of vernalising temperatures that could be used to estimate vernalisation in our field environments. Duration of the stem phase was strongly influenced by photoperiod, and showed greatest complexity of control, to the extent that site-specific effects could not be removed from equations predicting the duration of this phase.Simplified regression equations appeared to predict time of ear emergence reasonably well over the range of environments considered in our study, with the exception of a few cultivar × sowing time combinations for which wheat would not be commercially sown in the region. The ability to predict time of ear emergence may allow plant breeders to evaluate development controls that might extend the range of environments over which winter wheats may be commercially sown in south-central New South Wales.

To what extent do long-duration high-volume dam releases influence river–aquifer interactions? A case study in New South Wales, Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Graham ◽  
M. S. Andersen ◽  
M. F. McCabe ◽  
H. Ajami ◽  
A. Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
High Volume ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Dam Releases

Wheat crop surveys in southern New South Wales. 1. Some factors influencing grain protein

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Taylor
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
South Wales

Three surveys in southern New South Wales assessed the importance of a number of agronomic factors on grain protein content. Grain from clover ley areas had an average of 1.3 per cent more protein than grain from crops without a clover ley background. Multiple regression analyses of the 1961 and 1963 data from clover ley crops showed that each year of ley was associated with an average increase of 0.14 per cent protein. Each week's delay of sowing beyond April 1, was associated with an average increase of 0.17 per cent grain protein. Amount of superphosphate applied to ley, intensity of cropping, and length of fallow had no effect or inconsistent effects on grain protein. With crops after natural leys only sowing time had a consistent effect on grain protein. The regression was the same as for crops with a clover ley background.

Comparison of winter habit and photoperiod sensitivity in delaying development in early-sown wheat at a site in New South Wales

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. J. Penrose ◽  
R. H. Martin
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
The South ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Central ◽  
South Wales ◽  
A Site

Summary. This study compared 2 mechanisms that delay the development of early-sown wheat, winter habit and sensitivity to photoperiod. To conduct this study, ear emergence dates were recorded for serial sowings of 15 wheats over 4 consecutive years at Temora, New South Wales, comprising 36 sowings in total. Ear emergence was measured as day of the year, and in both thermal and photothermal time from sowing. The timing of ear emergence was first considered in 3 wheats that were insensitive to photoperiod and vernalisation. In contrast to thermal time, the duration from sowing to ear emergence did not vary with sowing time when measured in photothermal units. Such a measurement is essential for the study of mechanisms whose effect in delaying development is a function of sowing time. These results were obtained using a more simply calculated measure of photothermal time than has been previously reported. For early-sown wheat, winter habit was found to more strongly delay ear emergence and provide greater flexibility in sowing time than responsiveness to photoperiod. Our study provided evidence that winter habit is a more attractive method of delaying ear emergence in early-sown wheat than photoperiod sensitivity. This finding supports the continued breeding of winter wheats for early sowings in the south-central wheat belt of New South Wales.

Effects of sowing time on growth and grain yield of lupin and field pea in south-eastern New South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Heenan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production

Cultivars of lupin and field pea were grown at different times over 4 years on a red earth at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, to assess the influence of sowing time on growth and production from each crop. The cultivars of field pea (Pisum sativum) included Dinkum, Derrimut, Dunn, and Maitland; lupins used were Lupinus angustifolius cvv. Danja, Gungurru, and Geebung, and either the L. angustifolius line 75A/330 (1989-90) or L. albus cv. Ultra (1991-92). When autumn rain was sufficient to allow sowing, highest yield and dry matter production of lupin were gained by sowing from late April to 19 May. Yields declined with later sowing, though high spring-summer rainfall in 1992 reversed the decline. There was little difference between Danja, Gungurru, and Geebung, but these were usually higher yielding than the semi-dwarf 75Al330 when sown early. However, Ultra produced higher yields than the L. angustifolius cultivars in 1991 and 1992, particularly under high rainfall conditions. Early-sown crops (late April-mid May) of field peas were often severely infected with black spot blight and, in 1 year, with sclerotinia. In 1992 these diseases devastated all cultivars when sown on 1 May. Sowing later markedly reduced disease infection but also reduced grain yields and dry matter when sown after late June. The semi-leafless, semi-dwarf cultivar Dinkum was usually the lowest yielding and displayed the highest incidence of black spot blight.

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