Arbuscular mycorrhizas enhance plant interception of leached nutrients

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza Asghari ◽  
Timothy Richard Cavagnaro
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Nutrient Depletion ◽  
Mycorrhizal Root ◽  
Growth And Nutrition ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
Plant Available P

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plant growth and nutrition. However, their capacity to reduce the leaching of nutrients through the soil profile is less well understood. Here we present results of an experiment in which the effects of forming arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) on plant growth and nutrition, nutrient depletion from soil, and nutrient leaching, were investigated in microcosms containing the grass Phalaris aquatica L. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants were grown in a mixture of riparian soil and sand under glasshouse conditions. The formation of AM by P. aquatica significantly increased plant growth and nutrient uptake. Lower levels of NO3–, NH4+ and plant available P in both soil and leachate were observed in columns containing mycorrhizal root systems. These differences in nutrient interception were proportionally greater than the increase in root biomass of the mycorrhizal plants, compared with their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. Taken together, these data indicate that mycorrhizal root systems have an important, but previously little considered, role to play reducing the net loss of nutrients via leaching.

scholarly journals Exogenous Carbon Magnifies Mycorrhizal Effects on Growth Behaviour and Sucrose Metabolism in Trifoliate Orange

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li TIAN ◽  
Yan LI ◽  
Qiang-Sheng WU
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) need the carbohydrates from host plants for its growth, whereas it is not clear whether exogenous carbon affects mycorrhizal roles. A two-chambered rootbox was divided into root + hyphae chamber and hyphae chamber (free of roots) by 37-μm nylon mesh, in which trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings and Funneliformis mosseae were applied into root + hyphae chamber, and exogenous 40 mmol/L fructose, glucose and sucrose was applied to hyphae chamber. Application of exogenous sugars dramatically elevated root mycorrhizal colonization. Sole arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation significantly promoted plant growth and root morphology than non-AMF treatment. Mycorrhiza-improved plant growth and root modification could be enlarged by exogenous carbon, especially fructose. Exogenous carbon markedly increased root fructose, glucose and sucrose accumulation in mycorrhizal plants, especially sucrose. Exogenous fructose significantly reduced leaf and root sucrose synthase (SS) activity in synthesis direction and increased them in cleavage direction in AMF seedlings. Exogenous glucose and sucrose heavily elevated root SS activity of mycorrhizal seedlings in synthesis and cleavage direction and reduced leaf SS activity in synthesis direction. Leaf acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase (NI) activities of mycorrhizal seedlings were decreased by exogenous carbon, except sucrose in NI. Exogenous fructose significantly increased root AI and NI activity in mycorrhizal plants. These results implied that mycorrhizal inoculation represented positive effects on plant growth, root morphology, and sucrose metabolism of trifoliate orange, which could be magnified further by exogenous carbon, especially fructose.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analytical Approach on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation Efficiency on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Murugesan Chandrasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts of higher plants which increase the growth and nutrient uptake of host plants. The primary objective was initiated based on analyzing the enormity of optimal effects upon AMF inoculation in a comparative bias between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants stipulated on plant biomass and nutrient uptake. Consequently, in accomplishing the above-mentioned objective a vast literature was collected, analyzed, and evaluated to establish a weighted meta-analysis irrespective of AMF species, plant species, family and functional group, and experimental conditions in the context of beneficial effects of AMF. I found a significant increase in the shoot, root, and total biomass by 36.3%, 28.5%, and, 29.7%, respectively. Moreover, mycorrhizal plants significantly increased phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium uptake by 36.3%, 22.1%, and 18.5%, respectively. Affirmatively upon cross-verification studies, plant growth parameters intensification was accredited to AMF (Rhizophagus fasciculatus followed by Funniliforme mosseae), plants (Triticum aestivum followed by Solanum lycopersicum), and plant functional groups (dicot, herbs, and perennial) were the additional vital important significant predictor variables of plant growth responses. Therefore, the meta-analysis concluded that the emancipated prominent root characteristics, increased morphological traits that eventually help the host plants for efficient phosphorus uptake, thereby enhancing plant biomass. The present analysis can be rationalized for any plant stress and assessment of any microbial agent that contributes to plant growth promotion.

Response of Taxus times media var. densiformis to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-153
Author(s):  
J N Gemma ◽  
R E Koske ◽  
E M Roberts ◽  
S Hester
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Rooted cuttings of Taxus times media var. densiformis Rehd. were inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Gigaspora gigantea (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe or Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith and grown for 9-15 months in a greenhouse. At the completion of the experiments, leaves of inoculated plants contained significantly more chlorophyll (1.3-4.1 times as much) than did noninoculated plants. In addition, mycorrhizal plants had root systems that were significantly larger (1.3-1.4 times) and longer (1.7-2.1 times) than nonmycorrhizal plants, and they possessed significantly more branch roots (1.3-2.9 times). No differences in stem diameter and height or shoot dry weight were evident at the end of the experiments, although the number of buds was significantly greater in the cuttings inoculated with G. intraradices after 15 months.

scholarly journals Plant Growth Stimulation and Root Colonization Potential of In Vivo versus In Vitro Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inocula

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 897-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinta Calvet ◽  
Amelia Camprubi ◽  
Ana Pérez-Hernández ◽  
Paulo Emilio Lovato
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Root ◽  
Colonization Potential ◽  
Mycorrhizal Propagules

Inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, with growing use in horticulture, is produced mainly in two technically different cultivation systems: in vivo culture in symbiosis with living host plants or in vitro culture in which the fungus life cycle develops in association with transformed roots. To evaluate the effectiveness and the infectivity of a defined isolate obtained by both production methods, a replicated comparative evaluation experiment was designed using different propagules of Rhizophagus irregularis produced in vivo on leek plants or in vitro in monoxenic culture on transformed carrot roots. The size of the spores obtained under both cultivation methods was first assessed and bulk inoculum, spores, sievings, and mycorrhizal root fragments were used to inoculate leek plantlets. Spores produced in vitro were significantly smaller than those produced in vivo. Although all mycorrhizal propagules used as a source of inoculum were able to colonize plants, in all cases, leek plants inoculated with propagules obtained in vivo achieved significantly higher mycorrhizal colonization rates than plants inoculated with in vitro inocula. Inoculation with in vivo bulk inoculum and in vivo mycorrhizal root fragments were the only treatments increasing plant growth. These results indicate that the production system of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi itself can have implications in the stimulation of plant growth and in experimental results.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Sorghum Plant Growth under Nitrogen-Deficient Conditions through Activation of Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolism Enzymes

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (02) ◽  
pp. 201-208
Author(s):  
Anass Kchikich
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Nitrogen (N), one of the most important elements for plant growth, is needed by plants in large quantities. However, this nutrient has limited supply in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known for their ability to form symbiotic association with plants and transfer the mineral nutrients to the host plants. To validate this hypothesis on sorghum plants, three ecotypes of this cereal (3p4, 3p9 and 4p11) were cultivated with and without AMF under low nitrogen concentration (0.5 mM NH4+). Growth parameters were determined and key enzymes responsible for nitrogen and carbon metabolisms such as glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and asparate aminotransferase (AAT) were measured. For the three sorghum ecotypes, mycorrhizal plants showed a higher plant growth compared to the control plants. The biochemical parameters revealed a significant increase in the nitrogen assimilatory enzymes; GS and GDH in the leaves and roots of mycorrhizal plants. Furthermore, mycorrhizal fungi also appear to have a significant effect on carbon assimilatory enzymes. These enzymes are known to have a cardinal role in the provision of carbon skeletons essential for the assimilation of ammonium and thus, amino acids synthesis. Our study indicates clearly that AMF can be an efficient way to optimize nitrogen uptake and/or assimilation by plants and thus improve the crop yields with lower amount of nitrogen fertilizers. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis modulates the relationship between root growth and nutrient content in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rosario Ramírez-Flores ◽  
Elohim Bello-Bello ◽  
Rubén Rellán-Álvarez ◽  
Ruairidh J. H. Sawers ◽  
Víctor Olalde-Portugal
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Root System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTPlant root systems play an essential role in nutrient and water acquisition. In resource-limited soils, modification of root system architecture is an important strategy to optimize plant performance. Most terrestrial plants also form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to maximize nutrient uptake. In addition to direct delivery of nutrients, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefit the plant host by promoting root growth. Here, we aimed to quantify the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on root growth and nutrient uptake in maize. Inoculated plants showed an increase in both biomass and the total content of twenty quantified elements. In addition, image analysis showed mycorrhizal plants to have denser, more branched root systems. For most of the quantified elements, the increase in content in mycorrhizal plants was proportional to root and overall plant growth. However, the increase in boron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur and strontium was greater than predicted by root system size alone, indicating fungal delivery to be supplementing root uptake.

Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on cucumber growth and phosphorus uptake under cold stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ma ◽  
Martina Janoušková ◽  
Yansu Li ◽  
Xianchang Yu ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Cucumber Seedlings ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Symbiosis with root-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant phosphorus (P) uptake and alleviate environmental stresses. It could be also an effective mean to promote plant performance under low temperatures. The combined effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and low temperature (15°C/10°C day/night) on cucumber seedlings were investigated in the present study. Root colonisation by AMF, succinate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity in the intraradical fungal structures, plant growth parameters, and expression profiles of four cucumber phosphate (Pi) transporters, the fungal Pi transporter GintPT and alkaline phosphatase GintALP were determined. Cold stress reduced plant growth and mycorrhizal colonisation. Inoculation improved cucumber growth under ambient temperatures, whereas under cold stress only root biomass was significantly increased by inoculation. AMF supplied P to the host plant under ambient temperatures and cold stress, as evidenced by the higher P content of mycorrhizal plants compared with non-mycorrhizal plants. Thus, the cold-stressed cucumber seedlings still benefited from mycorrhiza, although the benefit was less than that under ambient temperatures. In accordance with this, a cucumber Pi transporter gene belonging to the Pht1 gene family was strongly induced by mycorrhiza at ambient temperature and to a lesser extent under cold stress. The other three Pi transporters tested from different families were most highly expressed in cold-stressed mycorrhizal plants, suggesting a complex interactive effect of mycorrhiza and cold stress on internal P cycling in cucumber plants.

Intraspecific genetic variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and its consequences for molecular biology, ecology, and development of inoculum

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian R Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Coding Regions

It has been known for some time that different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) taxa confer differences in plant growth. Although genetic variation within AMF species has been given less attention, it could potentially be an ecologically important source of variation. Ongoing studies on variability in AMF genes within Glomus intraradices indicate that at least for some genes, such as the BiP gene, sequence variability can be high, even in coding regions. This suggests that genetic variation within an AMF may not be selectively neutral. This clearly needs to be investigated in more detail for other coding regions of AMF genomes. Similarly, studies on AMF population genetics indicate high genetic variation in AMF populations, and a considerable amount of variation seen in phenotypes in the population can be attributed to genetic differences among the fungi. The existence of high within-species genetic variation could have important consequences for how investigations on AMF gene expression and function are conducted. Furthermore, studies of within-species genetic variability and how it affects variation in plant growth will help to identify at what level of precision ecological studies should be conducted to identify AMF in plant roots in the field. A population genetic approach to studying AMF genetic variability can also be useful for inoculum development. By knowing the amount of genetic variability in an AMF population, the maximum and minimum numbers of spores that will contain a given amount of genetic diversity can be estimated. This could be particularly useful for developing inoculum with high adaptability to different environments.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizas, symbiosis, genomics, genetic diversity, population genetics, evolutionary ecology.

scholarly journals Nutrient status, hydrogen peroxide content and peroxidase activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants of Melilotus albus grown in diesel-contaminated substrate

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. e1298
Author(s):  
Herminia Alejandra Hernández-Ortega ◽  
Ronald Ferrera-Cerrato ◽  
Humberto Antonio López-Delgado ◽  
Juan Carlos Sánchez-Rangel ◽  
Alejandro Alarcón
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Peroxide Content ◽  
Melilotus Albus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
Diesel Contamination

Background: Petroleum hydrocarbons affect plant growth, but little is known about physiological responses of mycorrhizal plants facing diesel contamination. Objective: To evaluate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the nutritional status, peroxidase activity (POX), and hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2) in leaves of Melilotus albus planted under diesel-contaminated sand (7500 mg kg-1). Methods: A 2x2 factorial experiment was set in a completely randomized design, under greenhouse conditions for 35 days. Seedlings were pre-inoculated with AMF and transplanted to sand with or without diesel, including non-AMF plants. Results and conclusions: Diesel contamination impaired plant growth; AMF plants had similar growth than non-AMF plants at diesel-contamination, but low nutrient content. Protein content decreased due to diesel in non-AMF plants, but this content was low in AMF plants regardless diesel contamination. Diesel increased POX; whereas AMF plants with or without diesel had higher POX than non-AMF plants. The H2O2 content in AMF plants with or without diesel was low than non-AMF plants. Diesel contamination diminished AMF-colonization, but AMF dissipate more diesel hydrocarbons (>40%). Overall, AMF alleviated the toxic effects of diesel on plants.

scholarly journals 314 Growth and Nutrition of Chrysanthemum Microplants Inoculated with Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Fungi

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 446B-446
Author(s):  
Martha Elena Pedraza-Santos ◽  
David Jaen-Contreras ◽  
M. Alejandra Gutièrrez-Espinosa ◽  
Teresa Colinas-Leon ◽  
Cristina Lopez-Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Growth And Nutrition ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Effects of inoculation with arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi (Acaulospora scrobiculata and Glomus mosseae) on acclimatization and growth of chrysanthemum (Dendrathema glandiflora Tzevelev) plants, propagated in vitro, under different conditions of fertilization (0, 20, and 40 mg·L-1 of NPK) were studied. Mycorrhizal colonization did not influence surviving percentage of chrysanthemum plantlets during the acclimatization stage; however, we could colonize the developing roots and reduce the amount of inoculum needed and beneficial effects on plant growth were obtained during early stages of colonizing. Plant growth in greenhouse was regulated by synergism between the effect of endomycorrhizal fungus type and soil fertilization with N, P, and K. Effects of A. scrobiculata were observed as an increasein number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, root volume and fresh and dry weight of leaves, stem and root. The G. mosseae fungus improved N, P, Mg, and Zn content in leaves; P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zinc in stem and Ca content in root. On the other hand, A. scrobiculata only increased N content in leaves, stem and roots; P content in leaves and roots, and Ca content in stem. Percentage of mycorrhizal colonization on roots was affected by adding N, P, and K to soil. The highest values were obtained with fertilization doses of 20 mg·L-1. The number of spores of mycorrhizal fungi was increased by adding fertilizer to soil (40 mg·L-1 of NPK).

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