Growth, persistence, and rust sensitivity of irrigated perennial temperate grasses in the Queensland subtropics

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
KF Lowe ◽  
TM Bowdler
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
First Year ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Second Year

The growth, persistence, and rust sensitivity of a range of temperate grasses were measured to assess their potential for irrigated pastures in the subtropics. Characteristics considered important for adaptation to the subtropics include a relatively even growth rate throughout the year, rust tolerance, and the ability to persist under humid conditions. Cultivars and experimental lines from Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), L. rnultiflorum (Italian ryegrass), Festuca arundiizacea (fescue), Festuca x Lolium (festulolium), Bromus spp. (prairie grass and bromes), Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot), and Phalaris aquatica (phalaris) were sown at Gatton, south-eastern Queensland, in pure stands or mixtures of annual and perennial grasses, using high seeding rates, 50 kg N/ha.defoliation, and full irrigation throughout the year. As a group, the fescues were the highest yielding and most persistent over 2 years, with AU Triumph the highest yielding cultivar. Maru phalaris was the most persistent grass, increasing from a frequency of 85% at the end of the first year to 100% at the end of the second year. Perennial ryegrass yields were about two-thirds those of the fescues, with a frequency of around 70% after 2 years. Dobson was the best ryegrass, producing a greater proportion of its forage in summer and increasing its density over the 2 years compared with the other perennial ryegrasses. Mixtures of annual ryegrass and fescue cultivars produced yields equivalent to pure fescue swards, with production dominated by annual ryegrass in the first year and by fescue in the second. Matua prairie grass was high yielding, but under frequent cutting was not as persistent as the ryegrasses. Felopa festulolium was inferior to the perennial ryegrasses and fescues in yield, the distribution of that yield, and persistence. Weeds contributed 1-10% of total yield over 2 years. The experiment suggests that the fescue cultivars are the most productive temperate grasses for perennial irrigated pastures in the subtropics, although better animal performance would improve farmer acceptance. The addition of a ryegrass component to fescue swards increased yields during establishment but did not improve overall yields. Late-maturing cultivars are the highest yielding of the perennial ryegrasses. Rust sensitivity needs improvement as all the present lines are highly susceptible.

Use of water by six grass species. 1. Dry-matter yields and response to irrigation

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Garwood ◽  
K. C. Tyson ◽  
J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Second Year

SUMMARYThe yield and quality of herbage produced by six grasses (perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, timothy, rough-stalked meadow grass, tall fescue and Italian ryegrass) were examined both without irrigation and under two irrigation regimes. Water was applied according to the potential soil water deficit (potential SWD): the soil was either partially returned to field capacity (FC) after each cut or fully returned to FC whenever the potential SWD reached 25 mm. The swards were cut either at 3 (C3) or 6 (C6) week intervals over a 2 year period.Partial irrigation increased yields by 12–14% in the first year and by 36–58% in the second. Full irrigation produced little more growth than partial irrigation in the first year (maximum SWD, 188 mm) but increased yield by 78–93% in the second, very dry, year (maximum SWD, 311 mm). Under treatment C3 response per unit of water applied was similar with both partial and full irrigation, but under C6 the response was greater with partial (2·86 kg D.M./m3) than with full irrigation (1·79 kg D.M./m3).There were marked differences between the species in their ability to grow under drought conditions in the second year of the experiment. Without irrigation, roughstalked meadow grass and Italian ryegrass did not survive the drought. The performance of tall fescue was markedly superior to both perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot in these conditions. Of the surviving grasses timothy made least growth.

Performance of temperate perennial pastures in the Australian subtropics 2. Milk production

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Bowdler ◽  
N. D. Casey ◽  
R. J. Moss ◽  
K. F. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
The Third ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Milk Component

Summary. Milk production from irrigated, pure stands of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Yatsyn), prairie grass (Bromus willdenodii cv. Matua) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. AU Triumph) were compared with that achieved from Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum cv. Concord) over 3 lactations of multiparous Holstein–Friesian cows at Mutdapilly in south-east Queensland. Pastures were fertilised with 50 kg nitrogen/ha . month as urea and annual dressings of 20 kg phosphorus/ha and 50 kg potassium/ha (as superphosphate and muriate of potash respectively). There were 4 pasture treatments grazed at 3 cows/ha in a 1-week-on, 3-weeks-off rotation with 2 replicates and 3 cows/treatment block. Cows grazed the pastures day and night from May to November. Over summer, cows grazed the pastures during the night and were fed supplements (silage in the first lactation, and lucerne hay in the second and third lactations) during the day because there was no shade available in the irrigation areas. In autumn, the animals were removed from the ryegrass and prairie grass pastures for 8 weeks to allow seedling re-establishment, either by oversowing (ryegrasses) or natural reseeding (prairie grass). Cows continued to graze the fescue pastures at night during autumn. All cows received a ration of 4 kg/cow of a grain–minerals mixture in the first lactation and 5 kg/cow in the second and third lactations. Milk production from perennial ryegrass was higher than from fescue in the first lactation and Italian ryegrass in the second and third lactations. Prairie grass gave similar milk production to perennial ryegrass in all 3 years. In the third year, perennial ryegrass, prairie grass and fescue gave similar milk production. Milk quality from the 4 grasses was similar except in the third lactation when the lactose content of milk from perennial ryegrass pastures was lowest. There were also small and inconsistent differences in milk component yields between the 4 grasses. Liveweight changes were small except in the second lactation when the cows grazing fescue lost weight relative to the other treatments. Mean liveweight at calving increased over the 3 lactations. It was concluded that all 3 temperate perennial grasses demonstrated useful traits for use in subtropical dairy pastures. Perennial ryegrass produced the most milk from the lowest amount of dry matter on offer. Prairie grass produced similar milk yields to perennial ryegrass, was well eaten by cattle and was self regenerating. Although fescue was slower to establish and needed more intensive management to control maturity, it was the most persistent and was the only grass to provide autumn grazing. In the second year this attribute resulted in a lower requirement for supplementary feeding. Fescue produced the highest gross margin in the second lactation and was only marginally less than prairie grass in the third. The performance of Italian ryegrass was as good as that of perennial ryegrass in the first lactation but fell substantially in the second and third lactations as the level of summer grass invasion increased.

A comparison of the sown swards of perennial ryegrass S. 24 and Italian ryegrass RvP in a two-year lamb production system, with different breeds of sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Newton ◽  
N. E. Young ◽  
R. J. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Intensive System

SummaryA comparison was made between an intensive system of lamb production based on Italian ryegrass RvP and one based on perennial ryegrass S. 24, over 2 years, each at three stocking rates (14, 17, 20 ewes/ha). More grass was grown in the first year than in the second when the yield of RvP was particularly reduced. The ewes and lambs ate more RvP than S. 24 but there was no difference in lamb growth rate. The lambs grew faster at the low stocking rate from 0 to 18 weeks and from 0 to slaughter than at the medium and high stocking rates, in both years. Ewe intake and lamb growth rate were higher in the second year than the first. The Masham ewes with two lambs ate significantly more grass per unit of body weight than the Finnish Landrace × Scottish Halfbred and Finnish Landrace × Scottish Blackface ewes, and their lambs grew significantly faster. It was concluded that for an intensive system of lamb production from grass, S. 24 was more suitable than RvP.

Performance of temperate perennial pastures in the Australian subtropics 1. Yield, persistence and pasture quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Lowe ◽  
T. M. Bowdler ◽  
N. D. Casey ◽  
R. J. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pasture Quality ◽  
Prairie Grass

Summary. Irrigated, pure stands of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Yatsyn), prairie grass (Bromus willdenodii cv. Matua) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. AU Triumph) were compared with Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum cv. Concord) under grazing in the subtropics of south-east Queensland. Pastures were fertilised with 50 kg nitrogen/ha . month as urea and annual dressings of 20 kg phosphorus/ha and 50 kg potassium/ha (as superphosphate and muriate of potash, respectively). There were 4 pasture treatments grazed by multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows at 3 cows/ha in a 1-week-on, 3-weeks-off rotation with 2 replicates and 3 cows/treatment block. Feed on offer was measured weekly and pasture quality, at the mid point of each of the 4 seasons. Detailed measurements on plant and tiller dynamics were recorded on fixed quadrats within the grazing areas from November to May in the second and third years. Yield of pasture on offer was greatest with prairie grass and the difference was most marked in spring and early summer. Yield of fescue was generally higher than that from the other 3 grasses in the autumn. In the second and third summers, the grass weed component in the 2 ryegrass, and to a lesser extent the prairie grass, pastures was greater than the sown grass component. Fescue generally produced forage lower in quality than the other 3 grasses although the differences were small in summer. The forage quality of Italian ryegrass was higher than perennial ryegrass in most seasons and for most attributes measured. Generally prairie grass had similar quality forage to the ryegrasses but at times it was as low as fescue. Fescue was the most persistent grass; it maintained a frequency of occurrence of 88, 56 and 71% in the first, second and third autumn periods, respectively, compared with 36, 37 and 21% for perennial ryegrass. To achieve these persistence figures, perennial ryegrass needed over-sowing in each autumn. Plant density and tiller numbers per plant fell in all grasses from November to May but the fall was significantly less in fescue than in other grasses. It was concluded that all 3 temperate perennial grasses demonstrated traits which were useful for subtropical dairy pastures. Fescue was the most persistent and the only grass which could sustain grazing in autumn. The performance of Italian ryegrass was as good as that of perennial ryegrass in the first year but fell substantially in the second and third years as the level of summer grass invasion suppressed the existing population and made oversowing increasingly less effective. Prairie grass produced the highest dry matter on offer under grazing, its forage quality was generally similar to that of the ryegrasses and it regenerated from self-sown seed.

scholarly journals Influence of increasing doses of nitrogen on feed productivity of perennial grasses

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vasil'evna Ivanova ◽  
Olga Vasil'evna Kurdakova ◽  
Aminat Msostovna Konova ◽  
Anna Yurievna Gavrilova
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
The State ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
First Year ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
State Register ◽  
Second Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

In the course of the experiment, the effect of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of clover of the meadow variety Nadezhny, entered in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in 2012, was analyzed. A comparison is also made of this influence with the timothy of the meadow variety Leningradskaya 204. It was established that the pre-sowing introduction of mineral nitrogen for clover and timothy has influenced the productivity of these crops, but the nature of this effect varies depending on the type of grass. The introduction of N20 against the background of P30K90, which provided an increase in control of 51.2% for green mass and 33.6% for air-dry matter, was optimal for meadow clover of the first year of life. For grassland clover second year of life, the best option was N0P30K90, which gave an increase of 56.6% to the control on green mass and 50.6% on air-dry matter. A further increase in the dose of nitrogen on the options caused a decrease in yield increase. Timothy meadow for two years of life was traced responsiveness to the provision of nitrogen. The most productive in all respects was the option N120P30K90.    

scholarly journals PRODUCTIVITY OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AND MIXTURES WITH DIFFERENT SOWING DATES IN WESTERN SIBERIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
V. A. Petruk
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sowing Period

The results of field studies for 2017 - 2019 are presented. yields of perennial grasses sown at different times of the growing season. Spring, summer, and winter sowing periods were compared. Alfalfa, clover, rump, and also their mixtures were sown in 2017 under the cover of barley. The value of the cover crop yield of spring and summer sowing periods did not differ significantly and amounted to 4-5 t / ha of absolutely dry matter. Winter barley crops have not formed. On average, over 2 years of use, the highest yields were observed in alfalfa-crust grass mixtures - 3.4 t / ha of absolutely dry matter. The lowest yield was obtained in the single-species seeding of the rump. Correspondingly, in the spring, summer and winter periods of sowing, the yield of rump was 1.6; 1.1 and 1.3 t / ha. With a late sowing period, the yield of perennial grasses is significantly lower compared to spring and summer. With winter sowing periods, the yield was the highest for grass stands of alfalfa and alfalfacrust grass mixture - 2.3 and 2.4 t / ha. It should be noted that in the second year of use, the yield by the sowing dates in single-species crops and grass mixtures is leveled. The winter crops of perennial grasses in the first year of use formed a low yield. Only in the second year (third year of life) the productivity of perennial grasses of winter sowing began to increase. Consequently, in the area under perennial grasses of the winter sowing period, during one growing season (the next year after sowing), the crop was not actually formed. Based on the data obtained, production can be recommended for spring and summer planting of perennial grasses under the cover of barley. The winter sowing period provides economically valuable crop yields only by the third year of life.

Seasonal development of roots under perennial and annual grass pastures

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Ridley ◽  
RJ Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Extensive Surface ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Studies in the field and in a rhizotron were conducted to examine the root growth of Phalaris aquatica L. (phalaris), Dactylis glomerata L. (cocksfoot) and Lolium rigidum Gaudin (annual ryegrass). Root and tiller development of the perennial grasses in autumn was also studied. In the field, annual ryegrass developed a more extensive surface rooting system than phalaris and cocksfoot by spring in a favourable season. Early root development of annual ryegrass was poor where the first rains of the season did not occur until winter. Growth rates of annual ryegrass roots at depth were similar to phalaris in mid spring in the rhizotron. Phalaris had a higher proportion of live roots than cocksfoot prior to the first autumn rain. Cocksfoot did not regenerate a substantial new root system until it developed secondary tillers, about a month after initial rains. Collectively, these studies indicated that the seasonal development and extent of the root systems of cocksfoot and phalaris were different.

Yield and persistence of selected perennial grasses in south-western Australia

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (81) ◽  
pp. 522 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Rogers ◽  
DA Nicholas ◽  
RA Maller ◽  
GW Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Gravelly Soils

Nine lines of Dactylis glomerata, five of Phalaris tuberosa, two of Festuca arundinacea, and two of Lolium perenne were compared over a three year period for survival and seasonal yield on two sites on lateritic gravelly soils in south-western Australia. On plots sown broadcast at two seeding rates and grazed periodically, yield and density were measured. On other plots that were drill sown and grazed either continuously or rotationally, density only was measured. In the broadcast plots, there was no interaction between seeding rates and plant yield or plant density. There were significant differences in yield of sown grass between lines in all years, but in total yield (i.e. sown grass plus volunteer annuals) at one site only. Significant differences in density between lines were recorded in all plots. At one site final plant density was similar in the broadcast and drill sown plots, whereas at the second site there were large differences between the broadcast and drilled plots. On a survival and yield basis the best lines of each were D. glomerate cv. Currie, P. tuberosa cv. Australian, F. arundinacea CPI 15301, and L. perenne CPI 15914. F. arundinacea gave outstanding winter yields.

Resistance of New Zealand dairy pastures to ingress of summer-active annual grass weeds

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Tozer ◽  
E. Minneé ◽  
C. A. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
First Year ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Second Year

Yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) and summer grass (Digitaria sanguinalis) are summer-active annual grass weeds which infest temperate dairy pastures. A study was undertaken over 2 years to compare hand-sown yellow bristle and summer grass establishment, survival, and seed production in pastures grazed by dairy cows and based on (i) tetraploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), (ii) tetraploid perennial ryegrass and white clover (Trifolium repens), and (iii) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and white clover, to determine which pasture type offered the greatest resistance to these grass weeds. Ingress of grass weeds was similar in all three pasture types. Total dry matter production was similar for all pasture types for the first year and lower in tall fescue + clover than perennial ryegrass pasture in the second year. All pasture types had a similar distribution of microsite types (bare ground ± canopy, basal cover ± canopy) in both years. The annual grass weeds were most prevalent in bare ground + canopy microsites, which were also the most frequent of the four microsite types. In the first year, <5% of microsites were occupied within 2 months of sowing, whereas in the second year, microsite occupation remained >13% for all assessments. In the first year, panicle production of yellow bristle and summer grass was similar (averaging 4.1 panicles plant–1); in the second year, panicle production was greater for summer grass (0.80 v. 0.16 panicles plant–1, respectively). Where present, these annual grass weeds are likely to spread in dryland dairy pastures sown with either perennial ryegrass or tall fescue. Variability in their panicle production between years shows how their impact on pasture performance and consequent need for control measures will also vary from year to year.

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